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AMERICAN MANUAL 



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Patriots Handb 




-BY- 



THE RT. REV. SAMUEL FALLOWS, A. M., D. D., 

Author <^ '' Liberty and Union,'' ''Synonyms and Antonyms,'' »The Home Beyond," " /-i* Pnt. 
gresstve Supplemental Dictionary" Etc^ Etc. 



Chicago : 
T. S. DENISON. 



%x:jr. 



COPYRIGHT iSSS =5 

'^ nv k' 

^ SA:\irEL FALLOWS. !| 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL 

INDEX. 



A. 

A Compendious History of the United States 17-24 

Adams, John : 28 - 29 

Adams, John Quiiicy 3^ " 37 

Adaniri, Samnel 72 

Aggregate Banking Capital and Deposits iu the United States 244 

Agriculture, Department of igo, 214 

Allen, Ethan 72 

AniL-riea and England, — Hon. Thos. A. Hendricks 320-321 

America, Meaning of 289 

American Union and Constitution, The, — Judge IClliot 305 

America's Highest Mountain .... 287 

America's Lucky D^^y 281 

Amounts e.\pended for pensions 242 

Analy.sis of the Constitution of the United Stales 177 - 17S 

Appointments by the President 188- 190 

Armstrong, Biography of 72 

Army, The United States 206 

Arnold, Benedict • y2 

Arthur, Chester A 66-67 

Articles of Confederation 150- 155 

Ashe, John, Biogtaphy of 72 

Atkinson, Henry 72 

Attorney-General 231 

A Young Hero 289 

B. 

Bainbridge, William y2 

Banner, The Star Spangled ' ^ .^oS 

Barney, Commodore, Biography of y2 

Brooks, John A., Life of ^18 

Brown, Jacob, Biography of -73 



g THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

Brown, Major, Bloztaphy of 72 

Brown's, John, Origin of the Song of 2S7 

Buchanan, James 54-55 

Burr, Aaron, Biography of 72 

Butler, Zebulon, Biography of 72 

c. 

Candidates, Presidential 39^ 

Cane, A Historical 5I4 

Cession of the Northwest Territory 315 - 317 

Chandler, John 74 

Christian Commission, The United States,— Rev. J. O. Fester 254-264 

Clark, George Rogers, Biography of 74 

Clay, Green, Biography of 74 

Clay, Henr}-, Biography of' 74 

Cleveland, Grover, Life of 6S, 69-410 

Climate of the United States, The 224 

Clinton, James, Biography of 74 

Coffee, Gen. John, Biography of 74 

Coins of the United States 252-253 

Commission, The United States Christian,— 5 ev. J. O. Foster, A. M. D. D 254 - 264 

Committees, Republican and DemoLnatic >s'at:onal 342 - 343 

Composition, A Unique 2S6 

Confederate Relics 309 

Confederation, The ^54 

Confederation, Articles of 150 " ^55 

Confederation of the Original States I33 

Congress, Length of Sessions 233 - 235 

Constitution of the United States 162-169 

Constitution of the United States, Amendments to the 169 - 176 

Constitution of the United States, Analysis of the I77 - 178 

Constitution of the United States, Comments on the,— Justice Samuel Miller 179-184 

Constitution, the American Union and,^udge Elliot 305 

Construction, Railway 3^9 

Conventions, National 3^9 

Cowdrey, Robt. H., Life of 420 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 7 

D. 

Dates of the birth and death ofour Tresidents 241 

Day, America's Lucky , 2S6 

Dearborn, Henry, Biography of 74 

Decatur, Stephen, Biography of 74 

Declaration of Indtpcndence, Facsimile of signatures to the 147 - 148 

Declaration of Independence in a New Light, The 297 - 302 

Declaration of Independence, The 14- - 148 

Declaration of Independence, The Mecklenburg, — Hoi'.. Jno. JNL Bright I37 * 141 

Department, Agriculture 190, 214 

Executive 185-187 

'• Interior 1S9, 212 - 213 

" Justice 190, 219 

" Legislative 191 - 195 

" Navy 189, 209 - 211 

" Post-office 190, 213 - 215 

" State ]S8, 196 - 199 

" Treasury 18S, 200- 202 

" War 189, 203 - 208 

Diplomatic and Consular offices 220 

Doodle, Origin of Yankee 28S 

Duel, A Congressional 285 

E. 

Educational, Statistics, etc 249 - 250 

Election Laws of difierent S'.atrs 241 - 242 

Elections, History of Presidentia 238-240 

Electorial Vote, Legislature, eic 241 - 242 

England and America, — Hon. Thcs. Hen.lrick ; 320 - 321 

Evacuation of New York, The 290 

Executive Department, The 185 - 187 

Expenditures in the District of Columbia 251 



THE AMERldX MAXUAL. 



Facsimile of the Signatures of the Declaration of Independence , ,147-148 

Federal Vessels Captured or destroyed by Confederate "Crui:-ers" 242 

Figure, A Historic 2S4 

Fillmore, Millard < • 50 - 51 

First blood of the Revolution 296 

First and last things of the Civil War 265 - 273 

Fisk, Clinton B., Zz/^ 0/ 413-417 

Flag, The President's • 291 

Fulton,. Robert, Biography of 74 

G. 

Gaines, Edmund P., Bkgraphy of 74 

Garfield, James A., Life of • • • 64-65 

Gates, Horatio, Biogiap/iy of ■ 74 

Gold and Silver produced in the United States from 1S45 to iSS6inclusive 251 

Governmental Instructor 130 - 135 

Grant, Ulysses S., Life of '. 60 - 61 

Green, Nathaniel, Biography of 74 

H. 

Hancock, John, Biography of 74 

Harrison, Benjamin, Life of 399 - 40S 

Harrison, Wm. Henry, Biography of 42 - 43 

Hayes, Rutherford B., Life of 62 - 63 

Henry, Patrick, Biography of 74 

Hero, A Young 289 

Heroes of the Revolution and War of 1S12 • • • 72 - 81 

Heroic Figure, A 284 

•Historical Cane, A 314 

Historical Notes 126 - 129 

Historical Trees 293 

History of Pohtical Conventions, Brief • • 344 - 346 

History of Presidential Elections 238 - 240 

History of the Civil War must not be Ignored— The P^t. Rev. Dr. Sam'l Fallows .... 318 - 319 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 9 

History of the United States, A Compendious 17-24 

History, Population, etc., of the States and. Territories 244- 245 

History, Tariff of the United States,— Henry J. Philpott, Esq 421 -423 

House of Representatives -. 193 

Howard, John Eager, Biography of 76 

Hull, Isaac, Biography of ■ 76 

Hull, William, Diography of 76 

I. 

Immigration for 1SS7 292 

Independence, Declaration of . . . . . 142 - 148 

Independence, The Mecklenburg Declaration of,— Hon. John M. Bright 137 - 141 

Instructor, Governmeulal ■**.... 130 - 135 

Interior Department 189, 212 - 214 

Izard, George, Biography of 76 

J. 

Jackson, Andrew, Life of 38-39 

Jay, John, Biography of 76 

Jefferson, Thomas, Life of 30-31 

Jesup, Thomas S., Biography of 76 

Johnson, Andrew, Life of 58-59 

Jones, John Paul, Biography of 76 

Judiciary 190 

Justice, Department of ; 190, 219 

K. 

Kearnej-, Stephen \V., Biography of 76 

I" 

Lady who rejected Washington's hand, The 283 

La Fayette, Marquis de, Biography of 76 

Land-office, The original 287 

Land we live in. The 306 

Lawrence, James, Biography of 76 

Lee, Charles, Biography of . , 76 



lo THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

Lee, Heniy, Biography of 7^ 

Lee, Richard Henry, Biography of 76 

Legal Holidays of the States 307 

Legislative Department 191 - ^95 

Legislature, Electorial Votes, etc, 242 - 243 

Length of Sessions of Congress from 1789 to 1 8SS 23,^-234 

Liberty . ^3^ 

Lincoln, Abraham, Life of 56-57 

Li-::oln, Benjamin, Biography of 7^ 

Lives of Democratic Candidates 410-412 

" " 'Industrial Reform Candidates • 420 

" " Prohibition Candidates 4^3 - 4^8 

" " Republican Candidates 399 - 409 

*• " Union Labor Candidates 420 

" " Unite 1 Labor Candidates 4:0 

" " Woman's RiglitsCandi-iates 41S 

" " the Presidents 25 - 69 

Lockwood, Belva A., Life of 41^ 

Losses of the Government for every aJm'n-sUat'on from 1789 to 1S76 222 

11. 

Macomb, Alexander, Biography of 7^ 

Madison, James, Life of 32 - 33 

Mather, Cotton and Salem Witchcraft •. 303-304 

McClellan's letter of acceptance 328 - 329 

McDouough, Thomas 76 

Meaning of America 2S9 

Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, The,— Hen. Jno. lil. Bri^^lit 137 - 141 

Mercer, Hugh, Biography of 78 

Mifflin, Thomas, Biography of 78 

Monarchist, Van Buren a 2S5 

Monroe, James, Life of 34 - 35 

Montgomery, Richard 78 

Morgan, Daniel, Biography of 78 

Morton, Levi P., Life of 408-409 



THE AMERICAN MANu^i^. ii 

Moultrie, William, Biogtaphy of 78 

Mountain, America's highest 2S7 

N. 

Names of the States, — Hamilton B. Staples 274 - 2S0 

National Conventions 389 

Nativity of soldiers in our Civil War 389 

Navy Department 189, 209 - 211 

Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States, 1870 — 1880 . 250 

New York, The Evacuationjof 290 

Nolan, Philip, — Edward Everett Hale 312 - 313 

Notes, Historical 126 - 129 

o. 

Offenses for which States Disfranchise 332 - 333 

Oificers, Diplomatic and Consular 220 

Ordinance of 1787 156 - i6i 

Origin of the Song of "John Brown's Body" 287 

Origin of Yankee Doodle 288 

Otis, James, Biography of 78 

P. 

Patent-OHice Business 243 

Pensions, Amount expended for 242 

Pickens, Andrew 78 

Pierce, P'ranklin, Life of 52-53 

Pike, Zebulou M., Biography of 78 

Platforms from i860 to 18S8, Political 348 - 396 

Polk, James K., Life of 46-37 

Population, History, etc., of the States and Territories 244-245 

Population of the principal cities of the United States 247 - 248 

Population of the United States by Races in 1870 and 1880 246 - 247 

Population, Our Foreign, — The Rev. Geo. C. Lorimer, D. D 322 - 327 

Porter, Commodore David, Biography of 78 

Postal Rates in 1792 311 

Postmaster-General 232 

Post-oflice Department 190, 215 

Prayer of Cardinal James Gibbons 310 

Prescotl, William, Biography of 78 

Presidency, The 281 

President, Appointments by the 188 - 190 



12 THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

Picsi lemial Candidates • 398 

Presidential Tickets for 188S 398 

President's Cabinet, The 187 

President's Flag, The 291 

Presidents, Lives of the 25 - 79 

Presidents, The dates of birth and death of our 241 

Presidents, The '. . . 283 

President, The, (Executive Department) 185 

Prohibition, The Republican and Democratic Parties on 336 - 341 

Property Rights of Wives 294 - 296 

Public Debt of the United States 243 

Putnam, Gen., Biography of 78 

Q. 

Quali(ications required for suflFrage in each of the 38 States 330 - 331 

R. 

Railway Construction 389 

Redfield, Life of 420 

Relics, Confederate 309 

Religious Denominations of the U. S. Statistics 221 - 222 

Representatives, House of 193 

Representatives, Speakers of the House of 236 - 237 

Republicanism, The Wedge of 288 

Revolution, First blood of the 296 

Revolution, Heroes of the War of 1S12 and of the ' 72 - Si 

Rutledge, John, Biography of 78 

s- 

Salaries of officers and clerks, etc., in the Executive offices 187 

Salem Witchcraft and Cotton Mather 303 - 304 

Schuyler, Richard, Biography of 80 

Scott, Winfield, Biography of 80 

Secretaries of Interior 232 

" " Navy 230 

" " State 226 

" " Treasury • • 228 

" " War 230 

Senate, The 191 

Slielby, Isaac, Biography of 80 

Smith', Samuel, Biography of 80 

Soldiers in the Civil War, Nativity of 398 

Speakers of the House of Representatives 236 - 237 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 13 

State Department 188, 196 - 199 

States, Confederation of the original 135 - 136 

States, Legal Holiilays of the 307 

States, Names of the 274 • 280 

Statesmen, Titles of 39S 

Statistics of Religions Denominations in the United States 221-222 

Star Spangled Banner, The 30S 

Steubens, Baron, Biography of 80 

Stirling, Wm. A., Biography 0/ 80 

Streeter, A. J., Life of 420 

Sullivan, John, Biography of 80 

Sunipter, Thomas, Biography of ' 80 

Supreme Court of the United States 223 - 224 

Surve\-, United States Coast 219 

T. 

Tariff History of the United States,— Henry J. Philpott, Esq 421-423 

Ta3dor, Zachary 48-49 

Territor\', Cession of the Northwest 315 " 317 

Texas, The oldest structure in 289 

Thomas, Gen., Biography of 80 

Thomson, Charles, Biography of ^^ 

Thurman, Allen G., Life of 412 -413 

Tickets, Presidential for 188S 397 

Titles of our Statesmen 398 

Treasury Department iSS, • 200 - 202 

Trees, Historical 293 

Twiggs, David E., Biography of 80 

Tyler, John, Life of 44-45 

u. 

Union, The Ex's'ence of the, — A. Hamilton 160 - 161 

United States, A Compendious History of the 17-24 

United States, Analysis of the Constitution of the 177-178 

U lited States Christian Commission, Rev. J. O. Foster, A. M. B. D 254 - 264 

United States, Comment on the Constitution of the, — Justice S. F. Mfller 179-184 

United States, Constitution of the . 162 - 176 

United States Patent-office Business 243 

United States Survey ^ 219 



14 THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

V. 

Van Buren, a Monarchist ^ . . . . 285 

Van Buren, Xartin 40-41 

Vessels captured or destroyed by Confederate "Cruisers" 242 

Vessels captured or destroyed for viotation of the blockade or in battle from May i86r 

to May 186,5 242 

Vote, Legislatures, electoral 242 

War Department _ 189, 203 - 208 

War, First and Last things of the Civil ; 265 - 273 

War, History of Civil, must not be ignored, — Rt. Rev. Samuel Fallows, D. D 318-319 

War, Nativity of Soldiers in our Civil 398 

Warren, Joseph, Biograpliy of 80 

Washington, George, Life of 26 - 27 

Washington's hand. The Lady who rejected 283 

Washington, Wm., Bw^raphy of 80 

W dows of the Revolutionary Soldiers 292 

Wives, Property Rights of 294 

Yankee Dood'e, Origin of 28S 






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▲ PR^IDSNTIAI. INAUGURATIOK. 



rirE AM/'-.urcA.V AfANr/AL. IT 

fl (SOMPEUDIOUS 17IGIP0I^Y OP H^HE UlJIiTED 

S^A^nES. 



PKRIOOM. 



'UIi: AUOItl<«l.\.il. l*I.UIOI>. 



1 AI»'»rlKl"<'il. li I*«tI«hI «>f I>lm-o v«Ty. Ji <'olo- 
rihi» l*«Ti«>«J. 1 lt<r%olutloiiur^ l*eriMiJ. 5 



1. Aboriginal I'criod. 

The time from the fimt pcopUnjf of America to ita 
dbco very f/y Columbus A. V. I4.'>2, 



2. 'I'll*- INriocI ol l>im-ov«rry. 
The time from i/^ft Oj lOr/j. A. D. 



3. Tti(; Colonial I*<;rl<><J, 

Tbe time from 1607 to 1755, A, D, 



4, Th<; n<;volutionary I'crlod. 

The timi from 177- i/j if-'yj. 



5. The JVatlonul l»»rlo»J. 

Prom th<? r/Ticainizkli'jn of th<; O'yvtrnmtDl unrler the 
CoufttitutU/D, to the pr<;teent time. 



The Indtani were called duch because of their rc- 
tteniblance t/j the i>eople of Iii'lta and becauiieOjIum- 
bu» thought he hail probably ditscovM-ed a portion of 
India. Nothing i» kn'nvn of their origin, although 
some have i>u{ji>'.rited they vfirrc dencended from the 
l»riM!lU4f«., The Indian* inhabiiini; the grealcr 
part of llKlJniiTd Slalf* n'^tl of the Mifc^'juil ri\<rr 
were AltfOii(|uiii«. '1 )i - lliiroii uii'l lr<>«|u»iM 
lived around tlif: hlior»-t-.of I<al<«; I'.rii- iiu'i Ofiiurlo. 
South of t)ie A I K on <| 14 1 II* w<->>z the < li<-roti<'i-ii and 
the MoblllMn .Nutlon*. Tlie .ffohillHii .Nuliwii 
embraced the V(tniHis(;(-ii, <><■<• k», hcinlnol««, 
CTIlOCtMWttand <;iil(;ka»uMii. 'i I^t trllxtk wtst of 
the Miiehi>-.'^i|/i>i kiver were the ItitltotMii, <;oiMttn> 
Chen, Mli«>«lion«;« and the Axt<-«;a. Anioii;^ the 
trib«:>i now extant are the 4Jti(*«;laM», CUfruUtttm, 
€r«<;k« and CliiL-ka^awii in the Indian Tcrrit/>ry. 



1111. i*»:uioi> or f>iN<-ovKiiY. 



The western Continent was firttt «een by lfl«rjuir- 
M>n, an Icelander, in the year <>%, A. U. 'Die a/.tual 
diwjovery of Araerira was >na/le by l..i«!f Krl<:k»«n, 
a Oreenland<-r, fifteen year* later, and duriuj^ the 
twelfth, thirteenth, and f/^urteenth ctnluri« rAher 
voyaKc* were made to tbi« continent but without re- 
•ult. 

In the year I4rj2, Christopher Columbu*, a Cen'>e»«, 



13 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



under the patronage of Ferdinand, King of Spain, 
sailed from the port of Palos, and landed on the Island 
•which he named San Salvador. This navigator 
made three more voyages to the new land, but beyond 
its discovery little was done to render it of much value 
to Europe. 

The first ones to discover the Continent af America 
proper, were Jolin Cabot, a Venetian, and his son 
Sebastian, who, sailing under English colors, in 
1497 reached the coast of North America and explored 
it from what is now New England to Labrador. The 
Greater Antilles were occupied and settled by the 
Spaniards, from whence they sent out many ex- 
peditions to the main land. 

SUMMARY OF SPAKISII EXPEDITIOSTS. 

Ojeda, 1510, settled Darien ; from which place. 

Balboa, 1513, started and discovered the Pacific. 

Ponce de Eeon, 1512, discovered Florida. 

Cordova, 1517, discovered Yucatan. 

Orijalva, 1518, explored Mexico. 

Cortez, 1519-21, conquered Mexico. 

De Soto, Governor of Cuba, landed in Florida, and 
going north and west discovered the Mississippi, 1539. 

Melendez, attempted to settle Florida, where, 1565, 
he founded St. Augustine, the oldest city in the U. S. 

In the meantime other nations were also engaged in 
exploring the new world, chief among which were the 
French and English. 

PROMINENT FRENCH EXPLORERS. 

Verazani, 1524, sailed along the eastern coast from 
North Carolina to Newfoundland. This was made one 
of the grounds of the French claim during the French 
and Indian war. 

Cartier, 1534, sailed up the St. Lawrence, and tried 
to form a settlement on Orleans Island, but failed; he 
tried it again in 1541, but again was unsuccessful. 

Ribaut, 1562, tried to start a Huguenot colony at 
Port Royal (N. C), but failed. Two years later, 

Liaudonnlerre, 1564, came for the same purpose, 
but the settlers were attacked by the Spaniards and 
nearly all put to death. 

De Mouts, 1603, obtained the grant of Acadia and 



settled it at Port Royal, 1605. 

Chaniplain, 160S, founded Quebec and, 1609, discov- 
ered the lake called after him. 

PROMINENT ENOEISII EXPEORERS. 

Frobisher, 1576, in search of a northwesterly 
route to India, cruised around northern British Amer- 
ica. 

Drake, 1579, while on a plundering expedition, 
entered San Francisco harbor, and named the Califor- 
nia coast New AJbion. 

Oilbert, 1583, took possession of Newfoundland for 
England, but his ship was lost on the homeward voyage 
and all perished. 

Ralcig'h, 1584, received a grant of territory from 
Queen Elizabeth, and sent out an exploring expedition 
under Amidas and Barlow who named the tract they 
explored Virginia. 

Oosnold, 1602, explored the Massachusetts coast 
and named Cape Cod. 

NAMES GIVEN BT EXPLORERS. 

Acadia, which consisted of Cape Breton Island, Nova 
Scotia, and New Brunswick; Canada, which included 
the tract along the St. Lawrence and great lakes; Vir- 
g'inia, the district from the St. Lawrence to Albemarle 
Sound; New Spain, or Mexico and Central America; 
New France, including Acadia, Canada, and much 
other territory, overlapping the English claims; New 
Eng:land, a name given later to the northern part of 
Virg'inia; and New Nethcrland, the name of 
the Dutch claim. 

From these facts we find that the claims of the 
four strongest powers were: 

France: — Canada and Acadia and the district north 
of New York Bay, besides a portion in the south called 
Carolina. 

England:— From Labrador to Florida, extending 
indefinitely westward. 

Spain:— The region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico 
including Florida. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



19 



Holland; — Between the mouth of Delaware Bay 
nd Acadia. 



THE COL.ONIAIi PERIOB. 



TIRGINIA. 

In 1607, the First Pernianeiit Eng'Iish Col- 
ony was established by the London Company in Vir- 
ginia, and was called .lamestown. 

The President of the Colonial first Council was 
Winslield. 

Captain John Smith was first a member of the 
Council, and afterwards President of it. He made sev- 
eral explorations, and was finally captured by the tribe 
of Indians of whom Powhatan was the chief. Being 
condemned to death, he was rescued by Pocahontas 
the chiefs daugher and restored to his Colony. 

In 1615, the Colonists commenced the cultivation of 
tobacco and through its means the Colony began to 
prosper. 

In 1619, the First Representative Assembly 
ever convened in America met at Jamestown, under 
the name of "Burgesses." 

In the same year neg^ro slavery was introduced, 
and about the same time the cultivation of cotton 
was attempted. 

In 1622, the Colony was nearly destroyed by an In - 
dian war. The Company, much displeased with its 
want of success, began to quarrel. The king thereupon 
assumed the Government, and Virginia remained a 
royal province until the Revolutionary War. 

Incited by the tyranny of Berhely the Colonial 
Governor, the people, in 1676, rose in rebellion under 
the leadership of Bacon, but were soon reduced to 
subjection by the Governor. 

NEW YORK. 

New York was the only American Colony settled by 
the Dutch, who based their claim on Henry 
Hudson's voyage up the river which bears his name. 

To the territory thus claimed the name New Neth- 
erlands was given. Upon Manhattan Island at ttie 



mouth of the Hudson, a city was built which was 
named New Amsterdam. 

In 1664, the country fell into the hands of the En- 
glish, and the name of the town, and the whole region 
was changed to New York in honor of the I>uke 
of York, brother of Charles 11. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

The Plymouth Colony. 

The first attempt at settlement in this region was 
made in 1607, but it proved a failure. 

The flrst successful settlement was made in 
1620 by a body of Pilgrims, and the name Plymouth 
was given to it. They experienced great sufiering dur- 
ing the first year, and but for the friendly aid of the 
Indians the colony would have proved a failure. 

The Plymouth Colony remained independent 
for seventy two years, when it was united with the 
Massachusetts Bay Colony by order of the king. 
The Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

In 1628, a grant was obtained by several Puritans 
from the Council for New England, stretching from 
Boston Harbor to the Merrimack, in which a settle- 
ment called Salem was established. In the following 
year Charlestown was founded, and in 1630 a large 
number of Puritans settled at Boston. These and 
other settlements in the same grant received the namb 
Massachusetts Bay Colony. 

In 1668 the Navigation Act was seriously resisted 
in Boston, because it greatly interfered with the New 
England Colonies. As a punishment, the colony was 
deprived of its Charter, and Sir Edmund Andros 
sent over as Royal Governor. The colony remained a 
royal province until the Revolution. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

In 1622. Gorges and Mason received a grant of 
land from the Council for New England north of that 
given to the Pilgrims, to which the name New Hamp- 
shire was given by Captain John Mason, because 
he had been governor of Hampshire, England. The 
first settlements were made near Portsmouth in 1623, 
and shortly after, in the same year, at Dover, 

Three times the Colony joined Massachusetts and 



20 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



as many times became separated. Finally, in 1741, it 
became independent and remained so until 1776. 
CONNECTICUT. 

Connecticut was settled by people from Massachu- 
setts. In 1635, the settlements of Windsor and Say- 
brwok were established on the Connecticut River. 
In 1636, Hartl'ortl and WethorsJiel*! were settled. 
The four settlements above mentioned were called the 
Connecticut C'oloiiy. Its government was dem- 
ocratic, all the govern in<,' officers being chosen by the 
people. The colony of New lljiven was founded in 
1638 by settlers from Kngland, and remained separate 
until 1662, when it became a part of the Connecticut 
Colony. 

RHODE ISIiANO. 

In 1635, RoRer Williams being driven from the 
colony of Massachusetts Bay on account of his religious 
views, finally settled on the Pawtucket River in 1636, 
with a few comrades. The settlement he named 
I'fovidence. Soon after, he was joined by others 
who had also suffered for their religious beliefs, and in 
1639, Newport was settled. 

After some difficulties with the Massachusetts Colony 
regarding the proprietorship of the district, in 1644 
Rog'er Willinins succeeded in obtaining a Charter 
This colony like all the others in New England, was 
under the rule of Andros while he was in power. 
MARYLAND. 

In 1632, a tract of land lying north of the Potomac 
River was obtained by I.iOrd lialtiniore for the pur- 
pose of affijrding a refuge for Catholics. The charter 
gave the people the right to choose their own form of 
government and to make their own laws; it was the 
lirst charter to allow that right. The first settle- 
ment was St. Mary's in 1634. Baltimore was founded 
in 1730. 

The Toleration Act was passed by the Colonial 
I,egislature in 1649, which provided that all who came 
to the colony should be permitted to enjoy their re- 
ligious opinions unmolested. 

The government remained in the family of I^ord 
Baltimore till 1691, when a Royal Governor was ap- 
pointed; but in I7i5the grant was given to the fourth 



I.iOrd Baltimore, and it continued under rule of 
the family until 1776. 

PENNSYLVANIA. 

In 1681 William Penn, a Quaker, received from 
Charles 11., a grant of territory extending without 
limit from the Delaware River westward, and in the 
following year obtained from the DuUe of YorK 
that part of the Duke's grant Tvhich forms the present 
State of Delaware. Penu's intention was to found a 
colony for persecuted Quakers. 

I683 Philadelphia was founded, and by the pur- 
chase of the territory from the Indians, all trouble with 
them was averted. 

DELAWARE. 

The colonists who had settled in the territory which 
Penn obtained from the Uiike of York, became dis- 
satisfied with the general government, and wished to 
govern themselves. In 1703 Penn allowed them to 
form a separate government, but they remained under 
his governorship, and that of his heirs after his death. 

Pennsylvania and Delaware were the only two col- 
onies which at sometime, did not become royal prov- 
inces. They remained under the control of the Peun 
family until the Revolution. 

NEW JERSEY. 

The territory of New Jersey originally formed part of 
New Netherlands. When this district passed into the 
hands of the Duke of York, he ceded the southern 
part to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkely, and 
the name New Jersey was given to it. 
In 1664 Elizabethtown was founded by the English. In 
1674 Berkely sold his right to two Quakers, and New 
Jersey was divided into £ast and West Jersey — 
Carteret retaining the eastern part, the Quakers hold- 
ing the western. 

William Penn and others bought out Carteret'8 
right iu 1682, and the territory became wholly a Quaker 
region. 

NORTH AND SOUTH CAROLINA. 

A large tract of land lying south of the London Com- 
pany's grant was given to Lord Clarendon and oth- 
ers in 1663. They named it Carolina after the king. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



21 



In 1664, a settlement was made called the Albe- 
marle Colony. The next year Wilmington was found- 
ed and received the name of C'larendoi Colony, 

Charleston was founded in 1680. 

King George 11, assumed the government in 1729, 
and Carolina was divided into two Colonies, North 
and South Carolina, each under its own governor, 
and so remained until the Revolution. 

GEORGIA. 

King George II. gave a large portion of South Car- 
olina to .James Oglethorpo in 1732, to which the name 
Georgia was given in honor of the king. Ogletliorpe's 
idea was to afford a home for the oppressed and the 
poor. In 1733 he founded Savannah. On account of 
the dissatisfaction of the colonists Georgia was made 
a royal province in 1752, 

This was the last founded of the thirteen colonies. 

THE UN lOX or THE THIRTEEN 
COEONIES. 

The first step toward the union was made in 1643. 
"Massachusetts Bay," "New Haven," and "Con- 
necticut," formed a league for the purpose of defence 
against the Indians, French, and Dutch, which was 
called The United Colonies of New England. 

INTERCOLONIAL WARS. 

The colonies were involved in four wars called re- 
spectively King Vi'illiain's War, Queen Anne's 
War, King George's War, and the French and 
Indian War. 

KING WILLIAM'S WAR. 

The reign of James II., who succeeded Charles 
II., was very unpopular, resulting finally in his being 
driven from the throne. He fled from France, and the 
French Government taking up his cause, declared 
war against Eng^land, 1639. War between the French 
and English at once followed. It was fought chiefly 
in New York, New Hampshire, and Aca«iia. 
The French, aided by the Indians, burned Schenectady, 
N. Y., and destroyed many small settlements. The 



English captured Port Royal, Acadia, which was 
given back by the TREATY OF RYSWICK, which 
closed the war, in 1697. 

QUEEN ANNE'S WAR. 

Peace lasted but live years. In 1701 a war regard- 
ing the Spanisli Siiecession broke out in Europe, 
and, as one result, <tUEEN ANNE declared war 
against France in 1702. The war lasted eleven years. 
Again New Hampshire and Massachusetts 
suffered, and again Port Royal was captured. The 
TREATY OF UTRECHT ended the war in 1713, 
this time giving Acadia to Great Britain. 

KING GEORGE'S WAR. 

This was called in Europe the WAR OF THE 
AUSTRIAN SUCCESSION, because it arose out of 
a dispute as to who should ascend the Austrian throne, 
in 1744. Great Itritain took one side and Franco 
became the ally of the other. Loilisburg', on Cape 
Breton Island, was captured by the En$;;lish in 1745, 
but was restored to France by the TREATY OF 
AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, which ended tlie war in 
1748. Louisburg became a very important point of at- 
tack in the French and Indian War. 

FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. 

.This war was caused by disputes in regard to territory, 
thereby differing from the three previous Intercolo- 
nial Wars, which took their rise in Europe. Dur- 
ing the first four years the Eng^lish were unsuccess- 
ful, chiefly as a result of poor management. The 
French acted almost entirely on the defensive, and 
during the last three years were gradually driven north 
by being forced to abandon liOuisburg' and Forts 
Du <iuesne, Ticonderof^a, Crown Point, and 
Niag'ara. They made their last great stand at 
Q,uebcc, where the decisive battle of the war 
was fought. During the war the French were greatly 
assisted by the Indians; the Englisii scarcely at all. 
The treaty of 1763 made Great Britain sole posses- 
sorof everything east oftheMississippi, even Florida, 
which later, was given back to Spain. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



THE REVOIiUTIOBTARY PERIOD. 



Causes or the Revolution. 

The French aud Indian War left Great Britain 

with a largely increased debt. To pay it the Govern- 
ment proposed to tax the colonies. This the colonies 
would not agree to, because not allowed a voice in the 
matter. The lirst tax-biil was passed in 1764; the 
Stamp Act followed it in 1765. Both were repealed in 

1766 owing to the determined resistance of the people. 

1767 a new tax-bill was passed taxing tea, paint, 
paper, lead, and glass; repealed 1773 except so far as 
the tax on tea. In 1768 General Gage was ordered 
to Boston; in 1770 occurred the Boston Massacre,so 
called. 1773 Boston Tea Party, and, as a result, 
the closing of the port of Boston, aud appointment of 
Gage as military governor of Massachusetts. Sept. 
5, 1744, First Continental Congress met at Phil- 
adelphia. September, 1774, Gage fortified Boston 
Neck, and both sides began to prepare for war. 

Important Events— 1775. 

The Americans had collected stores at Concord 
which Gage sent a force to destro3'. This resulted in 
the Battle of Lexington, April 19, which caused 
the militia to gather about Boston. Gage's army was 
also reinforced. The Americans endeavored to pen 
the British in Boston by fortifying Breed's Hill. 
Result: Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17, British 
successful. In the meantime Ticonderoga and 
Crown Point were captured by Arnold and War- 
ner, May 10. An expedition against Quebec was 
planned as a result. Montgomery captured Mon- 
treal, November 13, but the expedition failed to 
capture <tuebec after a severe battle, December 31st. 
Second Continental Congress met May 10; they 
appointed Washington Commander-in-Chief, June 
15, two days before the Battle of Bunker Hill. 

Important Events— 1776. 

In January I.ord Howe sent Clinton to attack 
New York. Washington sent I.ee to head him off, 
and Clinton sailed for the south to attack Charleston. 



He failed in this, being repulsed at Fort Ttlonltrie, 

June 28, and came north to Stateu Island, where he 
joined Howe. March 17, Washington compelled 
Howe to evacuate Boston. Howe went to Halifax, 
but shortly after sailed to Staten Island to attack New 
York. Washington's troops were sent to Long Is- 
land. On August 2/ the Battle of L>ong Island 
was fought in which the Americans were badly defeated. 
Washington withdrew his troops to New York, 
thence to White Plains, where he was defeated, 
and then crossed the Hudson. He abandoned Ft. Lee 
November 20, and Cornwallis pursued him across 
New Jersey to the Delaware. Washington crossed 
the Delaware December 8, but on Christmas night re- 
crossed and surprised a body of Hessian soldiers at 
Trenton, capturing 1000. Congress this year passed 
the Declaration of Independence and applied 
to France for aid. 

Important Events— 1777. 

The campaign divides itself into two parts: 1st. The 
British operations against Philadelphia; and 2d, 
Burgoyne's Expedition. (i) Cornwallis 

moved from Princeton to attack Washington at 
Trenton, but the latter slipped away, and getting be- 
hind Cornwallis defeated a British force at Prince- 
ton, January 3. Most of the British troops were with- 
drawn from New Jersey and taken to the Chesapeake 
to attack Philadelphia. Washington moved south 
to oppose this, and the Battle of Chad's Ford, on 
the Brandywine, was fought in defense of the city, 
the Americans being defeated, September 11. The 
British entered Philadelphia fifteen days after, but 
most of the troops were stationed at Germantown. 
Here Washington attacked them, but was defeated, 
October 4. To open communication the British attacked 
and captured Forts Mifflin and Mercer, on the 
Delaware, November 15 and 17. (2) Burgoyne, with 
an army of 9000 men, entered New York by way of 
Lake Champlain. He captured Ticonderoga, July 
2, defeated the retreating garrison at Hubbardton, 
July 7, and proceeded against Fort Edward. This was 
abandoned on his approach, July 29, and Schuyler, 
the commandant, moved to Stillwater. A branch 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



23 



British expedition besieged Fort Schuyler, but 

withdrew upon Arnold's approach. Gates superseded 
Schuyler and was attacked by the British, Sept. 19, 
near Stillwater, where an indecisive battle was 
fought. On October 7 another was fought and the 
British defeated. Finally Burgoyne surrendered on 
October 17. 

Important Events— 1778. 
This year was marked by two important events: 1st. 
The oilers of peace from Great Britain, which were 
rejected; and zd. The Treaty of Alliance with 
France. Both resulted from the surrender of Bnr- 
goyne the year before. The British did not plan any 
special campaign this year. On June 18, Philadel- 
phia was evacuated on account of the expected arri- 
val of the French fleet in the Delaware. Washing- 
ton pursued the British and the battle of iflonniouth 
was fought, June 28. The French fleet arrived in July 
and an expedition was planned against Gen. Pigot 
in Rhode Island; Sullivan was to act with the fleet, 
A storm interfered and Sullivan withdrew after 
fighting the battle of «lualcer If ill, Aug. 29. In 
July the massacre at Wyoming, Fa., occurred, and 
in November that at t'hcrry "Valley, N. Y. The 
British then turned their attention to the south, and 
on Dec. 29, Savannah, Ga., surrendered to Camp- 
bell. After this the chief events occurred in the 
south. 

Important Events— 1779. 

This year the seat of war was changed to the south 
and remained there until the end of the war. On Jan. 
9, Sunbury, Ga., was captured, and shortly Georgia 
was overrun with British. Prevost, in command of 
the British, moved on Charleston, but abandoned 
the attack, and shortly defeated Lincoln, who opposed 
him, at Stono Ferry, June 20. In September, Liiu- 
coln, assisted by Count D'Estalng's fleet, endeav- 
ored to retake Savannah, but was repulsed. Though the 
chiet events occurred in the south there was still more 
or less warfare in the north. An expedition against a 
British force on the Penobscot failed, and the Amer- 
ican fleet was destroyed. Clinton sent Tyron into 
Couu., who burned Norwalk and Fairfield, and 



sacked New Haven. In central New York the Indians 
were severely punished for the massacres of Wyo- 
ming and Cherry Valley in 1778, at the battle of 
Chemung (Elmira), Aug. 29, by Gen. Sullivan. At 
sea Paul Jones attacked and captured two British 
vessels, Sept. 23. 

Important Events— 17S0. 
South: Clinton sailed south, captured Charles- 
ton May 12, overran South Carolina, and leaving 
Cornwallis in command returned to New Y'ork. 
Congress appointed Gates to raise an army in the 
south. This was no sooner done than the forces were 
attacked by Cornwallis and defeated, August 6, at 
Camden, S. C. (Sanders' Creek.) On Aug. 16 Sun»- 
ter defeated a force of British at Hanging Koch, 
but two days after was attacked and his force utterly 
destroyed. On October 7 a detachment of Cornwallis'3 
troops was defeated at King's Mountain. North: 
In May a portion of the American army at Morris- 
town, being unable to endure their suffering, muti- 
nied, but being aided by Kobert Morris, and 
appealed to by Washington, came again under au- 
thority. In July a French fleet arrived, but was 
blockaded in Xarragansett Bay by a British fleet 
and rendered useless. In September, Arnold, who 
had fallen into disgrace, offered to surrender West 
Point to the British, but the plot failed, though he 
escaped. 

Important Events— 17S1. 

The campaign was entirely in the south this j-ear. 
Arnold entered Virginia on a plundering expedition 
and burned Richmond, Jan. 5. The Pennsylvania sol- 
diers, unable to endure further suffering, mutinied, 
Jan. I, marched to get aid from Congress, but were 
finally pacified. Cornwallis still in charge in S. C. 
sent Tarleton to attack Morgan. Morgan defeat- 
ed him at the battle of the Cowpens, Jan. 17. Corn- 
wallis pursued Morgan, who was shortly joined by 
Greene, who took command. Greene retreated 
across N. C. into Va., where the pursuit ended. Corn- 
wallis started to return, followed by Greene, whom 
he attacked at Guilford C. li„ March 15. Greene 
was defeated and went south to S. C. where he attacked 



24 



777^ AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Ruwdon at HobUirli's Hill, but was defeated 
again, April 24. €ornwallis went to Wilmington, 
and thence to Yorktown, Va. Wasliiiigtoii and the 
French forces attacked him there, while the French 
fleet closed the harbor. Cornwallis surrendered 
his army Oct. 19, 1781. 

Iiiiportaut Events— 1781-1789. 
The war left the Colonies Iiidepeiident States, 
but almost as independent of one another as of Great 
Britain. Articles of €onfe<leration accepted in 
1781. Thej' did not form a strong enough government. 
In 17S6 Shay's Rebellion broke out in Massachu- 
setts, in resistance to the Government tax, requiring 
force of arms to subdue it. A Convention to frame 
a stronger plan of government met in Philadelphia in 
17S7, and in the sameyear drew up the present Con- 
stitution. This was accepted by eleven States 
by the end of 17SS, and went into operation the next 
year, 1789. 



THE KTATIONAIi PERIOD. 



This period relates to the Government under the 
Constitution, and is the most important of all, 
inasmuch as our country now becomes the United 
States. 

Under the Constitution the powers of our Gov- 
ernment are arranged under three heads, Eegisla- 
tive. Executive, and Judicial. 

The Eegislative power is vested in Congress, 
composed of a Senate and a House of Represen- 
tatives. The Senators are chosen for a term of six 
years by the Legislatures of the several States. Each 



State is allowed two Senators. The Representa* 

tives are elected by the people for two years only, 
each State being entitled to a number of Representa- 
tives proportionate to its population. 

The Executive power is vested in a President, 
elected by what is called the Electoral Colleg'e, 
for a term of four years. 

The Electoral College is composed of electors, 
chosen by the people. Each State is entitled to as 
many electors as there are Senators and Repre- 
sentatives from that State in Congress. 

The duty of the President is to enforce the laws 
of Congress in accordance with the Constitution. 
He is Commander-in-chief of the armies and navies of 
the United States. 

The Judicial power of the United States is vested 
in a Supreme Court and Inferior Courts estab- 
lished by Congress. 

To enable the business of the Executive to be bet- 
ter attended to. Congress established four Executive 
Departments, those of War, State, Treasury and 
Xiaw. Later these were increased in number until 
now there are seven, the Interior and the Post- 
office being subsequently formed as the necessities of 
the Government demanded. The chiefs of these De- 
partments, called Secretarys, (excepting the heads 
of the Post Office and Law departments who are re- 
spectively styled, Post Master General and the 
Attorney General), foriij tl.e President's Cab- 
inet. 

The important events of the National Period 
will be found in connection with the lives ?.ad ad- 
ministrations ci the Presidents of cho United 
States. 









% 







LI"S/"E^ OF I'liE Pl^E^IDEJ^l'^ 



OF THE 

TJI>s^ITED STATES, 

WITH 

The iProraineiit JVIeasiires 

OF 

Their -A^dministrations. 



r 






& 



A>ii^^^^^(o'' ^^ <#S T (^^^ "^^ ^^^ 



^j 






26 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



GEORCE WASHINOTOX. 



George Washington was born on the Po- 
tomac river, in Westmoreland county, Virginia, 
February 22d, 1732, and died December, 14, 
1799. In 1754 he was made Lieutenant Col- 
onel of the militia, and accompanied Braddock 
in his expedition against Fort Duquesne in 
1755. In the same year he was made Com- 
mander-in-chief of the military forces of the 
Colony of Va., and in 1787 he was unanimous- 
ly chosen President of the Convention that 
met to frame a Constitution. In early life he 
followed the occupation of an engineer. He 
was married to Mirs Martha Custis,in January, 
1759. Congress unanimously elected him com- 
mander of the revolutionary forces, and he 
took active command July, 2, 1775, and he 
held supreme military control throughout the 
struggle for independence. 

Washington was left fatherless at eleven 
years of age; his education was directed by 
his mother, a woman of strong character, who 
kindly, but firmly, exacted the most implicit 
obedience. Of her Washington learned his 
first lessons of self-command. His favorite 
amusements were of a military character: he 
made soldiers of his playmates; and officered 
all the mock parades. His inherited wealth 
was great, and the antiquity of his family gave 
him high social rank. As a President, he care- 
fully weighed his decisions, but, his policy 
once settled, he pursued it with steadiness and 
dignity, however great might be the opposi- 
tion. As an officer,he was brave, enterprising 
and cautious. His campaigns were rarely 



startling, but they were always judicious. He 
was capable of great endurance. Calm in de- 
feat, sober in victory, commanding at all times 
but irresistible when aroused, he exercised 
equal authority over himself and his army. 
His last illness was brief, and his closing 
hours were marked by his usual calmness and 
dignity. "I die hard," he said, "but I am not 
afraid to go." Washington left no children. 
It has been beautifully said "Providence left 
him childless that his country might call him 
Father." 

Administration. 

Washington was inaugurated April 30, 1789, 
in New York, the first capital. -A great deal of 
labor fell upon this administration. -The coun- 
try was suffering severely from the effect of 
the war.-At Hamilton's suggestion a plan for 
improving the public credit was accepted, 1790. 
— The capital was in that year changed to 
Phila. — In 1792 Washington was re-elected. — 
In 1793 Eli Whitney invented the cotton-gin, 
a machine for separating the cotton-seed from 
the fiber; this proved of immense importance 
in the country's history. — In 1794 difficulties 
arose with France through an endeavor of the 
French minister. Genet, to obtain aid from 
France, which was then at war with Great 
Britain. — In 1794 a disturbance broke out in 
Pennsylvania, called the Whiskey Rebellion, 
arising from an endeavor to resist the excise 
tax, which had been (1790) recommended by 
Hamilton as a means of obtaining funds. — In 
1794 a treaty was signed with Great Britain 
which arranged several disputed points, — par- 
ticularly the surrender of certain western ter- 
ritory. 




GEORGE WASHINGTON. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



JOltN ADAMS. 



Jolin Adams was born in Braintree, Mass., 
October 1735, and died in 1826. He graduated 
at Harvard College in 1755, and, abandoning 
the idea of becoming a minister of the gospel, 
was admitted to the bar in 1758. He was one 
of the delegates first sent to the Continental 
Congress from Massachusetts. In 1776 he was 
made President of the Board of War, and was 
sent to France as a Commissioner in 1777. He 
was a' member of the first and second Con- 
gresses, and nominated Washington as com- 
mander-in-chief. Jefferson wrote the Declara- 
tion of Independence, but Adams secured its 
adoption in a three-days debate. He was a 
tireless worker, and had the reputation of hav- 
ing the clearest head and firmest heart of any 
man in Congress. In his position as President 
he lost the reputation he had gained as Con- 
gressman. His enemies accused him of being 
a bad judge of men; of clinging to old and un- 
popular notions, and of having little control 
over his temper. They also ridiculed his 
egotism, which they declared to be inordinate. 



He live I, however, to see the prejudice against 
his administration give place to a more just 
estimate of his great worth and exalted integ- 
rity. As a delegate to the Constitutional Con- 
vention, he was honored as one of the fathers 
of the Republic. Adams and Jefferson were 
firm friends during the Revolution, but politi- 
.cal strife alienated them. On their return to 
private life they became reconciled. They 
died on the same day — the fiftieth anniversary 
of American Independence. Adam's last words 
were, "Thomas Jefferson still survives." Jefr 
ferson was, however, already lying dead in 
his Virginia home. Thus, by the passing away 
of these two remarkable men, was made mem- 
orable the 4th of July, 1826. 

Adni iulstration. 

John Adams succeeded Washington as 
President. He belonged to the Federalist 
Party. — The event of greatest national interest 
in his administration was the death of Wash- 
ington, on Dec. 14, 1799. — In the same year, 
previous to his death, war had been declared 
against France, and fighting had even begun 
at sea when a treaty of peace was made. 





JOHN ADAMS. 



30 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Tnom AS JEFFERSON. 



Thomas Jefferson was born at Shadwell, 
Virginia, April 2d, 1743, and died July 4, 1826. 
After graduating from William and Mary Col- 
lege, he adopted the profession of law. 

"Of all the public men who have figured in 
the United States," says Parton, "he was in- 
comparably the best scholar and the most va- 
riously accomplished man." He was a bold 
horse'mau, a skillful hunter, an elegant pen- 
man, a fine violinist, a brilliant talker, a su- 
perior classical scholar, and a proficient in the 
modern languages. On account of his talent, 
he was styled "The Sage of Monticello." The 
immortal document, the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, was, with the exception of a few 
words, entirely his work. He was an ardent 
supporter of the doctrine of State rights, and 
letl the opposition of the Federalists. Like 
Washington, he was of aristocratic birth, but 
his principles were intensely democratic. He 
hated ceremonies and titles; even "Mr." was 
distasteful to him. These traits were the more 
remarkable to one of his superior birth and 
education, and peculiarly endeared him to the 
comm.on people. Coming into power on a 
wave of popularity, he studiously sought to 
retain this favor. There were no more brilliant 
levees or courtly ceremonies as in the days of 
Washington and Adams. On his inauguration 
day.he rode down to Congress unattended, and 
leaping from his horse, hitched it, and went 
into the chamber dressed in plain clothes, to 
read his fifteen-minutes' inaugiural. Some of 



the sentences of that short but memorable 
address have passed into proverbs. The unos- 
tentatious example then set by the Nation's 
President was wise in its effects. Soon the 
public debt was diminished, the army and 
navy reduced, and the Treasury replenished. 
A man of such marked character necessarily 
made bitter enemies, but Jefferson comman- 
ded the respect of even his opponents, while 
the admiration of his friends was unbounded. 
The last seventeen years of his life were spent 
at Monticello, near the place of his birth. By 
his profound hospitality, he had, before his 
death, spent his vast estates. He died poor in 
money but rich in honor. His last words were, 
"This is the fourth day of July." 

Atliiiiiiistratioii. 

Jefferson was a candidate of the Republican 
party. — In 1803 he arranged with the French 
government for the purchase of the territory 
of Louisiana; this nearly doubled the area of 
U.S. possessions. — In 1801 a war broke out 
with .the Barbary powers resulting from the 
conduct of those governments, particularly 
that of Tripoli, in imposing a tax on foreign 
merchant vessels in the Mediterranean. — It re- 
sulted in the Tripolitan government being 
compelled to guarantee no fmther cause of 
trouble. — In 1804 Alexander Hamilton was 
shot by Aaron Burr in a duel.-During the ad- 
ministration there were growing troubles with 
Great Britain on account of the treatment of 
American merchant vessels by British men-of- 
war.-These led the way to the war of 1812. — 
In 1808 the exportation of slaves was forbidden 
by law. 




THOMAS JEFFERSON. 



32 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



JAMES MABISOX. 



James Madison was born in King George 
county, Virginia, March i6, 1751, and died in 
1836. He graduated at Princeton College in 
1778, after which he studied law. In Congress 
in 1789 he became one of the strongest advo- 
cates of the Constitution and did much to se- 
cure its adoption. From his political princi- 
ples he was obliged, though reluctantly, to 
oppose Washington's administration, which 
he did in a courteous and temperate manner. 
He led his party in Congress, where he re- 
mained till 1797. The next year he drafted 
the famous "1798-99 Resolutions," enuncia- 
ting the doctrines of State Rights, which, with 
the accompanying "Report" in their defense, 
have been the great text-book of the Demo- 
cratic party. He was Secretary of State to 
Jeherson. After his Presidential services, he 
retired from public station. Madison's success 
was not so much the result of a great natural 
ability as of intense application and severe 
accuracy. His mind was strong, clear, and 
well balanced, and his memory was wonderful. 
Like John Quincy Adams, he had laid up a 
great store of learning, which he used in the 
most skillful manner. He always exhausted 
the subject upon which he spoke. "When he 
had finished, nothing remained to be said." 
His private character was spotless. His man- 



ner was simple, modest, and uniformly court- 
eous to his opponents. He enjoyed wit and 
humor, and told a story admirably. His sun- 
ny temper remained with him to the last. 
Some friends coming to visit him during his 
last illness, he sank smilingly back on his 
couch, saying, "I always talk better when I 
liey It has been said of him, "It was his rare 
good fortune to have a whole nation for his 
friends." 

AUmiiiiistration. 

In 181 1 two events occurred that greatly ir- 
ritated the country against Great Britain: The 
firing on the President by the Little Belt, and 
the Indian war in the northwest, brought on 
by British ageiits.-In 1812, war was declared 
with Great Britain.July 19. The war was fought 
mainly in the North and at sea. -The Ameri- 
cans were most successful when acting on the 
defensive.-Towards the end the war changed 
to the South, but was interrupted by the treaty 
of peace, Dec. 24, 1814. -After the treaty the 
battle of New Orleans was fought, Jan. 8,1815. 
-A second war with the Barbary powers took 
place during the administration, resulting in a 
final stoppage of the abuses of those govern- 
ments, as far as our commerce was concerned. 
-In 1814 a body of opponents of the war met 
at Hartford and protested against it; this was 
called the Hartford Convention, and so injured 
the Federal party that it soon afterwards dis- 
appeared. 





JAMES MADISON. 



34 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL 

JAMES MOXROE. 



James Monroe was born in Westmoreland 
countv, Virginia, April 28, 1758. and died in 
the citv of New York, Julv 4, 1831- He filled 
the office of President of the United States 
from the vear 1S17 to 1S25. As a soldier under 
General Washington he bore a brave record, 
and especially distinguished himself in the 
battles of Brandvwine, Germantown, and 
Monmouth. After^vards he studied law, and 
entered political life. Having been sent bv 
Washington as Minister to France, he showed 
such marked sympathy with that countrj' as 
to displease the President and his cabinet, who 
were just concluding a treaty v\-ith England, 
and wished to preser%-e a strictly neutral pol- 
icy. He was therefore recalled. Under Jeffer- 
son, who was his warm friend, he was again 
sent to France in 1S03, when he secured the 
purchase of Louisiana. He is said to have al- 
ways taken particular pride in this transac- 
tion, regarding his part of it as among the 
most important of his public services. Soon 
after his inauguration as President, he %nsited 
the military posts in the north and east, with a 
^^ew to thorough acquaintance with the capa- 
bilities of the countrj- in the event of future 
hostihties. This tour was a great success. He 
wore a blue military coat of home-spun, light- 
colored breeches, and a cocked hat, being the 
undress uniform of a Revolutionary officer. 



Thus was the nation reminded of his former 
militarv- ser\'ices. Monroe was a man more 
prudent than brilliant, who acted wth a single 
eye to the welfare of the country. Jefferson 
said of him: "If his soul were turned inside 
out, not a spot could be found on it" Like 
that beloved friend, he died, "poor in money, 
but rich in honor,"and like him also, he 
passed away on the anniversary of the Inde- 
pendence of the Country he served so faith- 
fully. 

Administration. 

Monroe became President in iSi7.-In iSi 7, 
the Seminole Indians becoming troublesome, 
Jackson invaded Florida and put an end to 
the matter.-This brought on trouble with 
Spain, the result of which was that Florida 
was purchased by the U. S. for |5,ooo,ooo in 
1S21. -In 1S20 Missouri asked to be admitted 
to the Union.-There was at once a great con- 
test in congress as to whether it should be a 
free or a slave state. -This was finally termi- 
nated by the passage of a bill admitting it as 
a slave state,but forbidding slavery north of ^iy" 
30^ N. Lat. in any future state.-In 1S20 Mon- 
roe was re-elected. -In 1S22 the famous Monroe 
Doctrine was announced. -This was a protest 
ao-ainst further European occupation of Amer- 
ican territory'. -There was no choice for Presi- 
dent resulting from the election in 1S34, and 
the duty of selecting a President fell to the 
House of Representatives, which elected J. Q. 
Adams to the office. 





JAMES MONROE. 



36 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL 
JOH]!ir QUINCY ABAMS. 



John auincy ArtamH was born at Bram- 
tree, Mass., July ii, 1767, and died at Wash- 
ington, February 23, 1848. He was President 
from 1825 to 1829. 

Tobn Q, Adams was a man of learning, of 
blameless reputation and unquestioned patri- 
otism As President he was hardly more suc- 
cessful than his father. This was, doubtless, 
owing greatly to the fierce opposition which 
assaifed him from the friends of disappointed 
candidates, who at once combined to weaken 
his measures and prevent his re-election. 
Their candidate was Andrew Jackson, a man 
whose dashing boldness, energy and decision at- 
tracted the popular masses, and hid the more 
quiet^nrtues of Adams. To add to his perplex- 
ities, a majority of the House, and one-half of 
the Senate, favored the new party; and his 
own Vice President, John C. Calhoun, was 
also the candidate of the opposition and ot 
course committed to it. To stem such a tide 
was a hopeless effort. In two years Adams 
was returned to Congress, where he remained 
until his death, over sixteen }ears axterwards. 



Ten years of public service were thus rendered 
after he had passed his "three-score years and 
ten," and so great was his ability m debate at 
this extreme age, that he was called the old 
man eloquent." Like his father, he was a 
wonderful worker, and his mind was a com- 
plete store-house of facts. He lived econom- 
ically, and left a large estate. He was the Con- 
gressional advocate of anti-slavery and a 
bitter opponent of secret societies. His fame 
increased with his age, and he died a trusted 
and revered champion of popular rights, we 
was seized with paralysis while occupying 
his seat in Congress, after which he lingered 
two days in partial unconsciousness. His last 
words were, "This is the last of earth; I am 
content." 

Administration. 

In 1826, bv a singular coincidence, John 
Adams and Thos. Jefferson both died on the 
sa^ne day.and that day the anniversary of Ameri- 
can Independence, July 4. -The great measure 
of T O. Adams' administration was the Taritt 
Act of 1828, which was distasteful to the South 
and led to serious trouble in the next adminis- 
tration. 





JOHN QUINCY ADAMS. 



38 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



ANDREW JACKSON. 



Andrew Jackson was born in Waxhaw 
settlement, North or South Carolina, March 
15. 1767, and died at the Hermitage, near Nash- 
ville, June 8, 1845. He served as President of 
the United States from 1829 to 1837. 

Jackson was of Scotch-Irish descent. His 
father died before he was born, and his moth- 
er was very poor. As a boy, Andrew was brave 
and irjtpetuous, passionately fond of athletic 
sports, but not at all addicted to books. His 
life was crowded with excitement and adven- 
ture. At fourteen, being captured by the 
British, he was ordered to clean the command- 
er's boots. Showing the true American spirit 
in his refusal, he was sent to prison with a 
wound on head and arm. Here he had the 
small-pox, which kept him ill for several 
months. Soon after his mother had effected his 
exchange, she died of ship-fever while caring 
for the imprisoned Americans at Charleston. 
Left entirely destitute, young Jackson tried 
various employments, but finally settled down 
to law, and in 1796 was elected to Congress. 
Jackson first distinguished himself as a milita- 
ry officer in tlie war against the Creek Indians 
which he made a signal victory. His dashing 
successes in the war of 1812 completed his 
reputation, and ultimately won him the Pres- 
idency. His nomination was at first received 



in many States with ridicule, as, whatever 
might be his military prowess, neither his 
temper nor his ability seemed to recommend 
him as a statesman. However, his re-election 
proved his popular success as a President. His 
chief intellectual gifts were energy and intui- 
tive judgment. He was thoroughly honest, 
intensely warm-hearted, and had an instinct- 
ive horror of debts. His moral courage was 
as great as his physical, and his patriotism was 
undoubted. He died at the "Hermitage," his 
home near Nashville, Tennessee, 

Administration. 

General Jackson the candidate of the Demo- 
cratic Party, was President from 1829 to 1837. 
His administration was marked by energy and 
decision. -In 1832 he vetoed the bill to rechar- 
ter the U. S. Bank.-France was induced to 
promise the payment of I5, 000,000 for dam- 
ages done to our commerce, and failing to 
fulfill the promise was th. eatened with war, 
and speedily paid over the balance due 
(1833). -In 1832 South Carolina voted the 
Taritt Act of 1828 unconstitutional, and for 
that reason not binding on the people; and 
threat in d that the state would leave the 
Union if the law was enforced.-Jackson 
promptly put down these "Nullifiers" by force. 
-Two Indian wars, the Black Hawk, 1832, and 
the Seminole, 1835, disturbed this administra- 
tion, which taken all in all was a v<»rv fv^aX.- 
ful one. 







ANDREW JACKSON. 



40 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



MARTIN VAN BVREN. 



9Iartin Van Bureii was born at Kinder- 
hook, New York, December 5, 1782, and died, 
at the same place, July 24, 1862. He studied 
law and was admitted to practice in 1803, was 
elected President of the United States, and 
served four years, from 1837 to 1841. He early 
took an interest in politics, and in 1818 started 
anew organization of the Democratic party in 
New York, his nati^'C State, which had the 
power for over twenty years. In 183 1 he was 
appointed Minister to England, whither he 
went in September, but when the nomina- 
tion came before the Senate in December 
it was rejected, on the ground that he had 
sided with England against the United States, 
on certain matters, and had carried party con- 
tests and their results into foreign neogotiations. 
His party regarded this as an extreme political 
persecution, and the next year elected him to 
the Vice-Presidency. He thus became head of 
the Senate which a few months before had con- 
demned him, and where he now performed 



his duties with "dignity, courtesy and impartial- 
ity." 

As a President, Van Buren was the subject 
of much partisan censure. The Country was 
passing through a peculiar crisis, and his was 
a difficult position to fill with satisfaction to 
all. That he pleased his own party is proved 
from the fact of his re-nomination in 1840 
against HaiTison. In 1844 he was once more 
urged by his friends, but failed to get a two- 
thirds vote in the convention on account of 
his opposition to the annexation of Texas. In 
1848 he became a candidate of the "Free De- 
mocracy, "a new party advocating anti-slavery 
principles. After this he retired to his estate 
in Kinderhook, N.Y., where he died. 

Adiniiiistratioii. 

Over-speculation in trade in Jackson's term 
had brought on great business troubles, end- 
ing in the panic of 1837. -To remedy this the 
Sub-Treasury Bill was passed, at Van Buren's 
desire, but it helped matters very little, and 
resulted in Van Buren being defeated in his 
second canvass for the Presidency. 








MARTIN VAN BUREN. 



42 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



WILIilADI SENRT HARRISON. 



Trilllam Henry Harrison was born in 
Charles City county, Virginia, February gtb, 
1773. He entered the army in 1791, after 
graduating from Hampden-Sydney College. 
After reaching the grade of Captain he resigned 
in 1797; was chosen delegate to Congress from 
the North-western Territory in 1797; appointed 
Governor of Indiana in 1801. and continued to 
1813I He was elected President of the United 
States in 1840, and had scarcely entered upon 
the duties of his office when he died at Wash- 
ington, April 4, 1841. In 1812 he distinguished 
himselfduringthe war, especially in the battle 
of the Thames. His military reputation made 
him available as a Presidential candidate. His 
character was unimpeachable, and the chief 
slur cast upon him by his opponents was that 



he had lived in a "log cabin" with nothing to 
drink but "hard cider." His friends turned 
this to good account. The campaign was 
noted for immense mass-meetings, long pro- 
cessions, song-singing and general enthusiasm. 
"Hard cider" became a party watch-word, and 
"log cabins" a regular feature in the popular 
parades. He was elected by a very large ma- 
jority, and great hopes were entertained of his 
administration. Though advanced in years, 
he gave promise of endurance. But "he was 
beset by office-seekers; he was anxious to grat- 
ify the numerous friends and supporters who 
flocked about him; he gave himself incessantly 
to public business; and at the close of the 
month he was on a sick bed." His illness 
was of eight days' duration. His last words 
were, "The principles of the Government, I 
wish them carried out I ask nothing more." 




^=.j^m 




WILLIAM HENRY HARRISON. 



7//A' .'I.VA'AVr,'* V .VJXCJl, 



Si*u\ t\i.i;k. 



iuoi»l. V;>,, liUVWrtW \^, \S0J. llr jitv\*lit>l l<»\v, 
rtwvl was «>U\ to*l to (lN»U};vx'!*j» >u \Su», «u»l 
»«^ivc»l rivMuo t\\o votui*; >N«j* oUvtt'*l r. S> Scu- 

Ot (\vt« IVjUO OvM\VtMUV\>U;>t \V;>Hlu\>^toU ivV ISM. 

\>i Mr, \tnvr\!*o»\ «!*hi!* w\»»tvt\Uiv>ntU j»«vvcj>!*o» 
!»!* Vioo Tit^Hivlcwt or tln^ 1'iuI«hI SU\lo*, Jv»l»n 

viiU , «»\l in WjUvI to l\rtvr wept witli !ivM\v>Nv 
whoM tlvr \Vh>>{?i \v( o\M\NVut<v>n \vic\nc\l h>s 
tfU\>»\tv^ VfUwUvUUO t«>» \\\c Vw^\<,W\w\ , \\\\y\ sr 

IsVtv^l tl;OUS\>»\. Ut> \\<>H Uv>UU»»i»tC\l \' HH> 
l*\V!»UU'Ut t>V i\ \»UiV>UU»0\»!* V\>tO, <\\U\ \V(>S rt 

>j\\\»t t,»vvM»tv^ wUU lu!» |vuty. In lt»c \>v>i>uliU 
u^tuuw, " rn>\»r\\uu>c«\»»vriS'lc\ tov>/*t\vc\>c\»plo 
>*\vu)i rn«wv\<* to t\\u\ rt* Ivnutilv «)« to Utuiisvm 
hituWit", ThiMlcrtttv \>t llrtui)*v>n «nvl the swv^ 
c<\>i»iiou oT Vvlov, \\«*tho tuf»t vv\j»tanvv ot' the 
k<\u\ i\\ \mv \\\*tvvrv. 

Ho \>j>p\v*Oxl tho xncrtjiUvtN* \*t" In* ivutv <m\*1 
\»\«\l«^ tti?«? vvjiv^ ut tt»e wtv* iH>\vr»\ liv* louucv 



l»> whwh 111- «»j>lu>l th:»t lu- had Uf\r( \>\otVsso»\ 
to cMolotM" the" u\it>smis \\h>ih hr opposod. 
riu- Itfhni; imiv.isril in bittc-jnt-^s. All his 
valMnrt, ivvrpt Wrhstot, tfsi);»u->l. Ho \v;vs, 
h«'\\c\oi, noin\n;»tovl l«\ u oonvontion oo«nposo»l 
ohtotl> <>lv>lluo hoKlois, Ivm ihonoM riosuUMioy; 
Ivo ttoorptrvl, hut. t»nvH»»,v; no jvpuhn svippoit, 
svHMt \v\th»how ti\M\» tlto osuwass. In iSoi ho 
hoorttno tho \MONi»lit\^ otlioor ol" the IViVoo 
Ooiwoutioti in \V«\sh\n>;tvM\. All oIVvmIs at tov^ 
o\>oih.>i»v>n jMv»vvn,< ttnilo, ho ionov>noovl h>s 
i>Uo);»in\vo to tho I'nitoil Statos aiul l\»Uv>\\o»l 
the C\»ntovlo»i»to loUnnos. Ho \hovl in Kuh- 
\t»on»l, who\r ho was n\ attoinlanoo as a motn- 
hoi ot'tho Contoilo(ato 0\Mt)>\rs,<i, 

Tvlot hoo.uno INosivlont on tho \loath ol" Hat- 
vi>vM>. Ho <ioatlv oUouilotl h»s pauy hv voio- 
vnj; tho liank ot t\>o V\ S, h\ll. iS.jv. anvl thus 
loM tho uvMuinativM* in tS^Ks. lt» tS.|J a lohoU- 
\\>n lv»\>ko out in Khvvlo Isl.uul tosnltinj; t\v^vn 
\^*uty tVoUttu.- Hv>ii, olanitinj; tv> bo x^vnouun, 
was tho loavVor,- It was put ilowiv hy tnilitavv 
tvM\T anvl Hon was \tnpnsvM>tsl. hi tS.|4 "iVxas 
a\>pli»Hl tor avlnti>sion tv^ tlvo I'nivnt,- This was 
at tust ivt\»stHl, hut tho Hoxnvwatioivjutv, whu-h 
tavoVT-vl »ts avhni>,sion, hoiu>; sno\-osstnl in tho 
oUvtu>n ot" \S44, the hill iv»sso\l noxt sptiny;, 
«m\ Toxas WoAiue a wtalr Mavvh i, KS45. 




jdiiN rvi Ml. 



4G 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



JA9IES K. POLK. 



James K. Polfc was born in Meckliuburj 
county, North Carolina, November 2, 1795, 
and died at Nashville, June 15, 1849. He grad- 
uated from the University of North Carolina 
in 1816, and studied law: was elected to Con- 
gress in 1825, and several terms subsequently; 
chosen speaker of the House, 1835 and 1837, 
and Governor of Tennessee in 1839. Mr. Polk 
was very rn^xpectedly nominated for Presi- 
dent, in Baltimore, on tli 27th day of May, 
1844. He pleased his party as a candidate, and 
justified tlieir fondest expectations as a man 
well worthy and well qualified to fill the office 
of Chief Magistrate of the United States, who 
sun-ounded himself with an able body of coun- 
sellors. He served as President from 1845 to 
1849. 

Mr. Polk was one of the most conspicious 
opposers of the administration of J.Q. Adams, 
and a warm supporter of Jackson. In 1839, 
havii;g served fouiteen years in Congress, he 
decliiietl a re-election and was chosen Govern- 
or of Tennessee. His Presidential nomination, 
in connection with that of George M. Dallas, 
of Pennsylvania, as Vice-President, had the 
effect of uniting the Democratic party, which 
had been disturbed by dissensions between the 
friends and opponents of Martin Van Buren. 
However, the Mexican war, which in many 
States was strongly opposed, the enactment of a 



tariff based on a revenue principle instead of a 
protective one, and the agitation caused by 
the "Wilmot Proviso," all conspired to affect 
his popularity before the end of his term. He 
had, however, previously pledged himself not 
to be a candidate for re-election. He died 
about three mouths after his retirement from 
office. 

Afliniiiistration. 

Polk was inaugurated President in 1845.- 
Trouble arose with Mexico about the admis- 
sion and the boundary of Texas, Mexico 
claiming to the Nueces River, while Texas 
claimed to the Rio Grande. -This brought on 
the war (May 11, 1846). Mexico was at once 
invaded by three armies: one in California 
under Gen. Kearney; one on the Rio Grande 
and in what is now northern Mexico; while a 
third, under Gen. Scott, marched on Mexico 
city.-These expeditions were all successful, 
tlie United States forces winning every battle. 
-By the end of 1847 Mexico was conquered 
and the capital in Gen. Scott's hands. -20,000 
men had conquered 50,000 and taken posses- 
sion of a country containing more than 7,000, 
000 inhabitants. -The Treaty of Peace was 
signed at Guadaloupe Hidalgo, Feb. 2, 1848; 
Mexico by it acknowledged the Rio Grande 
as boundary and ceded California and New 
Mexico to the United States for I15, 000,000. — 
In 1848 gold was discovered in California, 
causing much excitement, and great emigra- 
tion thither. 



r-^ii-1 







JAMES K. POLK. 



48 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ZACHARY TAYLOR. 



Zachary Taylor was born in Orange County 
Virginia, November 24, 1784. He entered upon 
:jhe duties of President in 1849, and died at the 
Presidential Mansion July 9, 1850, after an 
illness of five days. Soon after his birth his 
parents moved to Kentucky. His means of 
education were of the scantiest kind, and until 
he was twenty-four years of age he worked on 
his father's plantation. Madison, who was a 
relative, and at that time Secretary of State, 
then secured for him an appointment in the 
army as lieutenant. From this time he rose 
by regular and rapid degrees to a major gener- 
alship. His triumphant battles at Palo Alto, 
Resaca de la Palma, Monterey, and Buena 
Vista, won him great applause. He was the 
popular hero of a successful war. The soldiers 
admiringly called him ' 'Old Rough and Ready. ' ' 



Having been offered the nomination for Pres- 
ident, he published several letters defining his 
position as "a Whig but not an Ultra-whig," 
and declaring that he would not be a party 
candidate or the exponent of party doctrines. 
Many of the whig leaders violently opposed 
his nomination. Daniel Webster called him 
"an ignorant frontier colonel." The fact that 
he was a slaveholder was warmly urged against 
him. He knew nothing of civil affairs, and 
had taken so little interest in politics that he 
had not voted in forty years. But he was 
nominated and elected. His nomination caused 
a secession from the Whigs, resulting in the 
formation of the Free-soil party. He felt his 
want of qualifications for the position, and 
sometimes expressed his regret that he had 
accepted it; yet he maintained as President 
the popularity which had led to his election, 
and was personally one of the most esteemed 
who have filled that office. 






"m^w 



v^W 




ZACHARY TAYLOR. 



50 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Bfll^IiARD FIL,L,9IOR£. 



Hillard Fillmore, being elected Vice-Presi- 
dent to President Taylor, became his constitu- 
tional successor, and served the unexpired term 
from 1850 to 1853. Very exciting questions 
arose during his term of office: among them 
the slavery question, the admission of Califor- 
nia into the Union as a free State, and the 
passage of the Fugitive Slave Law — providing 
for the return to their owners of slaves escap- 
ing to a free State. During the debate of these 
questions, for awhile it seemed as if the Union 
would be rent asunder. Mr. Fillmore treated 
them with dignity, if not with statesmanship, 
till finally conciliatory measures prevailed, and 
the questions were amicably settled. In every 
respect Mr. Fillmore discharged the duties of 
President as a conscientious, sensible man, 
thoroughly acquainted with legislative and 
general political principles. 

President Fillmore was born in Cayuga co. , 
New York, January 7, 1800, and died March 8, 



1874. He had not a very liberal education, 
and, when young, served as an am^rentice to 
the fuller's trade. In the year 1S21, he was 
admitted to the bar and practiced law with 
success. From 1832 to 1840 he was a member 
of Congress; in 1842 he was nominated by the 
Whigs of New York for Governor, and was 
defeated; and in 1856 the Native American 
party run him for President, and he received 
only the electoral vote of Maryland. 

Upon the death of President Taylor, the en- 
tire Cabinet resigned. 

Administration. 

On the death of General Taylor, Fillmore 
became President. During his administration 
the Omnibus Bill was passed, 1850. — This ad- 
mitted California as a free state and settled a 
number of other questions. — It also provided 
for the capture of runaway slaves (Fugitive- 
Slave Law), a measure which caused nmch 
trouble in the North. — A Fisheries Treaty w-as 
concluded with Great Britain. — Franklin 
Pierce was elected President in 1852. 






_ Q^-- ) 

^^'X^^^ 




MILLARD FILLMORE. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



FBAlirKI.IN PIERCE. 



Franklin Pierce was born at Hillsborough, 
New Hampshire, on the 23d of November, 
1804, and died in 1869. He graduated at Bow- 
doin College, Maine, in 1824; studied law and 
was admitted to the bar in 1827. He was Presi- 
dent from 1853 to 1857. 

Mr. Pierce had barely attained the requisite 
legal age when he was elected to the Senate. 
He found there such men as Clay, Webster, 
Calhoun,Thomas H. Benton, and Silas Wright. 
Nathaniel Hawthorn says in his biography of 
Mr. pierce: "With his usual tact and exquisite 
sense of propriety, he saw it was not the time 
for him to step forward prominently on this 
highest theatre in the land. He beheld these 
great combatants doing battle before the eyes 
of the Nation, and engrossing its whole regards. 
There was hardly an avenue to reputation save 
what was occupied by one or another of those 
gigantic figures. " During Tyler's administra- 
tion, he resigned. When the Mexican war 
broke out, he enlisted as a volunteer, but soon 
rose to the office of brigadier-general. He dis- 



tinguished himself under General Scott, against 
whom he afterwards successfully ran for the 
Presidency, and upon whom, during his admin- 
istration, he conferred the title of lieutenant- 
general. On the question of slavery,Mr. Pierce 
always sided with the South, and opposed anti- 
slavery measures in every shape. In a mes- 
sage to Congress in 1856, he characterized the 
formation of a free State government in Kansas 
as an act of rebellion, andjustified the principles 
of the Kansas and Nebraska act. He,however, 
espoused the National cause at the opening of 
the civil War, and urged a cordial support of 
the administration at Washington. 

Aflminist ration. 

The Gladstone Purchase from Mexico gave 
us a large piece of territory (1853). In 1854 a 
Treaty of Commerce was concluded with 
Japan. — In 1858 the Kansas and Nebraska Bill 
was passed, though opposed by the North. — 
This allowed the people of those territories to 
choose whether they should come in as free 
or slave states when they applied for admis- 
sion. — The South and North both sent emi- 
grants to Kansas, where a bloody civil war 
began, which lasted till 1861. 








FRANKLIN PIERCE. 



5A 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



JAMES BUCHANAN. 



James Bnchanan was born in Franklin 
county, Pennsylvania, April 13, 1791, and died 
at Wheatland, June i, 1868. He was a gradu- 
ate of Dickinson College and was admitted to 
the bar in 1812. He was President from 1857 
to 1861, and was so constantly in office from 
1820 up to that time that he was known by the 
sobriquet of "Public Functionary." 

The "bachelor-President," as Mr. Buchanan 
was sometimes called, was sixty-six years old 
when he was called to the Executive chair. 
He had just returned to his native Country af- 
ter an absence of four years as Minister to 
England. Previously to that he had been well 
known in public life as Congressman, Senator, 
and as Secretary of State under President Polk. 
As Senator in Jackson's time, he heartily sup- 
ported his administration. With Van Buren, 
he warmly advocated the idea of an independent 
treasury against the opposition of Clay, Web- 
ster, and others. Under Tyler, he was urgent- 
ly in favor of the annexation of Texas, thus 



again coming in conflict with Clay and Web- 
ster. However, he cordially agreed with them 
in the compromise of 1850, and urged its favor 
upon the people. Much was hoped from his 
election, as he avowed the object of his admin- 
istration to be "to destroy any sectional party, 
whether North or South, and to restore, if pos- 
sible, that National fraternal feeling between 
the different States that had existed during the 
early days of the Republic." But popular 
passion and sectional jealousy were too strong 
to yield to pleasant persuasion. When Mr. 
Buchanan's administration closed, the fearful 
conflict was close at hand. He retired to his 
estate in Pennsylvania, where he died. 
Administration. 

Buchanan was inaugurated March 4, 1857. — 
In 1859 John Brown seized the arsenal at 
Harper's Ferry, and was hung for it, an event 
which caused a great deal of excitement. — 
Lincoln, the anti-slavery candidate, was elected 
President in i860, whereupon South Carolina 
and six other states seceded, December 1S60. 
Five others seceded in 1861. 





'^*C»?«^^\\^S^^ \^^\W 



JAMES BUCHANAN. 



56 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ABRAHAM I^INCOLBT. 



Abrnlmm Lincoln was born in Hardin 
county, Kentucky, on the 1 2th day of Fehru- 
ary, 1809. He was elected President in i8)0, 
and was re-elected in 1864, and had entered 
upon the duties of his office for the second 
time, when he was assassinated by John Wilkes 
Booth, April 14th 1865, and died the following 
day. 

His father was unable to read or write. 
Abraham's education consisted of one year' s 
schooling. When he was eight years old, his 
father moved to Indiana, the family floating 
down the Ohio on a raft. When nineteen 
years of age, the future President hired out as 
a hand on a flat-boat at $10 a month, and made 
a trip to New Orleans. On his return he ac- 
companied the family to Illinois, driving the 
cattle on the journey, and on reaching their 
destination helped them to build a cabin and 
split rails to enclose the farm. He was now in 
succession a flat-boat hand, clerk, captain of a 
company of volunteers in the Black Hawk 
War, country store-keeper, postmaster and 
f urveyor, yet he managed to get a knowledge 
of law by borrowing books at an office, before 
it closed at night, and returning them at its 
opening in the moniing. On being admitted 
to the bar, he rapidly rose to distinction. At 



twenty-five he was sent to the Legislature, and 
was thrice re-elected. Turning his attention 
to politics, he soon became a leader. He was 
sent to Congress; he canvassed the State, har- 
anguing the people daily on great National 
questions; and, in 1858, he was a candidate for 
Senator, a second time, against Stephen A. 
Douglass. The two rivals stumped the State 
together. The debate, unrivalled for its 
statesmanship, logic and wit, won for Lincoln 
a National reputation. He lost the election in 
the Legislature, as his party was in the minor- 
ity. After his accession to the Presidency, his 
history, like Washington's, is identified with 
that of his Country. He was a tall, ungainly 
man, little versed in the refinements of soci- 
ety, but gifted by nature with great common 
sense, and everywhere known as "Honest 
Abe." Kind, earnest, sympathetic, faithful, 
democratic, he was only anxious to serve his 
Country. His wan, fatigued face, and his bent 
form, told of the cares he bore and the grief 
he felL 

Adnilnlslration. 

Lincoln was inaugurated March 4, iS6i.-Fort 
Sumter was evacuated April 14, 1861. — Civil 
war ensued, lasting from 1861 to 1865, termi- 
nating in the surrender of Lee at Appomattox 
C.H., Va., April 9, 1865, and of Johiistou at 
Raleigh, N. C, April 26. 





ABRAHAM LINCOLN. 



58 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ANDREIV JOHNSON. 



Andrew Johnson was bom near Raleigh, 
North Carolina, December 22, 1808. He was 
Vice-President when Abraham Lincoln was 
assassinated, and by his death Mr. Johnson 
became the constitutional President of the 
United States. Hedied in 1S75, while serving 
as United States Senator from Tennessee. 

When only ten years of age, Mr. Johnson 
was bound apprentice to a tailor of Raleigh. 
Never having been a day at school in his life, 
he yet determined to secure an education. 
From a fellow-workman he learned the alpha- 
bet, and from a friend something of spelling. 
Thenceforth, after working ten or twelve hours 
per day at his trade, he spent two or three ev- 
ery night in stud}-. In 1826, he • went West to 
.seek his fortune, with true filial affection car- 
rying with him his mother, who was dependent 
on his labor for support. After his marriage 
at Greenville, Tenn., he continued his studies 
under the instruction of his wife, pursuing his 
trade as before by day. His political life com- 
menced with his election as alderman. He 
was successively chosen mayor, member of the 
Legislature, Presidential elector, State Sen- 



ator, twice Governor, and for fifteen years 
United States Senator. Remaining true to the 
Union when his State seceded, his loyalty at- 
tracted general attention. A life-time Demo- 
crat, he was elected on the Republican ticket 
as Vice-President, in reward for his faithful- 
ness. Coming into office with a Republican 
Congress, it is not strange that his way was 
hedged with difficulties, and his Presidential 
career a most unhappy one. 

Administration. 

Johnson was inaugurated April 15, l865.-He 
proceeded to reorganize the South on his own 
plan, but presently found himself strongly op- 
posed by Congress. — He vetoed several meas- 
ures, but they were promptly repassed over 
his vetoes; one of these was the Tenure-of- 
Office Bill. — Later, Congress passed a bill set- 
tling the terms on which the seceding States 
might be readmitted. — This was also vetoed 
and repassed. — At length an attempt on John- 
son's part to remove Secretary Stanton with- 
out consent of Congress led to his impeach- 
ment, which failed after a long trial. — In 1867 
Alaska was purchased from Russia for $7,590, 
000. 







ANDREW JOHNSON. 



CO 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



UliTSSES S. GRANT. 



Ulysses S. Grant was born at Point Pleasant, 
Clermont county, Ohio, April 27, 1S22. He 
was very unwilling to follow his father's trade, 
which was that of a tanner, and, at seventeen, 
an appointment was secured for him at West 
Point. His name having been ^vrongly regis- 
tered. Grant vainly attempted to set the matter 
right, but finally accepted his "manifest desti- 
ny,", assumed the change thus forced upon 
him, and thenceforth signed himself "Ulysses 
Simpson," the latter being his mother's family 
name. Two years after completing his four 
years course as cadet, the Mexican war broke 
out, in which Grant conducted himself with 
great gallantry, receinng especial mention 
and promotion. In 1847 he was made first- 
lieutenant, captain in 1853, and in 1854 he re- 
signed his commission, and entered the leather 
and saddlery business at Galena, Illinois, in 
1859, where he remained until the opening of 
the war in i86r, when he immediately offered 
his services in behalf of the Union. His mod- 
esty and diffidence delayed their acceptance, 
and Governor Yates, of Illinois, was the first 
to avail himself of them. Grant finally took 
the field as Colonel of the Twenty-first Regi- 
ment Illinois Volunteers. In February, 1862, 
he was made a major-general, and commanded 
the armies of the South-west. On the 12th of 
March, 1864, he was made lieutenant-general 
and put in command of all the armies, aud 



took personal direction of the military opera- 
tions in Virginia, and, on the 9th of April, 1865, 
General Lee surrendered the Confederate ar- 
mies to him, at Appomattox Court House, and 
hostilities were ended. 

He was nominated and elected by the Re- 
publicans President of the United States in 
1868, and re-elected by the same party in 1872. 
He died amid the regrets of the civilized world, 
and was borne to his last resting place by the 
gallant Union officers he had commanded, aud 
Sie brave Confederate officers who had fought 
against him. 

Administration. 

In 1868 Grant was elected President, In 
1869 the Pacific Railroad was completed, and 
in 1870 the 15th Amendment guaranteeing the 
right of suffrage to Negroes became a law. In 
1873 the Court of Arbitration, to which the 
Alabama claims and other questions had been 
referred, decided nearly everything in favor of 
the United States, and ordered that Great 
Britain pay $15,000,000 to this Government. — 
In 1872 Grant was re-elected. — In 1876 the 
Centennial of American Independence was 
celebrated by a great international exhibition 
at Philadelphia. — The same year the election 
for President took place. — This resulted doubt- 
fully, and the question was referred to an 
Electoral Commission, which decided that 
Gov. Hay-es^ the Republican nominee, had been 
elected. 




U. S. GRANT. 



G2 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



RVTlIEHFORn B. HAYES. 



Riilliorrord B. Hayes was boni at Dela- 
ware, Ohio, October 4, 1S22. He graduated 
at Keuyoti College, Ohio. He coiunieuced the 
practice of law in Cincinnati in his thirty-fourth 
year, when he received his first oilicial position 
as the City Solicitor, which he held till the 
war broke out in 1861. Very near its opening 
he enlisted in the Twenty-third Ohio Volun- 
teers,, and served with the regiment till he 
received the command of a brigade in 1864. 
His first appointment was as Major, his first 
promotion came within less than a year, and 
in September of 1862 he held a conmiission as 
Lieutenant-Colonel, and was in command of 
his regiment, which he led into the battle of 
South Mountain. During the battles of the 
Army of the Potomac, Col. Hayes received a 
severe wound in the arm, but remained with 
his regiment to the last, and was the first offi- 
cer whose command established a position at 
South Mountain. Two years later he had be- 
come Brigadier-General Hayes, and was elected 
to Congress from the second Ohio district by 
the Republicans. In the fall of 1866, Mr. 
Hayes was nominated and elected to Congress 
a second time by the Republicans, but Con- 
gress had held but one session, when he was 



nominated and elected Governor of Ohio by the 
same party. During his political career, he 
was three times elected Governor of Ohio, and 
twice a Member of Congress. By a reference to 
the "Important Events" in 1876-77, will be 
found the particulars of his election to the 
Presidency of the United States in 1877. Mr. 
Hayes took the oath of office on Saturday the 
3d of March, and was inaugurated President 
of the United States, Monday the 5th of March. 
Pending the time of the election and before the 
meetingof the electoral commission, the coun- 
try was greatly agitated and seemed threat- 
ened with civil war, but immediately after his 
inauguration quiet and confidence were re- 
stored and peace reigned throughout the 
United States. 

Atlininistrntion. 

Hayes was inaugurated March 5, 1S77. — In 
1877 a railroad strike occurred, which resulted 
in considerable rioting and bloodshed.-A com- 
mission to settle the fisheries question which 
had arisen with Great Britain decided against 
the U. S. in 1877, and ordered the payneut of 
15,500,000 to Great Britain, for damages — 
Silver money was maile a legal tender for all 
debts by a bill passed over the President's veto 
early in 1878. 



ct^A 



'n^^ 



W^ 




RUTHERFORD B. HAYES. 



64 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



JAMES A. OARFIEI.D. 

James Abram Garfield, the twentieth Pres- 
ident of the United States, was born in Orange, 
Cuyahoga county, Ohio, November, 1831, and 
died in Elberon, New Jersey, September 19th, 
1S81. 

Born amid a life of poverty and struggles, 
he acquired a good common school education; 
drove some months for a boat on the Ohio 
canal; obtained a seminary education, and 
further instruction at the Hiram Institute, O., 
and graduated at Williams College with the 
highest honors in 1856. 

In 1857 he was elected President of the 
Hiram Institute. In 1859 he was elected to 
the Senate of Ohio. 

He was appointed Colonel of the 42 Regi- 



ment of Ohio Volunteers in 1S61. For his 
bravery and skill in defeating General Marsh- 
all at Middle Creek, January 10, 1862. he was 
commissioned Brigadier-General. He was 
made a Major-General for gallantry at Chica- 
mauga September 19, 1863. He entered Con- 
gress as Representative in December, 1863. He 
was chosen United States Senator from Ohio, 
January 13, 1880. 

He was nominated for President by the Re- 
publican National Convention in Chicago, 
June 8, 1880, on the thirty-sixth ballot, and 
was elected President in the November follow- 
ing. He was shot by the infamous lunatic 
Guiteau, July 2, 1S81, and died ten weeks af- 
ter, exhibiting the greatest fortitude and 
bravery. 







JAMES A. GARFIELD. 



66 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



€IIESTI}R A. ARTIILR. 

Chester Alan Arthur, twenty-first President 
of the United States was bom in Fairfield, 
Franklin County, Vermont, October 5, 1830. 
He was the oldest of nine children of the Rev. 
Wm. Arthur D. D., a Baptist clergjnian and 
an autlior on antiquarian subjects, who emi- 
grated from Ireland at the age of eighteen. 
Chester Arthur was graduated at Union Col- 
lege. in 1S45. In 1853 he entered the law office 
of Erastus D. Culver, New York Cit}-,and soon 
thereafter was admitted to the bar. Mr. Ar- 
thur was a firm friend of the slave and took 
part in defending them in several suits brought 
to re-enslave them after being on free soil. 

In 1861 he was a Brigadier-General and act- 
ing Quartermaster-General on the staff of 
Governor Morgan of New York. In 1862 he 
•was appointed Inspector-General of New York 
troops in the field. In 1871 he was appointed 
by President Grant, Collector of the port of 
New York. In 1S80, at Chicago, he was nom- 
inated by the Republican National Conven- 
tion for Vice-President. On the death of 
President Garfield, September 19, iSSi, Gen- 



eral Arthur succeeded to the Presidency. The 
general verdict upon his administration was 
favorable. 

Adniiiiistration. 

The bill placing Ulysses S. Grant on the re- 
tired list of the army with full pay, May 3d, 
1884. — Bureau of Annual Industry estab- 
lished, Maj- 29, 1S84. — Bureau of Labor Sta- 
tistics established, June 28, 1S84. — The bill on 
Chinese Immigration, July 5. 1S84. — The bill 
on the American Merchant IMarine, June 28, 
18S4. — The Bureau of Navigation established, 
October 5, 1884.— The bill on the French Spo- 
liation Claims, January 20, 1885. — The bill on 
Forfeited Land Grants approved Llarch 2, 
1885. — The bill prohibiting Foreign Contract 
Labor, March 2, 1S85. — The bill prohibiting 
the unlawful occupancy of Public Lands, Feb- 
ruary 25, 1S85. — The bill on the Chinese In- 
demnity Fund, ^larch 3, 1S85. — The reduction 
of letter postage from three to two cents, 
:March, 1883. — The making of the unit of 
weight one ounce instead of half an ounce, 
March, 1885. 







CHESTER A. ARTHUR 



68 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



GROVER CliEVEIiAHTD. 

Grover Cleveland, twenty-second President 
of the United States, was born in Caldwell, 
Essex county, New Jersey, March iS, 1837. 
On the paternal side he is of English origin. 

He was educated at a seminary taught by 
his father at Fayettville, near Syracuse, New 
York. At the age of seventeen he was assistant 
teacher in the New York Institution for the 
blind, in New York City. He was admitted 
to the bar in Buffalo, N. Y. in 1859. He 
served as Assistant District Attorney of Erie 
County for three years from January i, 1863. 

He was the Democratic candidate for Dis- 
trict Attorney of Erie County in 1865, but was 
defeated. 

In the Autumn of ISSi he was elected Mayor 
of Buffalo by a majority of 3,530, the largest 
ever given to a candidate in that city. 

He became known as the "Veto Mayor" 
for checking what he deemed unwise, illegal 



or extravagant expenditure of the public 
monej'. 

On September 22, 1SS2, he was nominated 
by the Democratic State Convention at Syra- 
cuse for Governor and was elected the Novem- 
ber following by a large majority'. 

He was nominated for President bj' the 
Democratic National Convention at Chicago, 
July ID, 1S84, and was elected President in 
the following November. On the 8th of July, 
1888, he was unanimously re-nominated for 
President, at St. Louis, by the Democratic 
National Convetition. 

Adniiiiist rat 1*11. 

Removal from office of persons for "offensive 
partisanship," March 13, 1SS5. — Proclamation 
to remove from the Oklahoma country, in the 
Indian Territory, all white intruders, August 
10, 1885. — Bill regulating the Presidential 
succession, January, 19, 1SS6. 







^ ■•■'••y. V" 



(iROVER CI.KVEI.AND. 




Cr,ARA BARTON. ^ 



THE JMEA'JCA.V MAXUAL. 



f^Er^OES OF JI^HE FjEVOIiUJriON AND IPHE 
&5ai^ of I8I2. 



Samnel Adams was born in Boston in 1722. He 
■was one of the signers of the dejlaration of Indepen- 
dence; was afterwards Governor of Massachusetts, and 
died in 1803. It is also believed that he was one of the 
leadersof the patriots in the Boston massacre, March 
5. 1770. 

Ethan Allen was a colonel in the patriot army. 
He was born in Litchfield county, Conn. He attacked 
the English at Montreal, was defeated, taken prisoner, 
and sent to England in irons. He was never engaged 
in active military service after his capture. He died in 
Vermont in 1799, and his remains lie in a cemetery two 
miles from Burlington. 

Oeneral Armstrong: was born in Pennsylvania 
in 1758; served in the War of the Revolution; was Sec- 
retary of the State of Pennsylvania; Minister to France 
in 1S04: Secretary of War in 1813, and died in Duchess 
county, N. Y., in 1843. 

Benedict Arnold was a native of Norwich, Conn., 
where he was born in January , 1740. He fought nobly 
for freedom until 1778, when his passions got the bet- 
ter of his judgment and conscience, and he became a 
traitor and joined the British army. He went to 
England after the war, and died in London, June 14, 
1801. 

Jobn Ashe was born in England in 1721, and came 
to America when a child. He was engaged in the 
Regulator war in North Carolina in 1771, and was a 
general in the Continental army. He died of small- 
pox in 1781. 

Henry Atkinson was a native of South Carolina 
and entered the army as a captain in 1808, He was re- 
tained in the army after the War of 1S12, was made ad- 
jutant-general, and finally appointed to the command 



of the Western Army. He died in Jefferson Barracks, 
in June, 1S42. 

William Bainbridgc (Commodore) was born in 
New Jersey in 1774. He was the captain of a merchant 
vessel at the age of 19, and entered the naval service in 
1798. He was distinguished during the War of 1812, 
and died in 1833. 

Commodore Barney was born in Baltimore in 
1759. He entered the naval ser\'ice of the Revolution 
in 1775, and was active during the whole war. He 
bore the American flag to the French National Con- 
vention in 1796, and entered the French service. He 
returned to America in 1800, and took part in the War 
of 1812, and died at Pittsburg in 181S. 

Jacob Brown vvas born in Pennsylvania in 1775. 
He engaged in his Country's service in 1813, and soon 
became distinguished He was made major-general in 
1814. He was Commander-in-chief of the United States 
army in 1821, and held that rank and office when he 
died, in 1838, 

Major Brown was born in Massachusetts in 178S; 
was in the War of 1812, and was promoted to major in 
1843. He was wounded in the Mexican War by the 
bursting of bomshell, and died on the gth of May, 1846. 
He was 58 years of age. 

Aaron Bnrr was born in New Jersey in 1756. In 
his twentieth »year he joined the Continental army, 
and accompanied Arnold in his expedition, against 
Quebec. Ill health compelled him to leave the army 
in 1779, and he became a distinguished lawyer and an 
active public man. He died on Staten Island, N. Y., 
in 1836. 

Zebnion Bntler was born in Connecticut in 1731. 
Served in the Revolution as a colonel, and died in 



74 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Wyoming in 1795. 

John i'haiKlIcr was a native of Massachusetts, 
and served as a general in the War of 1812. Some 
years after the War he was a United States Senator 
from Maine. He died at Augusta, in that State, in 1844. 

Arthur St. Clair was a native of Scotland, and 
came to America in May, 1755. He served under Wolfe, 
and when the Revolution broke out he entered the 
American army. He served as a general during the 
War, and died in 1S18 at the age of 84. 

G,eor{;e Rojf^rs Clarke was a native of Virginia, 
and was bom in 1752. He was one of the most accom- 
plished and useful officers of the Western pioneers 
during the Revolution. He died near Louisville, Ky., 
in 1848. 

Green Clay was born in Virginia In 1756, and was 
made a brigadier of Kentucky volunteers early in 1S13. 
He commanded at Fort Meigs, in 1813. He died in 1826. 

Henry Clay was born in Virginia in 1772. He be- 
came a lawyer at Richmond, and at the age or2i he 
established himself in his profession al Lexington, Ky. 
He first appeared in Congress, as Senator, in 1S06, and 
from that period his life was chiefly devoted to the pub- 
lic service. Ee died in Washington City, while United 
States Senator, in 1S52. 

General John Coffee was a native of Virginia. 
He did good service in the War of 1812, and in subse- 
quent campaigns among the Indians. He died in 1S34. 

James Clinton was born in Ulster county, N. Y., 
in 1736. He was a captain in the French and Indian 
War, and an active general in the Revolutionary army. 
He died in 1S12. 

Henry Dearborn was an officer of the Revolu- 
tion, and, in the war of 1S12, was appointed major-gen- 
eral and Commander-in chief of the armies. He was 
born in New Hampshire. He returned to private life 
in 1815, and died at Roxbury, near Boston, in 1S29, at 
the age of 78 years. 

Stephen Decatnr was born in Maryland in 1779. 
He entered the navy at the age of 19. After his last 
cruise in the Mediterranean he superintended the 
building of gunboats. He rose to the rank of commo- 



dore, and during the War of 1812 he was distinguish*^ 
for his skill and bravery. He afterward humbled the 
Barbary powers, and alter returning home he was 
killed in a duel with Commodore Barron, in March, 
1820. 

Robert Fnlton, the inventor and discoverer of 
steam navigation, was born in Pennsylvania, and was 
a student of West, the great p.-xinter, for several years. 
He had more genius for mechanics than for the fine 
arts, and he turned his efforts in that direction. He 
died in 1815, soon after launching a steamship-of-war, 
at the age of 50 years. 

Kdniund P. Gaine.s was bom in Virginia in 1777. 
He entered the army in 1799, and rose gradually until 
he was made major-general for his gallantry at Fort 
Erie in 1S14. He remained in the army until his death, 
in 1849. 

Horatio Gates was a native of England, and was 
educated for military life. He was the first adjutant- 
general in the Conlinenlal army, and was made major- 
general in 1776. He retired to his estate in Virginia at 
the close of the War, and finally took up his abode 
in New York, where he died in 1806 at the age of 78 
years. 

Nathaniel Greene was born of Quaker parents, 
in Rhode Island, in 1840. He was an anchorsmith, and 
was pursuing his trade when the Revolution broke out. 
He hastened to Boston after the skirmish at Lexing- 
ton, and from that time until the close of the War he 
was one of the most useful generals in the army. He 
died near Savannah in i7i-'6, and was buried in a vault 
in that city. His sepulchre can not be identified. 

John Hancock was born at Quincy, Mass., in 
1737. He was an early and popular opponent of Brit- 
ish power, and was chosen the second President of 
Congress. He was afterwards Governor of Massachu- 
setts, and died in 1793. 

Patrick Henry was bom in Hanover county, 
Virginia, in 1736. He appeared suddenly in public life 
when almost thirty years of age. He was an active 
public man during the Revolution, was Governor of 
Virginia, and died in 1799. 



7ti 



THE AMERICAN MAXi'AL. 



John Engrer Hownrd, of the Man-land line, was 
born in Baltimore county in 1752. He went into mili- 
tarj- service at the couimencement of the War. He 
was a colonel, and was m all the principal battles of 
the Revolution; was chosen Governor of Man,land in 
177S, and was afterward a United States Senator. He 
died in 1S27. 

M'illiaiii Hull was bom in Connecticut in 1753. 
He rose to the rank of major in the Continental army. 
Though severely censured for his surrender of Detroit 
in 1S12, he was a good man, and distinguished for his 
bravery. He was appointed Governor of the Michigan 
Territory in 1805. After the close of his unfortunate 
campaign he never appeared in public life. He died, 
near Boston, in 1825. 

Iwnao Hull was made a lieutenant in the na\-}.- in 
1798, and in 1S12 was commodore, in command of the 
United States frigate, Constitution. He died in Phila- 
delphia in Februrary, 1S43. 

GeorsfC Izard -was born in South Carolina in 
1777. He was a general, and made military life his 
profession. After the War he left the anny. He was 
Governor of Arkansas Territory in 1825, and died at Lit- 
tle Rock, Ark., in 1S28. 

•Tolin Jay -was a descendant of a Huguenot family, 
and was born in the city of New York in 1745. He was 
early in the ranks of patriots, and rendered ver,- im- 
portant services during the Revolution. He retired 
from public life in iSoi, and died in 1S29, at the age of 
84 years. His residence was at Bedford, Westchester 
county, N. Y. 

Tlioinas S. Jesup was bom in Virginia in 177S. He 
•was a brave and useful officer during the War of 1S12, 
and was retained in the army. He was breveted ma- 
jor-general in 1828, and was succeeded in command in 
Florida by Col. Zachary Taylor in 1S3S. He died in 
Washington City. 

Jotin Paul Jones was bom in Scotland in 1747, and 
came to Virginia in boj-hood. He entered the Ameri- 
can navy in 1775, and served as commodore during the 
War. He was an intrepid and daring officer. He was 
afterwards rear-admiral in the Russian ser\-ice. He 



died in Paris in 17S2. 

Baron «le Kalb was a native of .\lsaee, a Gen..„„ 
province ceded to France. He had been in .\merica as 
a secret French agent, about fifteen years before. He 
came to .\merica with Lafayette in 1777, and Congress 
commissioned him a Major-General. He died of 
wounds received at the battle of Camden in 17S0. 

Stoplion W. Kearnoy was a native of New Jer- 
sey. He was a gallant soldier in the war ofiSi2. He 
was breveted a brigadier in 18.^6, and major-general in 
IJecember the same year, for gallant conduct in the 
Mexican War. He died at Vera Cruz, in Oclubtr, 1S4S, 
at the age of 54 years. 

Marquis do I^a Fay«'tto was born in France in 
1757. He was an active patri(jl during the Revolution, 
and contributed men and money to the patriot cause. 
He was connuissiontd major-general by the Continen- 
tal Congress July 31, 1777. He died in France in 1S34, 
at the age of 77. 

James Lawrence was a native of New Jersey, 
and received a midshipman's warrant at the age of 16. 
He is remembered by every .American as the author of 
those brave words: "Don't give up the ship." On 
this occasion he was wounded while commanding the 
United States frigate Chesapeake, and the engage- 
ment took place in 1814. He died four days after re- 
ceiving the wound, at the age of 31 years. 

diaries t,ce was born in Wales ;n ^i'?,^. He was 
a brave officer in the British army. He sellled in Vir- 
ginia in 1773, and was one of the first brigadiers of the 
Continental army. He was arrested and tried by a 
court-martial for disobedience of orders and di.'respect 
to Washington at the battle of Monmouth. He was 
found guilty, and was suspended from command for 
one year. He never entered the army again, and died 
in obscurity in Philadelphia in 17S2. 

Rieliard Henry IiCe was born in Westmoreland 
county, Virginia, in 1732. He was much in public life, 
signed the Declaration of Independence, was a U. S. 
Senator, and died in 1794. 



78 



THE AMERICAN MANOAL. 



Henry IjCe was bom in Virginia in 1756. lie 
entered the military service as a captaiu of a Virginia 
company in 1776, and in 1777 joined the Continental 
army. At the head of a legon, as a colonel, he per- 
formed extraordinary services during the War, espe- 
cially in the South. He was afterward Governar of 
Virginia, and a member of Congress. He died in 1818. 

Beaijiiniin Uiicolii was born in Massachusetts 
in 173^. He was a farmer. Hejoined the Continental 
army in 1779, and rose rapidly to the position ofma- 
jor-geuexal. He died in 1810. 

Alexander Macomb was born in Dtrtroit in 1782, 
and entered the army at the age of 17 years. He was 
made a brigadier in 1S14. In 1&35 he was coramandor- 
in-chief of the anniee of the United States, and died 
in 1S41. 

Thomas 9IcDonong:l* was a native of Delaware, 
and a commodore in the navy. He was 28 years of age 
at the time of the engagemetit at Plattsburg. The 
State of New York gave him one thousand acres of land 
on Plattf;burg Bay for his services. He died in 1*22 at 
the age of 39 years. 

Oenoral McDonsrakl was born in Scotland, and 
came to America in early childhood. He rose to the 
rank of major-general, wibs a New York State Sewatotj 
and died in 1786. 

IltMS'li Mercer, a geniairal in Uie Contineivtal army, 
was kfllcd at tlie battle of Princeton. He was a native 
of Scotland, and was practicing medicine at Fredericks- 
burg, Va., when the Revolution broke out. He was 56 
years of age when he died. 

Tliomas Mifflin was born in Philadelphia in 1744, 
He was a Quaker, but joined the patriot army in 1775, 
and rapidly rose to the rank of major-general. He was 
a member of Congress after the War, and also Govern- 
or of Pennsj'lvania. He died in Januarj', 1800. 

Richard Montg-omery was born in Ireland in 
1737. He was with Wolfe at Quebec, in 1759; afterward 
married and settled in the State of New York. He was 
a general in the patriot army, and was killed at the 
battle of Quebec, in 1775. 

Dantel Morjf^ui was born in New Jersey in 1736, 
and was in the humble sphe«;e of a wagoner when 



called to the field. He had been a soldier under Brad- 
dock, and joined Washington at C&iubiMge in 1775, 
and became a general. He was s iatiuci in Viigiina 
after the War, where he died in 1802. 

H'illiani Monllrie was born in South Carolijia in 
1730, and died in 1S05. He was a gmeral in the Revo- 
lution, and an active officer until made prisoner in 
1780, when for two years he was not allowed to bear 
arms. 

James Otjs was born at Barnstable, Mass., 1725. 
He was the leader of the Revolutionary party in Maes- 
achuscrts at the beginning. He was wounded by a 
British official in 1769, and never entiiely recovered. 
He was killed by lightning in 1772. 

Andrew Pickens was boin in Pe<ins>'lvania in 
1739, and served as a general in the Revolution. In 
childhood he went to South Carolina, and was one of 
the first in the field for liberty. He died in 1617. 

Zebuloa M. Pike was born in 1779. While press- 
ing towa,rd the capture of York (Toronto), in 1813, the 
powder magazine of the fort blew up, and General 
Pike was mortally wounded. He was carried on board 
the flagship of Commodore Chauncey, where he died, 
with the captured British flag uud«r his head, a* the 
age of 34 years. 

Commodore David Porter wae among Hhe 
most distinguished of the American naval command- 
ers. He was a resident Minister of the United States 
in Turkey, and died near Constanttaople, in March, 
1843. 

'William Prescott was born at Groton, Mass.; 
was a colonel at the battle of Bunker Hill, and served 
under Gates until the surrender of Burgoyne, when he 
left the army. He d^d in 1795. 

Oeneral PiitHam was born at Salem, Ma«6., in 
1718. He was a ver>' useful officer during the Frencb 
and Indian War, and was in active ser%'ice in the Ooo- 
tinental army, commencing with the battle of Bnnker 
Bin until 1779, when bodily infirmity compelled him 
to retire. He died in 1790 at the age of 72. 

Jonn Kiiil\?dg'e was born in Ireland, and came 
to South Carolina when a child, and was Governor of 
that State in 17S0. After the Revolutionary War h* 



80 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 



■was made a judge of the Supreme Court of the United 
Slates, and also Chief Justice of South Carolina. He 
died in 1800. 

Ricliard Schuyler was born in Albany, N. Y., in 
1733, and died in 1S04. He was a captain under Sir 
William Johnson, and was in active public service un- 
til the Revolution. He was a general in the patriot 
army, and was a legislator after the War. 

>Viiiflel<l Scott was born in Virginia in 1786. He 
was admitted to law practice at the age of 21 years. 
He joined the army in 1S08, was made lieutenant col- 
onel in 1812, and passed through the War that ensued 
with great honor to himself and his company. He 
was breveted major-general in 1S14, and was made gen- 
eral-m-chief of the army in 1841. His success in Mexi- 
co greatly added to his laurels, and he was considered 
one of the greatest captains of the age. He was made 
lieutenant-general in 1S55. He died May 29, iS£6, at 
West Point, aged So years. 

Isaac Sliolby was born in Maryland in 1750. He 
entered militar>' liie in 1774, and went to Kentucky as 
a land surveyor in 1775. He engaged in the War of the 
Revolution, and was distinguished in the battle ol 
King's Mountain, in October, 17S0. He was made 
Governor of Kentucky in 1792, and soon afterward re- 
tired to private life, from which he was drawn in 1813. 
He died in 1S26. 

Samuel Smith, the commander ot Fort Mifflin in 
1777, was born in Pennsylvania in 1752. He entered 
the Revolution arj^ army in 1776; served as a general in 
command when Ross attacked BaUiinore in 1814; after- 
ward represented Baltimore in Congress, and died in 
April, 1839. 

Baron Steuben catne to America in 1777, and 
joined the Continental army at Valley Forge. He was 
a veteran from the armies of Frederick the Great, of 
Pi-ussia. He was made Inspector General of the Amer- 
ican army. He died in the interior of New York in 
1795- 

William Alexander Stirling was a descendant 
of the Scotch Earl of Stisliiig. He was born in the city 
of New York in 1726. He became attached to the 
patriot cause and served as a faithful officer durnig the 



War. He was made prisoner at the battle of Long 
Island. He died in 17S3. 

John Sullivan was born in Maine in 1740. He was 
a delegate to the first Continental Congress in 1774, and 
was one of the first eight brigadiers in the Continental 
army. He resigned his commission of general in 1779; 
was afterward member of Congress and Governor of 
New Hampshire, and died in 1795. 

Thomas Sumter was a native of South Carolina 
and was earlj' in the field. Ill health compelled him 
to leave the army just before the close of the War in 
17S1. He was afterwaid Congressman and died on the 
high hills of Santee, S. C. in J832, at 98 years of age. 

<jieneral Thomas was a native of Plymouth, 
Mass., and was one of the first eight brigadiers ap- 
pointed by Congress in 1775. He died with the small- 
pox in 1776, at Chambly, in Canada. 

Charles Tliomson was born in Ireland in 1730, 
and came to America when he wa? only eleven years 
of age. He settled in Pennsylvania, and was Secretary 
of Congress perpetually fioni 1774 until the adoption of 
the Federal Couo'.ilulion, and tiic oiganizalion of the 
new government in 1789. He died in \&2\ at the age 
of 94. 

David E. Twiggs was born in Georgia in 1790. 
He was a niajoi at the close of the War of 1812, and was 
retained in the army. He was breveted major-general 
after the battle of Monterey, and for his gallantry 
there he received a gift of asword from Congress. 

Joseph Warren was born at Ro.\bury, Mass., in 
1740. He was killed by a musket ball at the battle of 
Bunker Hill, while retreating, and was buried where 
he fell, near the redoubt. The tall Bunker Hill monu- 
ment stands on the very spot where he fell, commem- 
orates his death, as well as the patriotism of his coun- 
trymen. He was a physician, and was 35 years of age 
when he died. His remains now rest in St. Paul's 
Church, Boston. A statue to his honor was inaug- 
urated on the 17th of June, 1857. 

William Washington, a relative of the Gener- 
al, was born in Stafford county, Va. He entered the 
army under Mercer, and greatly distinguished himself 
at the ^outh as a commander ol a coips of cavalry-. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



81 



Taken prisoner at the battle of Eutaw Springs, he re- 
mained a captive until the close of the war, and died 
in Charleston in iSio. In a personal combat with the 
British Colonel Tarleton, at the battle of Cowpelis, 
Washington wounded his antagonist in the hand. 
Some mouths afterward, Tarleton said, sneeringly, to 
Mrs. Willie Jones, a witty American lady, "that Colonel 
Washington, I am told, is illiterate, and cannot write 
his own name." "Ah! Colonel," said Mrs. Jones, "you 
ouglit to know better, for you bear evidence that he 
can make his mark." At another time he expressed a 
desire to see Colonel Washington. Mrs. Jones" sister 
instantly replied, "Had you looked beliind at the Cow- 
pens, you might have had that pleasure." 

Anthony Wayne was born in Feiia.sylvania in 
1745. He was a professional surveyor, then a provtn- 
pal legislator, and became a soldier in 1775. He was 
very active during the whole War, and was successful 
in subduing the Indians in the Ohio country in 1795. 
He died on his way home, at ECrie, Pa., near the close 
of 1796. 

Daniol "Webster was born in Salisbury, New 
Hampshire, in 17S2. He was admitted to the bar in 
Boston in 1805. He commenced his political career in 
Congress in 181S. He was in public employment a 
greater portion of the remainder of his lile, and was 



the most distinguished statesman of his time. He died 
at Marshfield, Mass., in October, 1852. 

Oeneral Wilkinson was born in Maryland in 
1757, and studied medicine. He joined the Cwntiiiental 
army at Cambridge, in 1775, and continued in service 
during the War. He died near the city of Me^co, in 

1S25, at the age of 68 years. 

James Winchester was born in Maryland in 
1756. He was made a brigadier in 1812; resigned his 
commi.ssion in 1815, and died in Tennessee in 1826. 

John Ellis Wool (Genetal) was a native of New 
York. He entered the army in 1812, and soon rose to 
the rank of lieutenant-colonel, for gallant conduct on 
Queenstown Heights, in 1S12. He was breveted briga- 
dier in i8i5, and for gallant conduct at Bueua Vista, in 
1S47, was breveted major-general. 

WiSliam J. Worth (General) was bom in Co- 
lumbia county, New York, in 1794; was a gallant soldier 
during the War of 1812; was retained in the army, and 
for his gallantry at Monterey, during the Mexican 
War, he was made a major-general, by brevet, and re- 
ceived the gift of a sword from Congress. He was of 
great sei-vice during the whole war with Mexico. He 
died iu Texas, in May, 1849. 









•vSlt^ 




THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



OF 

^IMFHRTANT EVENTS.^ 



1857. 

Jan. 4. The Lecompton Constitution is re- 
jected by Kansas. 

Feb. 12. $300,000 is donated by George 
Peabody, to establish a free literary and scientific 
Institute at Baltimore. 




JAMES BUCHANAN. 

March 4. James Buchanan is inaugurated 
President, and John C. Breckinridge Vice-Pres- 
ident. 



Dec. 8. The Death of Father Theobald 
Matthew, aged 67, occurs. 

1858. 

Feb. 14. The Mormons in an engagement 
at Eco Cannains are defeated by the United 
States army. 

March 28. Nicaragua places herself imder 
the protection of the United States. 

May 11. Minnesota is admitted as a State. 

July. The remains of President Monroe 
are removed from New York City to Rich- 
inond, Virginia. 




GOV. WISE. 

Aug. 5. Atlantic telegraph cable is laid. 
President Buchanan's message to Queen Vic- 
toria was sent on the i6th, but cable proves a 
failure. 

1859. 

Feb. 14. Oregon is admitted as a State. 
Oct. 16. John Brown, fifteen white men and 
five negroes, seized Harper's Ferry Arsenal. 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 



%'^ 



Oct. 17. The armory captured by Colonel 
(afterward the Rebel General) Lee. One ma- 
rine and twelve of Brown's men killed. Brown 
and four men taken prisoners. 

Oct. The death of J. Y. Slidell, U. S. Minis- 
ter to France, occurs at Paris. 

Nov. Gen. Scott is sent to protect American 
interests in San Juan. 

Nov. 28. Death of Washington Irving, the 
American novelist and historical writer. 

Dec. 2. John Brown and two negroes hung, 
under the authority of Gov. Wise. 




HANNIBAL HAMLIN. 

1860. 

Feb. 1 . Penni ngton, of New Jersey, is elected 
Speaker of the House of Representatives. 

March 16. Stevens and Hazlitt hung at 
Charlcstown, \'a 

March 27. Japanese Embassy, the first to 
leave Japan, arrived at San Francisco. 



April 23. The Democratic National Con- 
vention asseinbles at Charleston, S. C. 

April 30. The Cincinnati Platform rejected 
by the National Democratic Convention, and, 
upon the adopting of a platform, the Southern 
delegates secede. 

May 4. The National Democratic Conven- 
tion adjourns until June iS. 

May 16. The National Republican Conven- 
tion assembles at Chicaeo. 




JOHN C. BRECKINRrDGK. 

May 18. The Republican Convention nom- 
inates Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, for Presi- 
dent, and Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, for Vice- 
President. 

May 19. The Constitutional Union Con- 
vention, at Baltimore, nominates John Bell for 
President, and Edward Everett for Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

June 23. The National Democratic Con- 
vention meets at Baltimore, and nominates 



84 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Douglas and Johnson ; the seceders also meet, 
and nominate Breckinridge and Lane. 

Nov. 6. Abraham Lincoln of Illinois, and 
Hannibal Hamlin, of Maine, are elected President 
and Vice-President of the United States. Lin- 
coln and Hamlin, loS electoral votes; Bell and 
Everett, 39; Breckinridge and Lane, 72; Doug- 
las and Johnson, 12. 

Nov. 7. The news of Mr. Lincoln's election 
received at Charleston, South Carolina, with 
•cheers for a Southern Confederacv, 




ROBERT TOOMUS. 

Jffov. 9. An attempt is made to seize tlie 
arms at Fort Moultrie. 

Nov. 18. Major Anderson is sent to Fort 
^foultrie to relieve Colonel Gardner. 

Dec. 1. The Great Rebellion. Florida Leg- 
islature ordered the election of a convention. 
Great secession meeting in Memphis. 

Dec. 3. Congress Meets. The President 
denies tlie right of a State to secede, and asserts 



the right of the general goxernment to coerce a 
seceding State. 

Dec. 10. Howell Cobb, Secretary of the 
Treasury, resigns. Senator Clay, of Alabama, 
also resigns. 

Dec. 14. Lewis Cass, Secretary of State re- 
signed because the President would not send re- 
inforcements South. 

Dec. 18. The "Crittenden Compromise," set- 
tling the difference between the North and the 
S^'u^'h, is rejected by the I'nited States. 




A. H. STEPHENS. 

Dec. 26. General Anderson evacuates Fort 
Aloultrie, Charleston, and occupies Fort Sumter. 

Dec. 20. South Carolina secedes from the 
Union. 

Dec. 30. President Buchanan declines to 
receive any delegates from South Carolina. 

Deaths this Year. The death of Samuel G. 
Goodrich, "Peter Parley," author, aged 67 years, 
occurs. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



&u 



1861. 

Jan. 4. Fort Morgan, Mobile Harbor, seized 
by State troops. 

Jan. 5. The Star of the West chartered and 
sent to Fort Sumter to reinforce Major Ander- 
son. 

Jan. 8. Forts Johnson and Caswell, N. C, 
seized by tlie rebels. Secretary Thompson re- 
signs from the Interior Department. 




KOBERT a. KIlKTl" OK SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Jan. 9. Mississippi Secedes. The first gun 
of the rebellion fired ; the forts on Morris Island 
fire on the "Star of the West," and she puts to 
sea. 

Jan. 10. Florida Secedes. 

Jan. 11. Alabama Secedes. U. S. Arsenal 
at Baton Rouge, Ports Philip and Jackson, be- 
low New Orleans, and Fort Pickens, on Lake 
Ponchartrain, seized by Louisiana. 



Jan. 12. The Pensacola Navy Yard seized 
by rebels, and the cutter " Lewis Cass " seized 
at New Orleans. 

Jan. 14. The Senators from Mississippi with- 
draw from Congress. 

Jan. 17. Batteries commanding the Missis- 
sippi erected at Vicksburg. 

Jan. 19. Georgia Secedes. Fort Ncale, at 
Little Washington, N. C, capt'ired by the rebels. 

Jan. 20. The fort at Ship Island captured 
by the rebels. 




COL. ELLSWORTH. 

Jan. 21. The Alabama delegation in Con- 
gress leave. 

Jan. 23. Georgia members of Congress re- 
sign, among them Robert Toombs. 

Jan. 24. The United States arsenal at Au- 
gusta, Georgia, is seized by the Confederate 
State troops. 

Jan. 26. The Ijouisiana Legislature passed 
secession ordinance by a vote of 113 to 17. 



8(5 



THE AMERICAN MAXL'AL. 



Feb. 1. Texas Convention passed an ordi- 
nance of secession. Mint ami Custom House at 
New Orleans seized. 

Feb. 4. Delegates iVoni tiie seceded States 
met at Montgomery, Alabama, to organize a 
Confederate government. 

Peace Congress met at Washington. 

Feb. 8. The United States arsenal at Little 
Rock siuTeiulers to Arkansas. 

Feb. 9. Jefferson Davis and A. H. Stephens 
are elected Pro\ isional President and Vice- 
President ol" the Southern Contederacy. 




TAKSON UROWNLOW. 

Feb. 11. President Lincoln started tor 
A\'asliington. 

Feb. 13. Electoral vote counted; Lincoln 
and llamliu otlieiallv declared elected. 



Peb. 19. Fort Kearney, Kansas, is seized bv 
Cie Conlederates. 

Feb. 21. Jeff- Davis appointed his Cabinet — 
nToombs, Sec. State ; Memminger, Treasury, and 
L. P. Walker, War. 

Feb 22. President Lincoln's night journey 
tVom Ilarrisburg to Washington, in order to 
prevent an anticipated outrage in Baltimore. 

Feb. 23. Gen. Twiggs surrendered Govern- 
ment property in Texas \ allied at $i,Joo,ooo to 
the Conlederacv. 




GKN. m'clei.l.\n. 

Feb. 25. News received ot" the surrender 
4»/'d treason ot" ^Lljor General Twiggs in Texas. 

Feb. 26. Gapt. Hill refused to surrender Fort 
Brown, Texas. 

March 1. Gen. Twiggs is expelled from the 



Feb. 18. Jefferson Davis inaugurated Presi- Rziwy . 
%Jent of the Contederate States of America. March 4. The inauguration of President Lin« 

Twiggs surrenders the military posts in Texas. coin takes place. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



The State Convention declared Texas out of 
the Union. 

March 5. Gen. Beauregard took command 
of the troops of Charleston. 

March 6. Fort Brown on the Rio Grande, 
was surrendered by special agreement. The 
H'cderal troops evacuated the fort and sailed for 
Key West ami Tortugas. 

March 28. Vote of Louisiana on secession 
made public. For secession, ;:o,448 ; against, 17,- 




GliN. BCTI.EK. 

March 30. Mississippi Convention ratified 
the Confederate Constitution by a vote of 78 to 70. 

April 3. South Carolina Convention ratified 
the Confederate Constitution l)v a \ote of 114 to 
16. 

April 7. All intercourse between Fort Sum- 
ter and Charleston stopped by order of Beaure- 
gard 



The steamer Atlantic sailed from New York 
with troops and supplies. 

April 12. Bombardment of P'ort Sumter 
was commenced by the Confederates. 

April 13. The bombardment of Fort .Sum- 
ter was continued; Gen. Wigfall coming with a 
flag of truce, arrangements were made for evacu- 
ating the fort. 

April 14. Major Anderson and his men 
sailed for New York. 




".Ii\. M'DOWELI. 



April 15. The President issues a proclama- 
tion commanding all persons in arms against 
the United States to disperse within twenty 
days. He also called for 75,000 volunteers. 
The New York Legislature authorizes the rais- 
ing of $3,000,000 for their equipment and sup- 
port. 

April 16. The Governors of Kentucky, Vir- 
ginia, Tennessee, and Missouri refuse to furnish 
troops under the President's proclamation. 32,- 



83 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ooo men are called for by the Confederate Gov- 
ernment. 

April 17. Virginia Convention adopted se- 
cession ordinance. 

Jeflferson Davis issued proclamation offering 
to all who wished to engage in privateering, let- 
ters of marque and reprisal. 

April 18. Lieut. Jones destroys U. S. ar- 
senal at Harper's Ferry to prevent its falling in- 
to tlje hands of the enemy. The first troops to 
enter Washington for its defense were 400 sol- 




MAJ. WINTHROP. 

diers of the 25th Penn. Regiment, under Col. 
Cope. 

April 19. Steamer Star of the "West seized 
by Confederates at Indianola, Texas. 

Attack on 6th Massachusetts Regiment in 
Baltimore. 

President Lincoln issued a proclamation by 
which ports of South Carolina, Florida, Geor- 
gia, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas are de- 
clared to be in a state of blockade. 



April 20. The Confederates seize the U. S 
arsenal at Liberty, Mo. 

Confederates seize Norfolk Navy Yard, 

The 4th Massachusetts Regiment arrive at 
Fortress Monroe. 

April 21. Federal Government takes pos- 
session of the Philadelphia & Baltimore Rail- 
road. 

Harper's Ferry arsenal was burned by its 
garrison. 




GEN. FRE.MONT. 



April 22, Confederate troops seize U. S. ar- 
senal at Fayetteville, N. C- The arsenal at Na- 
poleon is seized by Arkansas- 
April 24. The Confederates under Senator 
Boland seize Fort Smith, Ark. 

April 25. Maj. Sibley surrenders 440 U. S. 
troops to the Confederate Colonel Van Dorn, at 
Salaria, Texas. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



89 



Virginia is proclaimed a member of the 
Southern Confederacy by Governor Letcher 

April 27. Virginia and North Carolina in- 
cluded in the blockade. • 

All Officers of the Army were required to 
take the oath of allegiance. 

April 29. The Maryland House of Dele- 
gates voted against secession, 63 to 13. 

May 1. North Carolina Legislature passed 
a bill calling a State Convention to meet on the 
20th 01" May; 




GEN. DIX. 

The Legislature of Tennessee passed an act 
in secret session by which the Governor is au- 
thorized to form a league with the Southern 
Confederacy. 

President Lincoln called for 42,000 three 
years' volunteers; 22,000 troops for the regular 
army, and 18,000 seamen. 

May 4. The Department of Ohio, compris- 
ing the .States of 0!iio, Indiana and Illinois, put 
under command of Gen. McClellan. 



May 6. Tennessee secedes. Tennessee Leg- 
islature passes a secession ordinance to be sub- 
mitted to the people. 

May 9. Lieut. Ool. Keeve and 313 men sur- 
render to Van Dorn, at San Antonio, Texas. 

May 10, Gen. Lyon captures Frost's brig- 
ade at St. Louis, Mo. 

The rebel schooner Atwater captured off Ap- 
alachicola. 

Gen. Lee assumes command of the rebel army 
of Virginia. 




GEN. LYON. 

May 11. Blockade of Charleston, S. C. 

May 13. Queen Victoria issues proclama- 
tion of neutral it V. 

May 16. General Scott fortifies Arlington 
Heights. 

May 17. Eebels fortify Harper's Ferry. 

May 18. General Butler assigned to the 
command of the Military Department of Vir- 
ginia, created, comprising Eastern Virginia, 



90 



THE AM ERICA X MAXi'AL. 



North and South CaroHna, with headquarters at 
Fortress Monroe. 

May 19. Engagement between Sewall's 
Point Battery and four gunboats. 

May 20. North Carolina secedes. 

Governor Magoffin proclaims the neutrality 
of Kentucky. 

May 21. Tennessee seceded. 

May 22. Fortifications of Ship Island de- 
stroyed to keep thoni from the enemv. 

May 24. Thirteen thousand troops crossed 
the Potomac into \'irginia. Alexandria occu- 
pied by Federal troops. 

Col. Ellsworth shot by Jackson at Alexan- 
dria, Va. ;■ the murderer was instantly killed. 




GEN. PIKE. 

Arlington Heights occupied by L'nion troops. 

Gen. Butler declared slaves contraband of 
war. 

May 25. Federal troops destroy bridges on 
the Alexandria and Leesburg Railroad. 

Ellsworth's funeral in Washington. 

May 26. Alexandria put under martial law. 
The port of New Orleans blockaded by the 
sloop-of-war Brooklyn. All postal ser\ ice in 
tlie seceded States suspended. 



May 27. Mississippi River blockaded. 

Gen. McDowell took command at Washing- 
ton. 

Mobile blockaded. 

May 28. Gen. Butler captures Newport 
News. 

June 1. Iiieut. Tompkins, with tbrtv-seven 
men, attacks the Confederates at Fairfax Court 
House. 




/ ,', 



GEN. PEMBERTOX. 

The steamers Freeborn and Anacosta en- 
gaged the batteries at Acquia Creek the second 
time. 

June 3. Hon. S. A. Douglas died in Chica- 
go. Born at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1S13. 

Gen. Beaureg^ard assumes command of the 
Confederate forces at Manassas Junction, Va. 

June 10. Battleof Big Bethel. ^lajor Win- 
throp, a brilliant scholar, a graduate of Harvard, 
killed. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



91 



Neutrality in the Anierioan conflict is pro- 
claimed bv Napoleon III. 

June 14. Confederates evacuate Harper's 
Ferry, after destroying all available property. 

June 15. Brig Perry arrived at New York 
with the privateer Savannah. 

June 17. "Wheeling Convention unani- 
mously declare Western Virginia independent 
of the Confederate portion of the State. 




GEN. HOWARD. 

June 20. Gen. McClellan assumes command 
in person of the army in Western Virginia 

June 23. Forty-eight locomotives belong- 
ing to the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, valued 
at $4,000,000, destroyed by the Confederates. 

June 26. The "Wheeling Government of 
West Virginia was acknowledged by the Presi- 
dent. 



June 29. Th» Confederate pri\ateer Sum- 
ter escaped from New Orleans. 

July 1. First "War Loan of the United St;ttes 
Government, $25o,ocx5,oo6, is made. 

July 4. Congress meets in extra session. 

July 6. The "Western Department, consist- 
ing of the State of Illinois and the States and 
Territories west of the Mississippi, and east of 
the Rocky Mountains, was put under command 
of Gen. J- C. Fremont, with headcuiarters at St. 
Louis. 




JOHN SI.IDELL. 

July 11. J. M. Mason and R. M. Hunter, of 
Virginia; T. L. Clinginan and Thomas Bragg, 
of North Carolina; L. T. Wigfall and J- U. 
Hemphill, of Texas; C. B. Mitchell and W. K. 
Sebastian, of Arkansas, and A. O. S. Nicholson, 
of Tennessee, were expelled from the United 
States Senate. 

July 13. The Federals under Col. Lowe 
were defeateil. 



92 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



President Ijincoln is authorized to call out Aug. 6. The extra session of Congress 

the militia, and accept the services of 500,000 closes, 

men. Aug. 7. The Confederates destroyed the 

July 18. O-en. John A. Dix placed in com- village of Hampton, Virginia, 

mand of the Department of Maryland; head- Aug. 10. Gen. Lyon killed at Wilson Creek, 

quarters at Baltimore. M". 

July 19. Gen. Banks supersedes Gen. Pat- Aug. 12. President Lincoln appointed the 

terson. 30th of September as a fast day. 

July 20. The Confederate Congress meets 
at Richmond. 




GOV. R.^MSKY. 

July 2 2. Gen. McClellan takes command 
of the Army of the Potomac. 

Three-months volunteers begin to return 
home. 

Aug. 1. The Confederates retreat from Harp- 
er's Ferry to Leesburg. 

Aug, 3. Congress passed the Confiscation 
bill, and bill for raising $20,000,000 by direct 
taxation. 




GOV. V.\TE . 

Aug, 14. Gen. Fremont declares martial law 
in St. Louis. 

Aug. 16. Gen. "Wool takes command at 
Fortress Monroe. 

President Lincoln interdicts all commercial 
relations Avith the seceded States. 

Sept. 1. The Confederates Avere defeated at 
Booneville. 

Sept. 6. Gen. Grant enters Paducah, Ky. 

Sept, 11, President Lincoln modifies Gen, 
Fremont's emancipation proclamation. 

Sept, 18. The Provost Marshal closes the 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



93 



Maryland Legislature and sends the secession 
members to Fort McHenry. 

Sept. 21. John C. Breckinridge departs 
from Frankfort, K_v., and joins the Confederates. 

Oct. 7. The Confederate iron -clad steamer 
Mcrriinac makes its first appearance within 
sight of Fortress Monroe. 

Oct. 11. Confederate steamer Theodore es- 
capes from Charleston, 8. C with Mason and 
Slidell on board. 




GEN. SHILRIDAN. 

Oct. 29. The second naval expedition, con- 
sisting of 8o vessels and 15,000 men, sails from 
Fortress Monroe. The naval force under Com- 
modore Dupont; the land forces under Gen. 
Sherman. 

Nov. 1. Gen. Scott resigns as commander- 
in-chief of the armies of the United States. Gen. 
McClellan appointed in his place. 



Nov. 2. Gen. "iiunter supersedes Gen. Fre- 
mont in tlie command of the Western Depart- 
ment. 

The Confederate schooner, Bermuda, runs 
the blockade at Sa\'annah. 

Nov. 11. Gen. Halleck takes command of 
the Western Department. 

Nov. 18. Confederate Congress meets. 




COM. mi-ONT. 



Nov. 21. The privateer Royal Yacht was 
captured by the U. S. vessel Santee, off Galves- 
ton, Texas. 

Nov. 27. Gen. McClellan directs the ob- 
servance of the Sabbath in all the camps of the 
U. S. army. 

Nov. 30. Lord Lyons, the British minister 
at Washington, was instructed from Earl Russell 
to leave America within seven days, unless the 
United States government consent to the uncon- 
ditional liberation of Messrs. Mason and Slidell. 



94 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 



Jefferson Davis was elected President of the 
Confederate States. 

Dec. 3. Congress moots. 

Deo. 4. John C. Breckinridge expelled from 
the United States Senate. 

Deo. 9. The Contederate Congress passes a 
bill by which Kentucky is admitted into the 
Soiitliern Confederaov . 




LOKD LYONS. 

Dec. 23. Troops sent to Canada by the Brit- 
ish government as a precaution against |K)ssible 
aggression by the I'. S. 

Dec. 30. Cash paynients were susju'iided bv 
the Now York banks 

1862. 

Jan. 1. Mason and SlidoU leave Fort War- 
ren for England in the British steamer Rinaldo. 

Jan. 11. Simon Cameron resigns his posi- 
tion as Secretaiw of War. E. M. Stanton is 
appointed in his place. 



Feb. 3. The Federal government decided 
that the crews of the captured privateers were to 
be considered as jirisonors of war. 

Feb. 6. Commodore Foote with 7 gunboats, 
attacked Fort Henry on the Tennessee River. 
An imconditional surrender was made by the 
Confederate commander. General Tilghman. 




SIMON O.X.MEROX. 



Feb. 8. Gen. Burnside captures six ibrts on 
Roanoke Island. 

Feb. 10. Elizabeth City, N. C, surrendered 
to Gen. Burnsido. 

Feb. 13. Gen. Curtis takes possession of 
Springfield, Mo. 

Feb. 14. Com. Foote attacked Fort Doncl- 
son with the gunlxxits, and was compelled to 
withdraw. 

Feb. 21. The Federals weie defeated at Fort 
Craig, New Mexico, by the Texans. 

Feb. 22. Jefferson Davis inaugurated Presi- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



95 



dent, and A. II. Stephens Vice-President, of the 
Southern Confederacv. 

Feb. 24. The l^nion troops occiipieti Nash- 
ville, Tenn. 

Feb. 27. Columbus was e\aeiiated by the 
Conlederates. 

March 1. Two Union gunboats and a Con- 
federate battery have a fight at Pittsburgii Land- 
ing. 




KDWIN M. STA.NTON. 

March 4. Andrew Johnson \\as appointed 
military governor of Tennessee. 

Pike's Opera House, Cincinnati, burned. 

March 6. President Lincoln proposed a plan 
of pecuniary assistance for the emancipation of 
the slaves in anv States adopting an abolition 
policy. 

March 9. Battle between the Confederate 
iron-clad, Merrimac, and the Federal floating 
battery. Monitor; the former compelled to retire. 



March 11. Gen. McClellan takes command 
of the Army of the Potomac; Gen. Fremont, of 
the Mountain Department; Gen. Halleck, of the 
Department of the Mississipjii. 

March 12. Com. Dupont takes possession of 
Jacksonville, Fla. 

April 11. Gen. Mitchell occupies Hunts- 
ville, Ala., taking 200 prisoners, 15 locomotives, 
and a large number of cars. 




GEN. nURNSIDE. 

Congress passed a bill abolishing slavery in the 
District of Columbia. 

April 28. Forts Jackson and St. Philip sur- 
render. 

May 3. The Confederates evacuate York- 
town, Jamestown, and Mulberry and Gloucester 
islands, leaving ammunition, camp equipage, 
and 100 guns behind. 

May 9. The Confederates evacuated Pensa- 
cola, and destroyed the Navy Yard. 



9G 



THE AM ERIC AX MAX UAL. 



May 10. The Federal forces took possession 
of Norfolk, Va., Gosport Navy Yard de- 
stroyed by the Confederates. Gunboat fight on 
the Mississippi, near Fort Wright; the Confed- 
erates were repulsed, losing two vessels. 

May 11. The Confederates blow up their 
iron-clad Merrimac, to prevent its capture hy 
the United States forces. 

May 12. Natchez, Miss., surrendered to 
Com, Farraffut. 




GOV. C. P. MORTON. 



May 17. Confederates driven across the 
Chickahominy, at Bottom Bridge. 

May 18. Gen. Cox engages the Confederate 
General Humphrey Marshall, at Princeton, Va. 

May 29. Confederates evacuated Corinth, 
Miss. 

Corinth taken. 

June 6. After a naval battle, Memphis sur- 
rendered to the Union troops. 



June 9. The United States Senate decree 
the abolition of slavery in all the Territories of 
the Union. 

June 17. Col. Fitch destroyed a Confederate 
battery at St. Charles, Ark. 

June 18. Union troops occupy Cumberland 
Gap. 

June 26. General Pope assigned to the 
command of the Army of Virginia. The Con- 




HCMPHREY M.\RSH.\I.L. 

federates under Gen. Robert E. Lee attacked 
McClellan's right wing at Mechanicsville. Bat- 
tle undecided. 

July 1. President Lincoln calls for 300,000 
additional volunteers. 

July 11, Gen. Halleck appointed comman- 
der of all the land forces of the United States. 

July 17. President Lincoln sanctions a bill 
confiscating the property and emancipating the 
slaves of all persons who shall continue in arms 
against the Union for 60 davs. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



9T 



July 19. Severe skirmish .at Mempiiis, Ten- 
nessee; Union lo>s, 6 killed and 32 wounded. 

July 21. John S. Phelps appointed military 
Governor of Arkansas. 

Aug. 3. Gen. Halleck orders Gen. McClel 
Ian to evacuate the Peninsula of Virginia. 

A.ug. 4. The Secretary of "War orders a draft 
of 3()o,CKK) men. 

Aug. 5. Gen. Robert McCook murdered bv 




GENERAL LEE. 

the Confederates while wounded, and riding in 
an ambulance. The Confederate General J. C. 
Breckinridge made an unsuccessful attack on 
Baton Rouge, La. 

Aug. 7. Col. Canby engages the Confederate 
General Sibley at Fort Filmore, N. M. 

Aug. 16. Gen. McClellan evacuates Harri- 
son's Landing. 

Aug. 19. Gen "Wright placed in command 
of the Department of the Ohio. 



Aug. 25. Confederates made an unsuccess- 
ful attack at Fort Donelson. 

Sept. 2. Gen. McClellan appointed to the 
command of the troops for the defense of Wash- 
ington. 

Sept. 5. Confederates begin crossing the 
Potomac into Maryland. 

Sept. 7. Gen. Banks is assigned to the com- 
mand of the fortifications in and around Wash- 




GE.-sr. HALLECK. 

ington. General McCleUan takes the field at 
the head of the Army of the Potomac. 

Cumberland Gap evacuated by the Federals. 

Sept. 18. The Confederates recrossed the 
Potomac into Virginia, having been in Mary- 
land two weeks. Evacuated Harper's Ferrv. 

President Lincoln's Emancipation Proclaina- 
tion issued. 

Sept. 25. Habeas corpus suspended bv the 
United States Government. 



98 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Sept. 29. Gen. Nelson was shot by Gen. 
Jeff C. Davis, at Louisville, Ky. 

Oct. 18. The Confederate Gen. Morgan 
occupies Lexington, Ky. 

Oct- 19. The Confederate Gen. Forrest de- 
feated near Gallatin, Tenn. 

Oct. 22. Confederate salt works in Florida 
destroyed. 

Oct. 30. Gen. Bosecrans assumes command 
of the Armv of the Cumberland. 




GEN-. FORREST. 

Gen. Mitchell dies at Port Royal, S. C. 

Nov. 5. Gen. McClellan relieved of the com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac, and Gen. 
Burnside succeeds him. 

Nov. 16. President Lincoln enjoins on the 
L'nited States forces the orderly observance of 
the Sabbath. 

Nov. 22. The Political State prisoners re- 
leased. 



Dec. 6. Gen. Banks' Expedition sails for 
New Orleans. 

Dec. 7- The Confederates were defeated 
with heavy loss. 

Dec. 11. The City of Fredericksburg bom- 
barded by the Union troops, under cover of 
which they crossed the Rappahannock . 

Dec. 13. Gen. Thomas Francis Meagher en- 
gages in the battle of Fredericksburg. 




GEN. ME.\GHER. 

Dec. 14. Gen Banks supersedes Gen. Butler 
at New Orleans. 

Dec. 16. Gen. Burnside's army removed 
to the north side of the Rappahannock. 

Dec. 17. The Union troops occupy Baton 
Rouge, La. 

Dec. 19. The Confederates recapture Holly 
Springs, Miss., taking the garrison prisoners. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



99 



Dec. 23. The Confederates repulsed bj 
Gen. Sigel at Dumphrios, \'a. 

Dec. 28. Second Attack on Vicksburg. 
The Federals drive the Confederates from the 
first and second- lines of defense and advance to 
within two and a half miles of Vicksburg. 

Gen. Blunt entered Van Buren, Ark., captur- 
ing four steamboats laden with provisions. 

Dec. 29. The Confederates attack Gen. 




GKN. SIBLHY. 

Sherman with their whole force, and drive him 
back to the first line of defense. 

Dec. 31. Battle of Murfreesboro, or Stone 
River. The L'nion army numbers 4:5,000 
men under Gen. Rosecrans. 

Deaths in the United States in 1862. Cor- 
nelius C. Felton, scholar and critic, President of 
Harvard University, aged 55 years. Theodore 
Frelinghuysen, statesman, aged 75 years. 



The "Westfleld destroyed to keep it from fall- 
ing into the hands of the enemy. Commodore 
Renshaw jierishes with his vessel. 

President Lincoln publishes a proclamation 
confirming his manifesto of Sept. 22, 1862, and 
declares all the slaves in the Confederate States 
free, and under the military protection of the 
United States. 

1863. 

Jan. 3. On the night of Jan. 3, the rebels 
commence their retreat from Murfreesboro. 




GEN. SIOEL. 

The Federal army withdraws from before 
Vicksburg. 

Jan. 28. Gen. Burnside relieved of the com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac, and Gen 
Hooker appointed in his place. 

Gens. Sumner and Franklin relieved from du- 
ty in the Army of the Potomac. 

Feb. 2. The Federal ram Queen of the 



100 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



West ran the blockade at Vicksburg, but was 
captured a few days after by the Confederates. 

The negro brigade take Jacksonville, Florida. 

Major General Burnside appointed to com- 
mand the Department of the Ohio. 

May 1. Gen. Carter, with 5,000 men, attacked 
the Confederate forces at Monticello, under 
Pegram, and drove them from the field. 

Battle of Fort Gibson. Gen. Grant defeated 
Gen. Bowen. 




GEN. HOOKER. 



May 2. On the morning of the 17th of 
April, 1863, the 6th and 7th Illinois cavalry, 
900 strong, under command of Col. Grierson, of 
the 6th Illinois, set out from Lagrange, Tenn., 
marched through the center of Mississippi, des- 
troying as they went railroads, bridges and 
stores of all kinds belonging to the Confederates, 
in immense quantities. They reached Baton 
Rouge, La., on the evening of the 2d of May. 



They had traveled nearly 800 miles in 16 days. 
At several points the enemy made great attempts 
to capture them, but failed. They brought into' 
Baton Rouge over 1,000 horses and a large 
numb;.'r of cattle; 500 negroes followed them. 

May 8. Col- Streight's command of 1,700 
men were captured by Forest's cavalry, two' 
miles from Cedar Blufl:' Ga., after severe fight- 
ing. 




COL. GRIERSON. 

The Confederate General, Van Dorn, killed 
by Dr. Peters in Manny county, Tenn. 

May 9. Col. Jacobs routed a guerilla force 
near Horse Shoe Bend on the Cumberland River. 

May 10. The Confederate General, Stone- 
wall (Thos. J.) Jackson, died at Richmond, Va., 
of wounds and pneumonia. 

May 12. Gen. McFherson attacks Raymond, 
Miss. 



fV 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



101 



May 18. Investment of Vicksburg by the 
Federals under Gen. Grant and Admiral Porter. 

May 25. Confederate navy yard destroyed 
at Yazoo City. 

May 27. Gen. Banks commences the siege 
of the forts at Port Hudson, Miss. 

June 1. Gen. Hunter removed from the 
command of the Department of the South 
Gen. Gilmore succeeds him. 




GEN. "stonewall" J.VCKSON. 

June 17. Federal cavalry under Col. Kil- 
patrick encountered Gen. Fitzhugh Lee's cav- 
alry brigade near Aldie, Va. 

June 21. Gen. McClernard removed by 
Grant, and Gen. Ord succeeds him. 

June 26. Rear Admiral Foote died in New 
York City. 

June 29. Gen. Hooker relieved of his com- 
mand of the Army of the Potomac at his own 
request. Gen. Meade succeeds him. 

Rosecrans drives Bragg from Tullahoma. 



July 8. Major General Gardner surrendered. 

July 13-16 Riots take place in New York, 
Boston, and other Union cities, in consequence 
of the enforcement of a conscription decree. 

July 13, 14, 15. Draft Riots in New York 
City. Mob; have possession of the city for 
three days. Offices where the draft was going 
on were demolished, and the buildings were 
burned. Several negroes were murdered. The 




Q--' 



GEN. KII.P.\TRICK. 

colored orphan asylum on Fifth Avenue was 
pillaged and burnt down. Several persons were 
killed during the prevalence of the riot. The 
city paid above $1,500,000 as indemnity for 
losses that occurreti tiuring the riot. 

July 22 Chattanooga was shelled by Col. 
Wilder of Rosecrans' advance. 

July 23. Eight Hundred men of Gen. Spi- 
nola's brigade utterly routed twice their number 



102 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



of Georgia and North Carolina troops at Ma- 
nassas Gap. 

Kentucky again invaded. Kit Carson, -with a 
part of the first New Mexico regiment, defeats, 
the Navajoe Indians in a sc%ere fight beyond 
Fort Canhv. 

Aug. 7. President Lincoln rejects the de- 
mand for the suppression of the conscription in 
the State of New York. 




REAR ADMIRAL KOOTE. 

Aug. 17- Lieut. Col. Phillips attacked the 
Confederate forces at Grenada, Miss., under 
command of Gen. Slimmer, and drove them 
from the place. 

Aug. 20. The town of Lawrence, Kan., was 
surprised in tlie middle of the night by 300 
guerillas under the leadership of Quantrell. 
The town was set on fire and 182 buildings 
burned to the ground, and $2,000,000 worth of 



property desti-oyed; 191 persons were killed, 
many of whom were helpless women and chil- 
dren; 5S1 were wounded, many of them mortal- 
ly. About 80 of the murderers were killed. 

Sept. 4. Burnside occupies Knoxville, Tenn. 

Sept. 9. General Crittenden's division of 
Rosecrans' army enters Chattanooga. 

Sept. 10. Gen. Steele takes possession of Lit- 
tle Rock, Ark. 




GEN. ME.\DE. 

Sept. 15. President Lincoln suspends the 
Habeas Corpus act. 

Oct. 9. "Wlieeler's Confederate cavalry was 
defeated with considerable loss at Farmington, 
Tennessee, and again near Shelby ville. 

Oct. 20. The Departments of the Cumber- 
land and Mississippi consolidated and placed 
under the command of General Grant. 

Gen. Rosecrans removed, and Gen. Thomp- 
son appointed in his place. 



THE AMERICAN MA VL\4L. 



103 



Nov. 5. Brownsville, Texas, captured. 

Nov. 25. The Confederate army under 
Bragg defeated near Chattanooga. 

Nov. The First Fenian convention assem- 
bled at Chicago. According to tradition the 
Fenians or Finians were a national militia es- 
tablished in Ireland by Fin or Fionn, the son of 
Cumbal. 

Dec. 4. Gen. Longstreet commences the 
siege of Knoxville, No\. 17. 




GEN'. BRAGG. 

1864. 

Feb. 1. President Lincoln orders a draft 
for 5o<),o<^!() men. 

Feb. 9. A large number of prisoners, includ- 
ing Col. Streight, escape from Libbv Prison, 
Richm.ond. 

Feb. 15. Gen. "W. T. Sherman with his 
troops arrives at Meridian, Miss., on his great 
raid into the heart of the cncmv's counti^w 



Feb. 22 . A skirmish between Union troops 
and the Confederates under Gen. Mosbv. 

March 8. Gen. Grant formally presented 
by the President with his commission as Lieut. 
General, and on the 12th assigned to the com- 
mand of the armies of the United States. 

April 12. General Forrest captures Fort 
Pillow, and immediately after commences an in- 
discriminate massacre of our wounded soldiers* 




r.KN. MOSliV. 

both colored and white, not excepting women 
and children who had taken refuge in the fort. 

April 23. The Governors of Ohio, Illinois, 
Iowa, Wisconsin, and Indiana offer to raise for 
the general Government S5,fxx) men for one 
lumdred days. 

April 26. Government accepts services of 
one-hundred day men, and appropriates $2o,- 
tx30,ooo for their pavment. 



104 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



May 5. Draft ordered in Massachusetts, 
New Jersey, Ohio, Minnesota, Kentucky and 
Maryland. 

Gen. Butler lands on the south side of the 
James. 

Mays. Sherman occupies Dalton. 

May 16. Nathaniel Hawthorne, American 
novelist, died, aged 55 years. 

May 23. Confederates forced to evacuate 
their -fortifications near Spottsylvania C. H. 




GEN. SHFRM.\N". 

John Morgan enters Kentucky with 4,000 men. 

May 27. Grant crosses the Pamunkey, and 
occupies Hanovertown. 

May 30. Gen. Grant reaches Mechanics- 
viUe. 

June 8. Abraham Lincoln and Andrew 
Johnson nominated for President and Vice- 
President. 



June 12 Gen. Hancock drives the Confed- 
erates from Bottom Bridge at the point of the 
bayonet. 

June 14. Gen. Leonidas Polk killed at Pine 
Mountain, Ga. 

June 30. Secretary Chase resigns, and Hon. 
Wm. Fessenden was appointed to fill the va- 
cancy. 

July 5. The Confederates under Early in- 
vaded Mar\land. 




GE.V. POLK. 

July 22. Gen. McPherson killed at the bat- 
tle of Atlanta. 

July 30. A mine containing six tons of 
powder, under a Confederate fort at Petersburg, 
explodes, destroying the fort and garrison. 

Chambersburg, Pa., burned by the Confeder- 
ates. 

Aug. 5. Commodore Farragut's fleet passes 
Forts Morgan and Gaines. The Confederate 
ram Tennessee is captured, and several other ves- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



1 5 



sels destroyed. Shortly after Fort Gaines sur- 
renders, and Fort Powell is evacuated. I 

Aug, 18. The "Weldon Railroad is seized 
b_v Gen. Grant. 

Aug. 23. Fort Morgan surrenders. 

Sept. 2. The Federal troops take possession 
of Atlanta. 

Sept. 7. The Confederate General John 
Morgan killed near Greenville, Tennessee. 




GEN-. M.\CPHERSOX. 

Sept. 16. Engagement between Gens. Gregg 
and Kantz, and Confederate General Wade 
Hampton. 

Sept. 28. Gen. Grant advanced his lines on 
the north side of the James River to within 
seven miles of Richmond. The Confederates 
under General Sterling Price invade Missouri. 

Oct. 7. The pirate vessel Florida captured 
bv the United States steamship Wachusett. 



Oct. 31. Union troops recapture Plymouth, 

N. C. 

Nov. 8. The Presidential election takes 
place. Lincoln and Johnson receive 212, 
McClellan and Pendleton twenty-one electoral 
votes. 

McClellan resigns his command in the 
»rmv. 




D.-WID G. FAKRAGUT. 

Nov. 16. General Sherman leaves At- 
lanta and begins his great march to the Atlan- 
tic. 

Dec. 29. Hood's army crosses the Ten- 
nessee River, thus ending the Tennessee cam- 
paign. 

1865. 

Jan. 3. Massachusetts ratified the Constitu- 
tional amendment. 

Jan. 8. General Butler removed from the 



106 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



command of the Army of the James. He was 
succeeded by Gen. Ord. 

Jan. 15. Edward. Everett, American States- 
man and distinguished orator, dies, aged 71 
years. 

Jan. 20. Confederates evacuate Corintli. 

Jan. 27. Confederate incendiaries set fire to 
the city of Savannali. 

Feb. 1. Congress abolisiies slavery in the 
United States. 

Illinois ratifies the Constitutional amendment. 




GEN. WADE HAMPTON. 

Feb. 2. Maryland, Michigan, New York 
and Rhode Island ratify the Constitutional 
amendment. 

Feb. 4. Illinois black laws are repealed. 

Feb. 7. Maine ratifies the Constitutional 
amendment. 

Feb. 12. Gen. Sherman occupies Branch- 
ville, S. C. 

Feb. 13. Indiana ratifies the Constitutional 
amendment. 

Feb. 17. Louisiana ratifies the Constitution- 
al amendment 



Gen. Sherman's victorious coltinins enter 
Columbia, S. C, and burn the city. 

Feb. 18. Gen. Lee assumes supreme com- 
mand of the Confederate armies, and recom- 
mends arming of the blacks. 

Charleston, S. C, evacuated, and taken pos- 
session of by Gen. Gilmore. Six thousand 
bales of cotton destroyed. Ammunition stored 
in the railroad depot explodes, and many lives 




BTERLlNd PnlCE. 

were lost. Gen. Gilmore hoists the U. S. fiag 
over Fort Sumter. 

Feb. 19. Fort Anderson, N. C, is taken. 

Feb* 21. "Wisconsin ratifies the Constitu- 
tional amendment. Fort Armstrong, N. C, 
taken. 

i'eb. 22. Confederate Congress decrees that 
the slaves shall be armed. 

Feb. 23. Kaleigh, N. C, was captured. 
Governor \'ance captured. 

March 4. Inauguration of Abraham Lin- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



107 



coin and Andrew Johnson as President ;ind 
Vice-President of the United States. 

Gen. Sherman occupies Fayette\ille, N. C 

March 13. Gen. Schofleld occupies Kings- 
ton. 

March 16. Confederate Gen. Ilartice was de- 
feated at Averyshoro, N. C. 

March 17. Confederate Congress adjourns 
"sine die." 




ANDREW JOIISfSON. 

March 19. Confederate Gen. Johnson de- 
feated at Bentonville, N. C. 

March 25. Confederates attack Gen. Grant, 
and are severely defeated. 

April 3. Richmond taken. 

April 8. Surrender of Gen. Lee and his 
whole army at .Vppomattox Court House, \'a. 

April 12. The Union flag hoisted at Fort 
Sumter. 

April 13. Drafting and recruiting stopped. 



April 14. President Lincoln shot by J. 
Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater, Washington; 
Mr. Seward and his son woimded. 

April 15. Death of President Lincoln. Vice- 
President Johnson sworn in as President of the 
United States. 

April 26. Gen. Johnson surrenders. 
April 27. Booth, the murderer of President 
Lincoln, mortally wounded and captured. 




DU. BELLOWS. 

May 4. General Dick Taylor surrenders. 

May 10. Jefferson Davis captured at Irwin- 
ville, 75 miles southwest of Macon, Ga., by the 
4th Michigan cavalry, under Col. Pritchard, of 
Gen. Wilson's command; also his wife, mother, 
Postmaster-General Regan, Col. Harrison, pri- 
vate secretary, Col. Johnson, and other military 
characters. 



103 



^THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



May 19. Confederate Gov. Watts, of Ala- 
bama, was arrested. 

May 21. Confederate Gov. Letcher, of Vir- 
ginia, is arrested. 

May 24. Grand Review of Gen. Sherman's 
iirniv occurs at Washington. 

JetYerson Davis indicted for treason. 

May 26. Kirby Smith surrenders. The last 
a'-Tned Confederate ortranization succumbs. 




STEPHEN' A. rOlT.LAS. 

May 31. Confederate Gen. Hood and staff 
surrender. 

June 22. President Johnson rescinded order 
requiring passports from all travelers entering 
the United States, and opened Southern ports. 

July 7. Execution of Pavne, Atzerott, Har- 
old, and Mrs. Surratt, for complicity in the assas- 
sination of President Lincoln. 

Oct. 11. Pardon of Alexander Stephens and 
other Soutliern otficiiUs. 



Nov. 9. Confederate privateer Shenandoah 
surrendered at Liverpool, having destroyed 
about 30 vessels; crew released. 

Nov. 10. Execution of Wirz, the Confeder- 
ate prison keeper, for cruelty to Union prison- 
ers. 

1866. 

Jan. 28. Hon. Thomas Chandler died. 
Feb. 19. President vetoed Freedmen's 
Bureau bill. This bill required Uie Govern- 




JOHX ROSS. 

ment to take care of the emancipated slaves and 
destitute whites of the South. 

March 14. Jared Sparks, historian, dies. 

March 27- President Johnson vetoed Civil 
Rights bill. This bill guaranteed the same 
rights to the negro, in every particular, as those 
enjoyed by the white man. 

April 2. President Johnson issued a procla- 
mation declaring that the insurrection which 
heretofore existed in the States of Georgia, 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



109 



South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Ten- 
nessee, Alabama, Louisiana, Arkansas, Missis- 
sippi and Florida, is at an end, and henceforth 
to be so regarded. 

April 9. Civil Rights Bill >vas. passed over 
tlio President's veto. 

April 12. Hon. Daniel S. Dickinson dies. 

May 16. President Johnson vetoed the ad- 
mission of Colorado as a State. 



July 16. Freedmen's Bureau bill became a 




GIDEON WELLES. 

May 29. Death of General Winfield Scott, 
aged So years. 

June 7 . President Johnson issued a proc- 
lamation against the Fenian movement in the 
United States. 

Fenians from the United States made a raid 
into Canada. 

June 17- Hon. Lewis Cass dies. 

July 13-27. The Atlantic Telegraph is suc- 
cessfully laid between Great Britain and America. 



law. 

July 30. Major-General Lysander Cutler 
dies. 

Aug. 14. National Union Convention as- 
sembles in Philadelphia wigwam. 

Sept. 1. Southern Unionists Convention as- 
sembles in Philadelphia. 

Sept. 7. Matthias "W. Baldwin, pioneer iu 
American locomotives, dies. 




GEN. I'LEASONTON. 

Oct. 13. "Prince'' John Van Buren, son of 
Martin, dies. 

Dec. 13. Congress passes a bill giving ne- 
groes the right to vote in the District of Co- 
lumbia. 

Dec. 26. Major-General Samuel R. Curtis 
dies. 



110 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



1867. 

Jan. 9. Virginia rejected the Fourteenth 
Amendment. This amendment guaranteed 
civil rights to all, regardless of race or color. 

Jan. 10, Congress passed a bill providing 
for "universal suffrage" in the Territories. 

Jan. 29. The bill to admit Nebraska is ve- 
toed bv President Johnson. 

Feb. 6. Delaware and Louisiana rejected 
Constitutional amendment. 




GEX. MITCHELL. 

Feb. 8. Nebraska is admitted as a State. 

Feb. 25. Tenure of Office bill was passed 
over President's veto. This bill makes the con- 
sent of the Senate necessary- before the Presi- 
dent can remove any person from a civil office. 

Feb. 30. It was announced at Washington 
that Russia cedes Alaska to the United States. 

May 3. Eight-hour riots in Chicago. 



May 9. General strike of working men 
throughout the States. 

May 13. Jefferson Davis was admitted to 
bail at Richmond, Va. 

June 3. Gen. Sheridan removed Gen. 
Welles, of Louisiana, and on the 6th appointed 
B. F, Flanders, Governor. 

July H. Beciprocity treaty between the 
United States and the Hawaiian Islands. 




CASSIUS M. CLAY. 

July 24. New York State Constitutional 
Convention rejects the proposition of woman 
suffrage. 

July 30. General Sheridan removed Gov- 
ernor Throckmorton, of Texas. 

Aug. 5. Secretary Stanton was requested by 
the President to resign, but refused. 

Aug. 12. Stanton is suspended, and Gen. 
Grant is appointed Secretarv of War ad interim. 

Aug. 17. General Sheridan was relieved at 
New Orleans. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 
National Labor Congress met at 



111 



President issued amnesty procla- 



A.ug. 19. 

Chicago. 

Sept. 8. 
mation. 

Sept. 30. Negro riots in Savannah, Ga. 

Oct. 3. Whisky riot in Philadelphia. 

Nov. 2. General Sherman announces In- 
dian war to be at an end. 

Nov. 14. Denmark concluded a treaty by 
which the islands of St. Thomas, San Juan, and 




JOHN CALDWELL CALHOUN. 

Santa Cruz were ceded and sold to the L'nited 
States 

Nov. 22. Jefferson Davis returned to Ricii- 
mond, \'a. 

Dec. 7. Resolution of Judiciary Committee 
to impeach President Johnson was voted down 
in the House — 102 to 57. 

1868. 

Jan. 2. Governor Flanders of Louisiana 
resigns, and Joshua Baker is appointed his suc- 
cessor by Gen, Hancock. 



Jan. 6. Congress Met. The President is cen- 
sured in the House for removing General Sher- 
idan. 

Gen. Meade assumes command of the third 
military district, consisting of Alabama, Geor- 
gia and Florida. 

House of Representatives passes a bill mak- 
ing eight hours a day's work for Government 
laborers. 




JOSEPH nOOKEE. 

Jan. 10. Secretary Seward announced to 
the House that 21 States had ratified the 14th 
article of the amendment to the Constitution 

Jan. 11. The Chinese Government appoint- 
ed Anson Burlingame, formerly United States 
Minister in Pekin, its special envoy to all the 
treaty powers, at a salary of $40,000. 

Jan. 13. The United States House of Rep- 
resentatives passes a bill declaring that five 
members shall constitute a quorum of the Su- 



112 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



preme Court, and that a concurrence of two- 
thirds of all the members shall be necessary to 
a decision adverse to the validity of any law 
passed by Congress. 

The Senate reinstated Stanton. 

Jan. 14. The Virginia Constitutional Con- 
vention declares that Virginia shall forever re- 
main in the Union, and that slavery is forever 
abolished in the State. 




GOV. CURTIN. 

General Grant vacated War Office in favor of 
Secretary Stanton. 

Jan. 15. Gen. Pope was assigned to the 
vommand of the Department of the Lakes with 
neadquarters at Detroit. 

Jan. 24. Fifty thousand American breech- 
loading rifles were ordered by the Spanish Min- 
ister of War. 

Jan. 29, The President instructs Gen. 
Grant in writing, not to obey any orders from the 
War Department, unless authorized by himself. 



Feb. 5. Congress passed a bill authorizing 
the Secretary of War to employ counsel to de- 
fend Generals or other persons intrusted with 
reconstruction in cases brought against them for 
their acts under the reconstruction laws. 

Thermometer 51 degrees below zero in Wis- 
consin. 

Feb. 13. Another attempt is made to 
impeach President Johnson. 




J. p. BENJAMIN. 

Feb. 18. Senate bill is passed for the reduc- 
tion of the army. 

Feb. 21. The President ordered the remov- 
al of Secretary Stanton from the war office, and 
authorized Gen. Thomas to act as Secretary of 
War ad interim. Stanton decided to retain per- 
sonal possession of the office until action in the 
matter be taken by the Senate. The Senate 
disapproved the action of the President, declar- 
ing it to be unconstitutional. 

Feb. 22. Adjutant-General Thomas arrest- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



113 



ed for violation of the tenure of office bill on 
complaint of Secretary Stanton. He is released 
on $io,coo bail. 

Feb. 23. Conclusioh of a treaty between 
the North German Confederation and the 
United States, concerning the nationality of per- 
sons emigrating from one of the two countries 
to the other. 




J. .\. ANDREWS. 

Feb. 24. The United States House of Rep- 
resentatives resohc bv a vote of 126 to 47, that 
"Andrew Johnson, President of the United 
States, be impeached of high crimes and misde- 
meanors." The President sends a message to 
the Senate vindicating his position. 

Feb. 25. The Committee of the House ap- 
points Boutwell, Stevens, Bingham and Wilson, 
a sub-committee to take evidence and prepare 
articles of impeachment. 

The P'lorida Convention adopts the new Con- 
stitution. 



The House informs the Senate and presents 
their action in regard to the impeachment of 
President Johnson. 

Go\-ernor Ward of New Jersey, vetoes reso- 
lution of Legislature withdrawing ratiiication of 
Fourteenth Amendment. 

Feb. 26. G-en. L. Thomas discharged from 
arrest and began a suit against Secretary Stan- 
ton for false imprisonment and malicious prose- 
cution, setting his damages at $150,000. 




T. J. POKTER. 

An amendatory reconstruction bill passes 
Congress, providing that any election in the 
Southern States should be decided by a majori- 
ty of the votes actually cast. 

March 2. The Senate adopts a code of pro- 
cedure for an impeachment trial. 

The House adopts nine articles of impeach- 
ment, and appoints seven managers of the im- 
peachment trial. 



114 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



March 5. New Jersey Senate passes over 
Go\-. Ward's veto as to amendment; the lower 
House does the same. 

March 6. President Johnson was sum- 
moned to appear before the courts of impeach- 
ment, on the 1 8th of March. 

March 12. The House passes the bill to 
abolish the tax on manufacturers. 

Trial of Jeft' Davis is postponed until April 
14th. ' 




C. F. ADAMS. 

March 13. The President asks forty days' 
time to prepare his answer to the articles of im- 
peachment. The Senate extends the time till 
March 23. 

March 18. The House passes the bill pro- 
viding that in case of the death or removal of 
the Chief- Justice, the senior Associate Justice of 
the Supreme Court shall perform the duties of 
Chief-Justice. 

March 23. The High Court of Impeach- 



inent opens for the 
The President filed 
impeachment. His 
lay. 

March 26. The 
Corpus appeal bill 
They also ratify the 
man Confederation, 
naturalized citizens. 



trial of President Johnson, 
his answer to the articles of 
counsel asks for further de- 
Senate passes the Habeas 
over the President's veto, 
treaty with the North Ger- 
recognizing the rights of 




COM. GOLDSBOROUGH. 

March 27- The House passes the Supreme 
Court bill over the President's veto. 

March 28. A new indictment is found 
against Jeff Davis by the United States Grand 
Jurv at Richmond. 

March 30. G. A. Ashburn, a member of the 
Constitutional Convention, was assassinated at 
Columbus, Ga. 

Gen. B. F. Butler of Massachusetts, opens in 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



115 



the Court of Impeachment, the prosecution on 
the part of the managers. 

April 2. North German Parliament passes 
the neutralization treaty witii the United States- 
April 4. The case for the prosecution in the 
Court of Impeachment is closed. 

General Schofield appoints Henry H. Wells 
Governor of Virginia. 

April 6. Michigan votes against negro suf- 
frage. 




JOHN TVLEK. 

April 9. The counsel for President Johnson 
opens the argument for the defense in the Court 
of Impeachment. 

April 20. Evidence in the impeachment 
case closed. 

April 23. Charles Dickens left the United 
States. 

April 24. A treaty of peace was concluded 
with the Sioux Indians. 

May 6. Argument in the impeachment trial 
twas closed. 



May 21. U. S. Grant was nominated by the 
Republicans at Chicago as candidate for Presi- 
dent, and Schuyler Colfax for Vice-President 

May 22. Arrival of Chinese Embassy in 
New York. 

May 26. Impeachment trial concluded, and 
the President found not guilty. 

May 30. The Grand Army of the Republic 
decorated with flowers the graves of the Union 
soldiers in the cemeteries throughout the 
country. 




1. 



G. P. T. BEAUREGARD. 

Ex-President James Buchanan 



June 

died. 

June 3. Trial of Jeft" Davis again postponed 
till November. 

June 4. Ex-President Buchanan buried at 
Wheatland, Penn. 

June 10. The Senate passes a bill for the 
admission of the Southern States with only five 
negative votes. 



IIG 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



June 12. Keverdy Johnson confirmed as 
Minister to England. 

June 16. G-overnor^ Humphreys, of Mis- 
sissippi, removed by G-en. McDowell, Gen. 
Ames appointed military governor in his stead. 

June 19. The House passes the Senate bill 
giving thanks to Seeretarj Stanton. 

June 20. The House passes the bill for the 
admission of Arkansas over the President's veto 
without debate. 




JEKE S. BLACK. 

June 22. King of Belgium reviewed United 
States squadron under Farragut oft' Ostend. 

June 24. The Senate ratifies the Chinese 
treaty. The House passes a bill for the imme- 
diate reorganization of the States of Virginia, 
Mississippi and Texas. 

June 25. The Freedmen's Bureau bih 
passed over the President's vote. 

July 4. President Johnson issues a procla- 
mation of general amnesty and pardon to all eh' 



gaged in the late rebellion except those already 
indicted for treason or other felony. 

July 21. Congreiis passes a resolution de- 
claring the i4tti article ratified. The Senate 
passes a resolution appealing to the Turkish 
government in behalf of the Cretans. 

Aug. 1. General Jeff C. Davis is assigned 
to the command of the militarv district of 
Alaska. 




GEN. MEIGS. 

Sept. 18. Gen. Hindman was assassinated 
at Helena, Arkansas. 

Oct. 7. Death of Gen. Adam J. Slemmer 
oceurs at Fort Laramie. 

James Hind, member of Congress from Ar- 
kansas, is assassinated. 

Nov. 3. Iowa and Minnesota vote in favor 
of negro suffrage, and Missouri against it. 

Nov. 23. Gen. Howard issues an order for 
the discontinuance of the Freedmen's Bureau 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



117 



after January i, except the educational de- 
partment, and the collection of money due to 
soldiers. 

Dec. 25. President Johnson issues a univer- 
sal amnesty proclamation. 

Dec. 29. Mosby Clark, a revolutionary 
soldier, died at Richmond, \'u., at the advanced 
age of 121 years. 

Dec. 31. General Sheridan captures the In- 
dian chiefs, Santanta and Lone Wolf. 




GEM. HA.N'COCK. 

The house passes the bill repealing an act 
prohibiting the organization of militia in all the 
reconstructed States except Georgia; also a res- 
olution allowing women in the government em- 
ploy the wages of men ior the same work. 

The Senate denounces the views of President 
Johnson on the national debt; also passes a res- 
olution disapproving the President's financial 
recommendations. 



The Secretary of tne Navy accepts the trans- 
fer of League Island by the city of Philadelphia 
to the Government for a navy yard. 

1869. 

Feb. 20. Martial law is declared in Tennes- 
see. 

Feb. 22-26. Congress passed Fifteenth 
Amendment. Kansas was the first State (Feb. 
27), to ratify it, though imperfectly, and Dela- 
ware the first to reject it. 




L. WALI.ACB. 

March 25. Pennsylvania ratified Fifteenth 
Amendment. 

April 13. Senate rejected Alabama treaty 
with Great Britain. 

May 13. "Woman Suffrage Convention in 
New Yorkcit\', 

May 19. President Grant proclaimed that 
there be no reduction in Government laborers' 
wages because ot reduction of hours. 

June 18. Hon. Henry J. Raymond, of A^. 
Y. Times, dies. 



1 



118 



July 13. Completion of Atlantic cable from 
Brest to St. Pierre; thence to Duxbury, Mass. 

Aug. 16. National Labor Convention, Phil- 
adelphia. 

Sept. 1. National Temperance Convention, 
Chicago. 

Sept. 8. Hon. William Pitt Fessenden dies. 

Sept. 10. Hon. John Bell dies. 

Sept. 16. Hon. John Minor Botts dies. 



TI/B AMERICAN MANUAL. 

Dec. 24. Hon. Edwin M. Stanton died. 

1870. 
Jan, 26. Virginia is re-admitted into the 




GEN. PICKETT. 

Sept. 24. Black Friday. So named on ac- 
count of the losses on gold speculations, etc. 

Oct. 8. Virginia ratifies Fourteenth and 
Fifteenth Amendments. 

Ex-President Franklin Pierce died. 

Nov. 4. George Peabody died. 

Nov. 6. Admiral Charles Stewart dies. 

Nov. 24. National Woman-suffrage Con- 
vention, Cleveland, Ohio; Henry Ward Beecher 
was chosen President. 



Union. 

Feb. 9. U. S. Signal Bureau established by 
Act of Congress. 

Feb. 17. Mississippi was re-admitted into the 
Union. 




REVEKDV JOHNSON. 

Feb. 23. Hon. Anson Burlingame dies. 

March 28. Major-General George H. Thom- 
as died. 

March 29. Texas is re-admitted to represen- 
tation in Congress, thus completing the work of 
reconstruction. 

March 30. President Grant announced the 
adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment. 

July 12. Admiral John A. Dahlgren died. 

Aug. 14. Admiral David G. Farragut died. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



119 



Angr* 15. STational Labor Congress, Cincinnati. 

An^. 22. President Cii runt issued a proclama- 
tion enjoining neutrality as to war between France 
and Prussia. 

An^. 23. Irish Xational Congress convenes, 
Cincinnati. 

Oct. 4. Second Sontliern Commercial conven- 
tion, Cincinnati. 

1871. 

Jan. 20. Motion to strike out the word "male" 
in the section of the Fourteenth Amendment giving 
the elective franchise to all male citizens, was defeated 
in the House of Representatives; vote, 55 to 117. 

Jan. 26. The income tax was repealed. 

Feb, 22. Arrival in New York of the British 
members of the Joint High Commission. 

March 24. President Orant, by proclamation 
orders certain bands of armed men in South Carolina 
to disperse within thirty days. 

April 26. The United States Supreme Court 
decides that the general government cannot tax the 
salaries of State officials. 

Jnnc 17. The ratification of the treaty of 
Washington was exchanged in London. 

Jnne24. Corner stone of the Capitol was laid 
in Albany. 

Jnly 4. President Grant proclaimed the com- 
plete ratification of the Treaty of Washington. 

July 12. Orangemen riot. On the occasion 
of a procession of I'rotestant Orangemen in New York, 
they were attacked by the Roman Catholic Irish. 
Threats of assault having been given the Orangemen 
were protected by the military. Stones, pistols, and 
guns, being discharged at the militia, several were 
killed and wounded, when an order was given to the 
soldiers to fire on the rioters. Five soldiers and about 
a hundred rioters were killed. 

July 30. The Westfleld Horror. The steam- 
er's boiler explodes; 40 persons killed outright, and 63 
injured — subsequently died. 

Sept. 27. Chief Justice McKean, of Utah, 



decided against Mormons serving as grand jurors in 
Federal courts. 

Oct. 2. Brig'iiani Young: was arrested by the 
United States Marshal for Mormon proclivities. 

Oct. 3. Daniel H. Wells, Mayor of Salt Lake 
City, and a Mormon bishop, is arrested by the United 
States Marshal for Mormon proclivities. 

Oct. 7. The first of the great fires in Chicago 
breaks out; loss, $300,000. 

Oct. 8. The gr****** fire by which Chicago was 
desolated broke out at 10 o'clock at night; loss 1190,526, 
000. 

The great forest fires: Peshtigo, Wisconsin, destroy- 
ed by fire, 600 of its inhabitants perish; Manistee, Wil- 
liamsonville, Menekaumee, Marinette, and Brussels, 
Wis., burned; a number of inhabitants perish. 

Oct. 9. The great Chicago fire continued to rage 
and destroy. 

Oct. 12. President Grant summoned the K.u- 
Klux-Klan of South Carolina to disband and deliver up 
their arms and ammunition. 

Oct. 17. President Grant suspended the writ 
of habeas corpus in nine counties of South Carolina. 

Oct, 24. Riot in Los Angeles, Cal.; a mob attacks 
the Chinese quarter, and captures and hangs eighteen 
Chinamen. 

Oct. 26. A warrant is issued for the arrest of 
Wm. ]\I. Tweed, James H. IngersoU, A. J. Garvey, and 
E. A. Woodward at the suit of Attorney-General Cham- 
berlain. 

Oct. 27. Wm. M. Tweed arrested and bailed. 

Bfov. 19. Grand Duke Alexis, son of the Czar 
of Russia, arrived in New York. 

Nov. 23. Grand Dnkc Alexis was formally 
received by President Grant. 

1872. 

Jan. 2. Brig'ham Young: returned to Salt Lake 
City and surrendered to an indictment for the murder 
of Richard Yates; bail is refused, and he is ordered into 
the custody of the law officers. 

Feb. 10. The Grand Jury of the Court of Gen- 



120 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



eral Sessions of New York City present indictments 
against Mayor A. O. Hall, R. B. Connelly, \Vm. M. 
Tweed, Nathaniel Sands, and others. 

Feb. 29. The Japanese Embassy arrived in 
Washington. 

March 4. President Grant received the Jap- 
anese Embassy. 

April lO. Philip Kling^on Smith, of Lincoln 
county, Nevada, a former Mormon bishop, charges the 
Mormons with the "Mountain Meadow Massacre" of 
immigrants in 1S57, and exonerated the Indians. 

April 15, The counsel of the U. S. and the 
English arbitrators on the Alabama claims met in 
Geneva, Switzerland. The "cases" were exchanged, 
and the British Consul presented a protest against the 
claims for indirect damages. 

The British authorities at Kingston, Jamaica, seize 
the American steamer Edgar Stuart as a Cuban priva- 
teer. 

l»Iay 29. Canadian authorities seize the Ameri- 
can fishing schooner, Enola C, for violating the fish- 
ery laws. 

June 6. The I'nited States Minister at Mad- 
rid demands the release of Dr. Houard. 

Jnne 15. The members of the Tribunal of Ar- 
bitration assemble in Geneva, Switzerland, and organ- 
ize; after a short session, the tribunal adjourns until 
the 17th inst. 

Jnne 17. The World's reace Jubilee opens in 
Boston. 

June IS. Mexican soldiers at Matamoras fire 
on and arrest the American occupants of a pleasure 
boat on the Rio Grande, between that city and Browns- 
ville, Te.icas. 

The Canadian cutter, Stella Marie, seizes the Araer- 
ica»i fishing schooner, James Bliss, for violating the 
fisherj' laws; the American flag is insulted by being 
turned Union down under the Dominion flag on the 
captured vesst-l. 

Jnne 20. The bodies of Confederate soldiers 
killed and buried at Gettysburg, were removed and 



conducted through Richmond, Va., in mournful pro- 
cession. 

July 7. The Onban privateer, Pioneer, was cap- 
tured by the U. S. Revenue cutter, Moccasin, oflf 
Newport, R. I., and brought into that port. 

Ang'. 3. The Cuban privateer, Pioneer, is for- 
mally seized by the U. S. Marshal at Newport, R. I., 
for violation of the neutrality laws. 

Aug-. 19. Jn<lg'e O. O. Barnard, of the Su- 
preme Court, found guilty by the Court of Impeach- 
ment, at Albany, of high crimes and misdemeanors, 
removed from the bench, and declared ineligible ever 
to hold office in the State. 

Aug;. 20. Prince Philip, of Coburg-Gotha, 
arrives in New York city to join his brother, the Duke 
of Saxe. 

Dr. Houard arrived in New York City from Cadiz, 
Spain. 

Sept. 7. The Cuban steamer Virginius escapes 
from the blockade of the Spanish war vessels at Puerto 
Cabello, Venezuela. 

Sept. 14. The Geneva, Switzerland, Tribunal 
of Arbitration on the Alabama claims awards $16,250, 
000 to the United States. 

Oct. 22. The Emperor William, of Germany, 
communicates his decision on the San Juan dispute to 
the representatives of England and the United States. 
It approves the claims of the United States Govern- 
ment. 

JVov. 9. The greatest, fiie that ever raged in 
Boston breaks out early Ibis evening, and continues 
all night. 

Nov. 10. The greal fire in Boston is got under 
control about 3 p. M., afier having burned over an area 
of 200 acres, in the business center of the city; again 
at about 12 p. m., the flames appear near the place of 
origin of the first fire, and spread rapidly to buildings 
that had escaped them, before; an explosion of gas 
produced this second conflagration. 

BTov. 20. Henry M. Stanley, the discoverer of 
Livingstone, arrives in New York from England. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



121 



Nov. 32. The Erie Railroad Co. begins an action 
against Jay Gould for the recovery of $9,726,551; Gould 
is arrested, but immediately after bailed in |i, 000,000. 

Dec. 17. Jay Oould restores $9,000,000 worth of 
property to the E. R. R. Co., for the sake of peace. 

Dec. 26. Oreat storm throughout the country 
and along the coast; many shipping disasters result. 
1873. 

Marcb 4. Second inaug'uration of President 
Grant. 

]tlarcli 30. Wreck of the White Star steamship 
Atlantic, ofi the coast of Halifax; 700 lives lost. 

April 11. Gen. Caiiby and Rev. Dr. Thomas 
treacherously murdered by the Modocs on the lava 
beds. 

April 18. Attack on the Modoc lava beds. 

Second battle with the Modocs. 

April 27. The lU^odocs surprise and destroy a 
detachment of troops. 

May 10. The Modocs evacuate the lava beds. 

May 20. Surrender of Hot-Creeks and Mo- 
docs to Gen. Davis. 

May 22. tien. McKenzie's excursion into INIex- 
ico. 

May 30. The gpreat Boston fire No. 2. 

June 1. Modoc Jack's surrender. 

June 17. Indians attack the Northern Pacific 
surveying parly; four Indians killed. 

June 27. The work of laying the new Atlantic 
cable completed. 

Aug. 14. Sanguinary battle occurs between the 
Pawnees and Sioux in the Republican Valley; reported. 

Sept. 9. The settlement of the Geneva award 
was consummated. 

Sept. 18. Failures occur on Wall street, New 
Vork — Jay Cooke & Co , and others. 

Oct. 3. Execution of the Modocs, Capt. Jack, 
Sconchin, Boston Charley, and Black Jim, for the mur- 
der of Gen. Canby and Rev. Dr. Thomas, at Fort Kla- 



math, Oregon. 

First business session of the Evangelical Alliance 
held. 

Oct. 4. Capt. Buddinjsrton and ten other sur- 
vivors of the Polaris expedition, arrive in New York 
by the steamship City of Antwerp. 

1874. 

Wm. M. Tweed sentenced to twelve years' impris- 
onment, and to pay a fine of $12,500. 

May 16. The Mill River Reservoir disaster near 
Northampton, Mass. Fearful loss of lile. 

July 1. Abduction of Charley Ross at German- 
town, Pa. 

Oct. 5. First annual meeting of the Episcopal 
Church Congress of the United States. 
1875. 

June 17. Tiie Bunker Hill Centennial Celebra- 
tion. 

Nov. 22. Hon. Henry Wilson, Vice President 
of the United States, dies at Washington, D, C, aged 
64 years. 

Dec. 4. Escape of Wm. M. Tweed. 

Dec. 11. The Dynamite explosion at Bremer- 
haven; 60 persons killed; the steamship Mosal injured 
and detained. 

1876. 

Jan 1. OnStnten Island the Rev. Henry Boehm, 
the venerable patriarch of the Methodist church, dies, 
aged one hundred and one years. 

Jan. 9. In South Boston, Dr. Samuel Gridley 
Howe, the distinguished philanthropist, dies, aged 74 
years. 

Feb. 11. The Centennial Appropriation bill was 
passed by the Senate. The President, on the i6th, 
signed the bill with a quill from the wing of an Ameit- 
can eagle shot near Mount Hope, Oregon. 

Feb. 15. The historic elm, above 200 years old, 
on Boston Common, was blown down by a high wind 
Tuesday evening. 

April 15. Arrival of Dom Pedro, Emperor of 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Brazil, at New York, 

April 18. President Grant vetoed the bill passed 
by Congress, reducing his successor's salary to $25,000 
per annum. 

May 10. Opening: of Centennial Exposition at 
Philadelphia. 

Jnue 16. Tlie National Republican Convention 
at Cincinnati, nominated Governor Rutherford B. 
Hayes of Ohio, for President of the United States, and 
the Hon. William A. Wheeler, of New York, for Vice- 
President. . 

June 25. CSen. Custer's force was overpowered 
and annihilated. Gen. Custer, his two brothers and 
nephew, were killed. Not one of the command es- 
caped. Col. Reno's force was surrounded and sustained 
severe losses, but was finally rescued by Gen. Gibbons' 
command. The entire loss was 261 killed and 50 
wounded. 

June 27. The Democratic National Convention 
met at St. Louis, and on the zSth of June, nominated 
Governor Samuel J. Tilden, of New York, for President, 
and Hon. Thomas A. Hendricks, of Indiana, for Vice- 
President. 

July 16. Congress unanimously passed the Sen- 
ate joint resolution for the completion of the Washing- 
ton Monument. 

July 26. Arg;unient of the Belknap impeach- 
ment case closed. The result was a failure to convict. 

Ang:ust 1. Presi«lent Orant issued a proclama- 
tion declaring Colorado to be a State of the Union. 

Aug. 14. The first wire stretched across East 
River for the great suspension bridge, to connect New 
York and Brooklyn. 

Sept. 24. Hell Gate, or the mine under Hallett's 
Point Reef, Astoria, Long Island, was exploded by 
General Newton. 

Jfov. 7. Election of President of the United States. 

Nov. 10. Closing of the great Centennial Exhi- 
bition, Philadelphia. 

Dec. 5. First cremation in the United States 
was performed at Washington, Pa. It was the body of 



Baron De Palm, who was born in Augsburg, Southern 
Germany, in the year 1809. 

Dec. 29. Terrible railroad accident at Ashta- 
bula, Ohio, over 100 lives lost. Among them, P. P. 
Bliss, the singer, and wife. 

1877. 

The monopoly of sewing machines expired this 
year, reducing the prices of these machines to about 
one-half their original cost. 

The last of the troops that were lefl in the South, 
the result of the rebellion, were withdrawn this year 
from all the Southern States, and thus, virtually, these 
States became free for the first time since the rebellion. 

Jan. 4. Cornelius Vanderbilt died at his resi- 
dence in New York City, aged S3 years. He was the 
richest man in the United States, his wealth being 
estimated at $So,ooo,ooo. 

Jan. 17. House of Representatives ordered 
the arrest of the Louisiana Returning Board for refus- 
ing to furnish papers to the investigating committee 
in relation to the Presidental election in Louisiana. 

Jan. IS. The Congressional joint committee 
reported to both Houses in the shape of a bill, a plan 
for counting the electoral vote. 

Jan. 2S. Senate passed the Electoral bill. Yeas 
47; nays 17. 

Jan. 26. The House passed the Electoral bill by 
a vote of 191 to 96. 

Jan. 30. The Senate and Honse each elected 
five members to serve on the Electoral Commission as 
follows: Senators Edmunds, Morton, Frelinghuj-sen, 
Thurman and Bayard, and Representatives Payne, 
Huutou, Abbott, Garfield and Hoar. 

Jan. 31. The four United States Associate Jus- 
tices to serve on the Electoral Tribunal — Cliflbrd, Mil- 
ler, Field and Strong, chose as the fifth member of the 
Tribunal Justice Joseph P. Bradley. Colorado declared 
a State. 

llarch 2. The Electoral count finished, and 
Hayes and Wheeler declared President and Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States by a vote of S to 7. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



123 



March 5. President Hayes and Vice-President 
Wheeler inaugurated. 

IWarch 23. Execution of John D. Lee, Momioii 
Bishop, convicted of being the main instigator in the 
Mountain Meadows massacre in 1857. 

April 2. The southwestern portion of Chicago was 
covered with water to the extent of nearly seven miles 
square. 

April 11. The Southern hotel, one of the largest 
and finest in St. Louis, destroyed by fire. Fourteen 
lives lost. 

July 16. The firemen and brakemen of the 
freight trains on the Baltimore & Ohio R'y at Baltimore, 
Md., struck on account of reduction of wages. 

July 20. The strikes on the Baltimore and Ohio 
and Pennsylvania Railroads continue, and a strike 
took place on the Erie Railway, stopping all trains. 

July 22. Tlie railroad strikers continue their 
riotous work at Pittsburgh. 

July 26. Rioting: took place in Chicago, 111., the 
police and troops fighting the mob nearly all day. 
Fifteen persons were known to have been killed, and 
many wounded. 

Aug:. 11« A battle between Gen. Gibbons' com- 
mand and the Nez Perces Indians, on the Big Hole 
River, M. T., Aug. 9. Among the killed were Captain 
\Vm. Logan, and Lieut. James H. Bradley. 

Aug-. 16. The Centenary of the battle of Ben- 
nington, Vt., was celebrated. 

Aug:. 29. Brig:ham Young: died at Salt Lake 
City. He had nineteen wives, and was considered 
worth $6,000,000. 

1878. 

Not. 21. Payment of fisheries award under pro- 
test by Minister Welsh in London. 

Dec. 11. Discovery of rich silver miles, Lead- 
ville. Col. 

1879. 

Jan. 1. Specie payments resumed. 



1880. 

June 8. James A. Garfield nominated foi 
President, and Chester A. Arthur for Vice-President, 
by the Republican National Convention in Chicago. 

June 24. Winfield Scott Hancock nominated 
for President, and W. H. English for Vice-President by 
the Democrat National Convention in Cincinnati. 

Nov. 2. James A. Garfield and Chester A. Ar- 
thur elected President and Vice-President, receiving 
214 of the 369 electoral votes. 

1881. 

July 2. President Garfield shot by Charles J. 
Guiteau. 

Sept. 19. President Garfield dies. 

1882. 
June 30. Charles J. Guiteau, assassin of 
President Garfield, hung. 

1883. 

Feb. 9. \%'m. E. Dodge, philanthropist, died, 
New York, aged 78 years. 

April 14. Peter Cooper, founder of Cooper In- 
stitute, died, aged 92, 

May 24. The Brooklyn Bridg:e formally 
opened. 

Oct. 15. The U. S. Supreme Court set aside 
the Civil Rights Act as unconstitutional, 

1884. 

Feb. 2. AVendell Phillips died, aged 73 

March. 3. Validity of the Legal Tender Act re- 
afiSrmed by the U. S. Supreme Court. 

Juno 2. Blaine and Eog'an nominated for Pres- 
ident and Vice-President by the Republican National 
Convention in Chicago. 

July 10. Democratic National Convention 

nominated Cleveland and Hendricks for President and 
Vice-President at Chicago. 

July 24. The Prohibitionists at Pittsburgh 
nominated Gov. J. P. St. John for President. 



THE AMERICAN RIANUAL, 



134 



Sept. 13. Robert IIoo, inventor of the Hoe press, 
died in New York, aged 70. 
Kov. 4. Clevelaiul and IleiKlricUs elected. 
1SS5. 

.Ian. 1. The Wasliinjjton Monnnient ded- 
icated at Wasbington, U. C. Schuyler Colfax died at 
Mankato, Minn., aged 62. 

Jtlarcli 4. Crover Cleveland inaugurated Pres- 
ident. 

.Inly 2». Oen. IJ. S. Grant died at Mt. McGreg- 
or, N. Y., aged 65 years. 

Ang. 8. Gen. Grant buried, New Y'ork. 

Oet. 29. Gen. Geo. B. McClellan died at Or- 
ange, N. J. 

Xov. 25. Vice-President IlendrieUs died at 
Indianapolis, Ind., aged 66. 

1886. 

Feb. 9. Gen. W. S. Hancock died at Governor's 
Island, N. Y., aged 62. 
Feb. 12. K-v-Governor Horatio Sej nionr 

died at Utica, N. Y., aged 76. 

May 4. Anarchist riots in Chicago. 

Jnne 20. Hon. David Davis died at Blooming- 
ton, 111., aged 74. 

Au;;. 14. Hon. Samuel J. Tilden died at Grey- 
stone, N. Y., aged 72. 

Dec. 27. Geu. Johu A. Lu^au dicu, a^eU 01. 



1887. 

Jan. 11. Bill creating Department of Agricul- 
ture and I^abor passed by the National House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

.Ian. 14. TlieU. S. Senate passed the Inter-State 
Conimetce Bill. 

Feb. 4. President C'leveland signs the Inter- 
State Commerce Bill. 

Feb. 5. Terrible R. R. accident near White 
River Junction, Vt. Forty-six persons killed and many 
injured. 

March 8. Rev. Henry 'Ward Beecher dies. 
March 31. John G. Saxe, humorous poet, dies. 

May. 9. The American Kxhibition formally 
opened in London, Kngland. 

May 19. The steaenirs Celtic and Britannic, of 
the White Star lyiue, collide near Sandy Hook. 

.lune 4. Ex -Vice-President Wheeler died at 

Malone, N. Y,, aged 6S. 

Ang'. 10. Fo.Trliil R. R. accident near Chat- 
worth, 111. More than 100 killed and 300 injured. 

Aug'ust 28. Fte Indian War in Colorado at an 
end. 

Oct. 29. Propeller Vernon lost near Manitowoc 
Wis. Fifty lives lost. 

Nov. 11. Anarchists Spies, Parsons, Fischer, 
and IJngle executed at Chicago. 

Dec. 24. Daniel J. Manning:, ex-Secretary of 

the U. S. Treasury, died at Albany, N. Y., aged 56. 




JOHN A. LOGAN. 



126 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



I^ISn^OI^IGAL HOTES. 




HE Constitution of the United States 
was adopted in 1789. It was framed 
jf^^by delegates from twelve of the 
afal* "thirteen" states which declared 
themselves independent of tlie Gov- 
ernment of Great Britain, in 1776. A 
Convention was called by the Continental 
Congress for the purpose of framing a Consti- 
tution, and all the states sent delegates except 
Rhode Island. 

The American Colonies were planted along 
the Atlantic coast under various climates from 
the rugged north to the sunny south. They 
were not settled by an entirely homogeneous 
race, there being Dutch, (Hollanders) Swedes, 
and persons of other nationalities as well as 
English among the immigrants. The English 
settlers differed widely in religious and po- 
litical views, and in the motives which prompt- 
ed them to seek a new country. The Colonies 
were also originally organized and governed 
in three different modes, known as "Charter," 
"Proprietary" and "Royal" or "Provincial,, 
governments. 



These diversities, however, were advantage- 
ous in the end, as gi\ang rise to a diversity of 
ideas, experiences and pursuits; and did not 
prevent the rise and development of a common 
nationality. Common dangers, hardships and 
interests, suggested, at a verj' early period, the 
necessity of some bond of tmioii, and of some 
common government. 

In 1643, the four Colonies of Plymouth, 
Massachusetts, New Haven and Connecticut, 
formed a league under the title of the United 
Colonies of New England. This confederation 
had its Congress of Delegates from each of 
these Colonies, and continued forty years. 

In 1754, commissioners representing New 
Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, New York and Marj-land met at 
Albaii}-, and resolved that a union of all the 
Colonies was necessary, and recommended a 
plan of Federal Government. 

In 1765, a Convention of Delegates repre- 
senting nine of the Colonies met in New York, 
and drew up a document on the subject of tax- 
ation, known as a "Declaration of the Rights 



127 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



and Grievances of the Colonies." This may be 
regarded as the First Colonial Congress of 
signal importance. 

In 1774, the Second Colonial Congress as- 
sembled in Philadelphia, being composed of 
delegates from all the Colonies, except Geor- 
gia. This was the great Congress of the Rev- 
olution. It assembled again in May, 1775, 
(Georgia being then represented), and after 
watching anxiously the progress of the Rev- 
ohitionary struggle for more than a year, it 
assumed the responsibility of severing the 
connection between the Thirteen Colonies and 
the Government of Great Britain, by the mem- 
orable Declaration of Independence, adopted 
on the 4th of July, 1776. 

This step of course involved the adoption of 
some settled plan of general government for 
the Colonies in place of the one thus cast off, 
and deliberations upon this subject were co- 
eval with the Declaration of Independence. A 
committee appointed for the purpose reported 
a scheme of government for the "United 
States of America" — which the Colonies had 
now become — known as the "Articles of Con- 
federation." After considerable discussion, at 
different sessions, the scheme was agreed to 
by the Continental Congress, in November, 
1777. 

The Articles were immediately sent to the 



several States for their consideration and 
adDption. Delays and objections arose, in somt 
of the States, and as the form of government 
proposed could not go into operation until the 
consent of all the States was obtained, the 
Confederation was not established till March, 
1781, when the consent of Maryland, the last 
of the States, was finally given. 

Scarcely however had this confederation of 
the States taken effect, when its weakness and 
defect as a frame of government began to be 
seen. When we remember that the leading po- 
litical sentiment of the colonies for a whole 
generation had been a feeling of jealousy and 
a sense of resistance in regard to external gov- 
ernment, we shall not wonder that they framed 
a General Government for themselves of very 
little force or efficiency. It was devised in 
time of war, and met many of its exigencies, 
but was very poorly adapted to a time of peace. 

It will assist us in understanding and ap- 
preciating the Constitution, afterwards adopt- 
ed, and the reasons for its adoption, if we note 
the limited and inoperative powers conferred 
by the Articles of Confederation upon the 
Continental Congress as the depository and 
executor of the functions of a General Gov- 
ernment for the States: Congress could make 
treaties, but could not enforce their observance; 
it coidd appoint embassadors, but could not 



128 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



provide for their salaries or expenses; it could 
borrow m.oncy, but was not empowered to pay 
it; it could coiv money, but could not import 
bullion for the purpose; it could declare war, 
and determine how many troops were neces- 
sary to carry it on, but could not raise the 
troops. It could not legislate directly upon 
persons and could only recommend the States 
what action to take; it could punish no one 
for a breach of neglect of its own enactments; 
it could levy no taxes and collect no revenue. 
In short, it could niereh- recommend what 
should be done, but was entirely without pow- 
er to enforce any law or recommendation ; and 
it was soon found that it was in vain to ex- 
pect that thirteen different States would vol- 
untarily accede to mere recommendations, 
with any sufficient degree of readiness or una- 
nimity. Efforts were made, without success, 
to prove an enlargement of the powers of Con- 
gress, and it soon became apparent that the 
Confederation must dissolve from its own 
weakness, unless a more efficient government 
were substituted in its place. 

In 1785, Commissioners from Man,'land and 
Virginia met to regulate the navigation of wa- 
ters common to both States, and feeling the 
want of suitable power to act, recommended a 
Convention of a larger scope. In 1786, the Leg- 
islature of Virginia therefore proposed a gen- 



eral Convention of Commissioners from the 
States, to consider matters of general interest. 
Commissioners were appointed, in five States, 
who met at Annapolis and drew up a report to 
be laid before the Continental Congress. In 
this report it was advised that a General Con- 
vention of Delegates should meet and revise 
the Articles of Confederation. 

In Februar}^, 1787, Congress acted upon the 
recommendation and called a Convention to 
meet in Philadelphia in May following. All the 
States were represented except Rhode Island. 
After a long deliberation, attended with much 
difference of opinion, a Constitution was a- 
dopted, and Congress was recommended to lay 
it before the several States, in Conventions to 
be held for that purpose, that it might be con- 
sidered and ratified. This was done; Conven- 
tions were held in all the States but Rhode Is- 
land, and after warm discussions, the Consti- 
tution was ratified by all the States except 
Rhode Island and North Carolina. 

As it required the assent of only nine of the 
States to give effect to the Constitution, Con- 
gress, having been informed of the ratification 
by twelve of the States, took measures, in Sep- 
tember, 1788, to put the new form of Govern- 
ment into operation. The first President and 
Vice President were chosen, and the first Con- 
gress, under the Constitution, assembled in 



THE- AMERICAX MANUAL. 



:.) 



New York, on the 4th of March, 1789, for the 

transaction of business. 

Although the Constitution was'thus happily 

ratified, and had become the fundamental law 

of the land, it was not satisfactory to a larre 
body of the people. The old jealousy of the 
powers of a general or central Government 
continued, and it was loudly demanded that 
the Constitution should embrace a Bill of 
Rights. Hence, at the first session of Con- 
gress under the Constitution, twelve different 
Amendments we-e proposed, ten of which 



were ratified by three-fourths of the States, 
and became a part of the Constitution from 
and after the 15th of December, 1791- Most 
of these amendments were intended to allay 
the fears of the people that the General Gov- 
ernment might encroach upon their individual 
rights and liberties. 

The Eleventh Article of Amendmtnl took 
effect in 1798, the Twelfth in 1804, the Thir- 
teenth in 1865, the Fourteenth iu 186S, the 
r-.ftcer.lh and last in 1870. 



-530 



THE AMEKICAX MAXUAL. 










Eovernn^ental Instructor. 



§--K>-*§ 



5M(mi^^ 




GOVRRNMELNT. ^ 



The necessity of larovernment is furnished in 

man's social and moral nature. As a reasonable 
and dependent heing^, he is fitted for society and law. 
l.aw is a rule of action. Government is the em- 
bodiment, the defender, and the enforcer of law. 

RIGHT.c;. 

A right is either a just claim or a just and law- 
ful claim. 
Rights are political and civil. 
Political rights are those which belong- to the 
citizen in his relation to government. 

Civil rights are those which are not political and 
which are often termed natural or inalienable 
rights. 

They include: 

I. Absolute rights and 
II. Relative rights. 

I. Absolute civil rights are those which man possesses 
as an individual, in his relation as a member of society to 
other members of society. 

Two classes of these rights are often termed per- 
gonal rights, or the rights of persons. 
They embrace : 



I. The Rights Of Personal Security.-The 
right from injury to life, body, health, reputa. 
tion. 

II. The Rights of Personal liiberty.— The 

right to go where one chooses. 
The other two classes of absolute rights are: 

I. The Right of Private Property.— The 

right to acquire property and enjoy it, without molesta- 
tion. 

(i.) Religions Rights.-The rights of men to 
worship God according to the dictates of their own con- 
sciences. 

II. Relative Civil Rights are those which men 
possess in relation to particular persons or classes. 

These are either Public or Private. Public 
Civil Rights are those man possesses in his relations 
to the government (except the right to participate in it). 
It includes the right of the government and its officers to 
our respect and obedience. 

Private Civil Rights embrace those in relaUon 

of 

(i.) Husband and Wife. 

(2.) Parent and child. 

(3-) Guardian and ward. 

(4.) Employer and employed. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



131 




HON. E. B. V.'ASHBURN. 



132 



LIBERTY. 

IJiberty is the freedom man possesses to enjoy his 
rights. 

It embraces : 

(a.) IVatural liiberty. 

(h.) Political JLiberty. 

(c.) Civil JLiberty. 

(J.) Beligious Liiberty. 

LAW. 

liaw.— The object of Law is to defend and secure 
man in the enjoyment of his right. 
It includes': 

1. Political Ij&w. 

2. Civil or Municipal Liaw. 

The Moral Law prescribes man's duties to his fel- 
low man and to God. It is contained in the Ten Com- 
mandments, to love God with all our hearts, and our 
neighbor as ourselves. It is broader and more com- 
prehensive than Political or Civil Law. 

DIFFERENT FORMS OF GOVERN- 
MENT. 

I. Patriarchal.— In the early stag-es of the world. 

II. Theocratical.— The direct government of the 
Jews by Jehovah. 

III. Monarchical.— The government by a King, 
Emperor or Prince. This may be 

(a.! Absolute, when all the power rests in the 
one governing, or 

(b.) Ijiniited, when the power of the monarch is 
abridged bylaw, legislative bodies, or other power.. 

A Monarchy may be either 

(a.) Hereditary, as when it passes from father to 
son, or from a monarch to his successor, or 

(b.) Elective.— When on the death of a monarch 
his successor is chosen by an election. (Rare). 

IV. Aristocratical.— When the government is 
administered by a few persons distinguished by birtn, 
rank, wealth, etc. 

V. Democratical or Republican.— When the 
government is administered by the people. This may be 

(a.) Pure Democracy.— ^^'hen the people meet 



T//F AM ERICA. \' MAX UAL. 

in one body to make laws and appoint officers, or 



(b.) A Republican or Representative De. 
mocracy, often called a Coninion\%'ealth ; when 
the people through delegates or representatives 

enact laws and choose officers. 

.) 

OUR NATIONAL GOVERNMENT. 
The dovernment of the United States. 

There have been three stages in the <wOVernnient 
of our country; the Colonial Government ; the Con- 
federation and the National fwovernment. 

The Colonial CrOVernmentS were the govern- 
ments of tlie different colonies when the inhabitants were 
British subjects. 

There were originally three different forms of govern- 
ment in the colonies, viz: The Charter, the Pro- 
prietary, and Royal Governments. The Char- 
ter Governments were confined to New England; the 
middle and southern colonies were divided between the 
Proprietary or Royal Governments. 

The Charter (governments were composed of a 
Governor, Deputy -governor, and Assistants, elected by 
t/ie /}eople ; these, with the freemen, i. e., citizens of the 
colony, were to compose the " Creueral Courts." 
which were authorized to appoint such officers, and make 
such laws and ordinances for the welfare of the colony 
as to them might seem meet. These first forms of gov- 
ernment in New England contained the same principles 
as, and were doubtless the origin of, our Republican sys- 
tem. 

The Proprietary Governments were those of 
Maryland, Pennsylvania, the Carolinas and Jersey. Part 
of these soon became Koyal Governments. In the Pro- 
prietary g-vernments, the power of appointing officers 
and making laws rested in the proprietors, by the advice 
and assent, generally, of the freemen. In some of them, 
as in the Carolinas, singular irregularities were found. In 
all, great confusion took place. 

In the Royal Crovernments. which were New 
York, \'irginia, Georgia and Delaware, the Governor 
and Council were appointed by the croivn ; and the peo- 
ple elected repre^sentatives to the Colonial legislature. 
The Governor had a negative in both houses of th» 



THE A.VKK/CAN MANUAL. 



133 




SENATOR GEORGE F. EDMUNDS. 



134 



THE A^^KR^CAX MANUAL. 



legfislature ; and most of the officers were appointed by 
the king-. 

The colonists had no represenbitives in Parliament, and 
when an obnoxious act was passed by that bodv, laying 
duties on all tea, glass, paper, etc., imported into the col- 
onies, the American people resisted it justly, claiming 
there should be no taxation without representa- 
tion. Their petition for a repeal of the unjust pro- 
ceeding being of no avail, they resisted the tax. 
Troops were sent to enforce it. The colonies began to 
arm to meet them. On the 4th of July, 1776, the Declara- 
tion of Independence %vas rrr.ide by the delegates from 
the several colonies, which was followed by a war of 
several years, resulting in their complete separation from 
the throne of Great Britain. 

Under the Colonial (governments several efforts were 
made to effect a union of the colonies in whole or in 
part. 

I. Articles of Confederation were made m 
1643 between the colonies of Massachusetts, Connecti- 
cut ind New Haven, which was expressly declared to be 
a lea^'ie, under the name of the L'nited ColonieS 
of 5few Ensland. This league declared : 

1st. That each colony shall W.ivn peculiar Jurisdiction 
and ffovcrnmeiii zmthin its oivn limits. 

SJd. That the quotas of men and money were to be 
furnished in proportion to the population, for which pur- 
pose 'Acensus was to be taken from time to timcof such 
as were able to bear arms. 

3d. That to manage such matters .as concerned the 
whole confederation, a congress of two commissioners 
from each colony should meet annually, with power to 
weigh and determine all affairs of 7var and pea e, leacrues, 
aids, charges, and whatever else were proper concomi- 
tants of a confederation offensive and defensive; and that 
to determine any question, three-fourths of these com- 
missioners must agree, or the matter is to be referred to 
the general courts. 

4th. That these commissioners may choose a presi- 
dent; but that such president has no power over the busi- 
ness or proceedings. 

5th. That neither of the colonies should engage 
<n any war without consent of the general commission- 
ers 



Oth. That if any of the confederates should break 
any of these articles, or otherwise injure any of the other 
confederates, then such breach should be considered and 
ordered by the commissioners of the other colonies. 

II. A Congress of Commissioners, repre- 
senting New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 
Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, 
was held at Albany in 1754. This convention unani- 
mously resolved that a union of the colonies was nec- 
essary for their preservation. They proposed a general 
plan of federal government, which provided, 

1. That the general government should be adminis- 
tered hy a president-general appointed by the crown, and 
a grand council chosen by the representatives of the peo- 
ple in their general assemblies. 

2. That the council should be chosen every three 
years, and shall meet once each year. 

3. That the assent of the President be necessary to all 
acts of the council, and that it is his duty to see them ex- 
ecuted. 

4. That the President and council may hold treaties, 
make peace, and declare war with the several Indian 
tribes. 

5. That for these purposes they have power to levy 
and collect such duties, imposts and taxes as to them 
shall seem just. 

This plan was not adopted. 

THE CONFEDERATION. 

In the year 1774 the colonies united in the plan of a 
Congress to consult on the common good, and to resist the 
claims of the English Parliament. It was to be composed 
af delegates from the different colonies. 

The Continental Congress assembled in May, 
1775, which carried on tbe affairs of the country until the 
.var had almost closed. 

But in order to form a more efficient union, a Con- 
Tederation of the States was formed under certain 
articles called "Articles of Confederation 
and Perpetual l^nion between the States.'" They 
were to go into effect when the assent of all the States 
was gained. ^larykind delayed consent until March, 



THE AMJ-'.A'lCAy MAXUAI.. 



135 



1781. They were therefore not effective until aliout two 
years before the revolutionary war closed. 

(See articles of Confederation.) 

This Confederation was found to be radically 
defective, having- reference mainly to the condition of 
the country in the time of war instead of peace. It 
was inherently weak, in that it had merely a I^e^is- 
lative department and no Executive and Ju- 
dicial Department. It could do but little more 
than recommend measures. It could borrow money 
but it had no means of raising^ money to pay the debts 
contracted. It could determine what nuhiber of troops 
the several States should furnish, but it could not enforce 
its demands. It could levy no TaxeS or Duties, that 
power being- reserved to the several States. Each State 
imposed such duties with foreign countries and with the 
oth-r States, as it saw fit. Hence aroie discord and 
Jealousies. 

Convention of 1786.— The Legislature of Vir- 
^nia in January, 17S6, proposed a convention of commis- 
sioners to take into account the subject of trade and com- 
mercial regulations. The commissioners of five States 



only, New York, \'eiv Jersey, Pennsylvania, 
Delaware, and Virginia met pursuant to the call at 
Annapolis, Maryland, in September, lySo. These com- 
missioners recommetided a general convention of all the 
St ites to meet in Philadelphia in May, 1787, to consider, 
not the regulations of commerce, but amendments to the 
articles of confederation to make the union of the States 
more effective. 

Convention of 1787.— In accordance with this 
recommendation, in February, 17S7, Congress passed a 
resolution calling for a convention. All the States, ex- 
cept JRIlode Island, sent delegates, who met and 
framed the present Constitution of the ITnited 
States, and recommended Congress to submit it to the 
several States for their adoption. 

Adoption of Constitution. — As soon as nine 
States ratified the Constitution it was to go into effect as 
far as those States were concerned. In July, 17SS, the 
ninth State, New Hampshire, sent in its ratification. 
North Carolina and Rhode Island did not send 
their ratification until one year after the government was 
organized. 



■^!r<r 



CONFEDERATION OF THE ORIGINAL STATES. 



^^^gjl^N Monday, the .qth of September, 
1774, there were assembled at Car- 
penter's Hall, in the city of Philadel- 
phia, a number of men who had been 
Jv^^ chosen and appointed by the several 
'7t|tjy**'-'o'o"Jes in North America to hold a Con- 
es' gress for the purpose of discussing certain 
lb grievances imputed against the mother 
l country. This Congress resolved, on the 
* next day, tha: each colony should have 
•ne vote only. On Tuesday, the 2d o* 



United Colonies are, and of right ought to 
be. Free and Independent States," etc., etc.; 
and on Thursday, the 4th July, the whole 
Declaration of Independence having been agreed 
upon, it was publicly read to the people. Shortly 
after, on the 9th of September, it was resolved 
that the words "United Colonies" should be no 
longer used, and that the "United States of 
America " should thenceforward be the style 
and title of the Union. On Saturday, the 15th 
of November, 1777, "Articles of Confederation 
and Perpetual Union of the United States of 
America" were agreed to by the State delegates. 



180 77//: JMEKIC 

subject to the ratification of the State legisla- 
tures severally Eight of the States ratified 
these articles on the 9th July, 177S; one on the 
2ist July ; one on the 24tn July ; one on the 26th 
November of the same year; one on the 22d 
February, 1779; and the last one on the ist 
March, 1 781. Here was a bon«l of union be- 
tween thirteen independent States, whose dele- 
gates in Congress legislated for the general wel- 
fare, and exec'uted certain powers so far as they 
were permitted by the articles aforesaid. The 
following- are the names of the Presidents of 
the Continental Congress from 1774 to 1788: 

Peyton Randolph, ^'irp'inia Sth Sept., 1774. 

Henry Middleton, South Carolina 22d Oct., 1774. 

Peyton Randolph, Virj^inia icth May, 1775. 

John Hancock, Massachusetts 24th May, 1776. 

Henry L'luren , South Carolina ist Nov., 1777. 

John Jay, New York loth Dec, 177S. 

Samuel Huntint»^ton, Connecticut 2Sth Sept, 1779. 

Thomas McKean, Delaware 10th July, 17S1. 



AX MAXUAL. 

John Hanson, Maryland Jth Nov., 1781. 

Elias Boudirot, New Jersey 4th _^ " 1782. 

Thomas Mifflin, Pennsylvania 3d * " 178^. 

Richard Henry Lee, Virg-inia 30th " 1784. 

Nathaniel Gorham, Massachusetts 6thJan., 1786. 

Arthur St. Clair, Pennsylvania 2d Feb., 17S7. 

Cyrus Griffin, Virginia 22djan., 1788. 

The seat of government was established as 
follows: At Philadelphia, Pa., commencing 
September 5, 1774, and May 10, 1775; at Balti- 
more, Md., December 2C, 1776; at Philadelphia, 
Pa., March 4, 1777; at Lancaster, Pa., Septem- 
ber 27, 1777; at York, Pa., September 30, 1777; 
at Philadelphia, Pa., July 2, 1778; at Princeton, 
N. J., June 30, i7S3;at Annapolis, Md., Novem- 
ber 26, 1783; at Trenton, N. J.. November i, 
17S4; and at New York City, N. Y., January 11, 

'785- ^ . 

On the 4th March, 1789, the present Consti- 
tution, which had been adopted by a convention 
and ratified by the requisite number of States, 
went into operation. 




THE AMERICAN MANUAL 



137 



THE MEEKLENBUHE nEELARATinN HF INnEPENnENEE. 



HON. JOHN M. BRIGHT, TENNESSEE. 



{Mav 30, 1775) 




HE news of the passage of the'stamp 
act fell upon North Carolina like a 
spark into a powder magazine. The 
* explosion of indignation shook the 
colony to its center, while John Ashe, 
speaker of the General Assembly, rung 
the articulate echo in the ear of Gov. Try- 
on: "This law will be resisted to blood 
and death!" When the sloop of war Dili- 
gence anchored off Cape Fear with stamped pa- 
per for the use of the colony, the brave men of 
Hanover and Brunswick, headed by the heroic 
Ashe and Waddell, prohibited the terrified cap- 
tain from landing the cargo. From thence they 
marched to Wilmington, besieged the governor's 
palace, and extorted from him a pledge, and 
swore his stamp-master not to attempt the exe- 
cution of the law. Here the king, parliament, 
and vicerov were all defied. Here we have an 
act far transcending in daring the Boston tea 
party, who were disguised as Indians to escape 
identification, while here the act was performed 
in open dav, the parties were without disguise, 
and known, and it was because they were known, 
that the governor capitulated in his castle. 

And yet the feat of tumbling the tea into Bos- 
ton harlior is known to e\ery school-boy in the 
land, and the last celebration of the e\'ent was 
held in the rotunda of the national capital. 

* * ***:!:# 

The news of the battle of Lexington re- 
sounded from Nova Scotia to Florida. It was 
borne by the relays of heralds, day and night, all 
along the coast of the Atlantic, and from the 
coast to the mountains, the Alleghanies shouted, 
it to the Cumberland, awakening the settlers on 
Watauga, and sending the echoes far be vond the 



liunters of Kentucky, who, on receiving the 
news named their camping-ground Lexington, 
now the site of a flourishing city, in memory of 
the battle-ground which had been consecrated 
by the blood of the patriots. Upon receiving 
the news, the patriots of Mecklenburg swarmed 
from the " Hornet's Nest." They met in con- 
vention on the 19th, and continued their session 
into the 20th of Mav, 1775, on which day thev 
gave to the world the Mecklenburg declara- 
tion of independence. This declaration was 
not the child of a patriotic frenzy which was 
not expected to outlive the paroxvsm which 
gave it birth. It. was the result of profound wis- 
dom, sagacity, and statesmanship. 

With faith in God, thev saw no path of escape, 
except that which was illuminated by the light 
U'hich flashed from the patriot's sword. They 
saw no sovereign remedy for their direful woes, 
except in absolute and unconditional indepena- 
ence. And they were the first to reach the 
height of this conclusion, and the first to embody 
in it a high resohe upon the American conti- 
nent. 

In full view of the gibbets of Alamance — with 
a full conviction that they would have to toil up 
a path slippery with blood to the grandeur of in- 
dependence, yet their patriotism and courage 
towered and expanded before the danger, and 
burning the bridge behind tliem, " thev hung 
their banners on the outer walls." All honor to 
the twenty-seven noble signers of the Mecklen- 
burg Declaration of Independence! Eulogy 
cannot overdraw their praise, nor admiration 
surpass their merit. Let each name be conse- 
crated to Freedom, and each find a sanctuary in 
every patriot's heart. But some would make" the 



138 



7'HE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



disparaging insinuation that their declaration 
\vas only the expression of the prevailing senti- 
ment at the time; The facts of history do not 
sustain the position. Washington "abhorred 
the idea of independence " when he took com- 
mand of the army, and he had rolled the tide of 
war about one year before he was committed to 
the idea. Mr. Jefferson, in a letter dated 2c;th of 
August, 177=;, said he would "rather be in de- 
pendence on Great Britain, properly lim.ited, 
than on any other nation upon earth," "but added, 
"rather than submit to the right of legislating for 
us, assumed in the British Parliament, I would 
lend my hand to sink the whole island in the 
ocean." * * * On the 8th of July, 1775, ev- 
ery member of the continental congress signed 
a petition to the king, stating that they have not 
" raised armies with the ambitious design of 
separating from Great Britain and establishing 
independence." Other evidence might be mul- 
tiplied to the same effect. None of these had 
I the ring of the old Mecklenburg declaration; but 
they show the fact that up to the ^th of Julv, '76, 
the continental war was waged for the redress of 
grievances, and not for independence. Thus, it 
is clear that the morning star of American inde- 
pendence first rose upon the field of Mecivlen- 
burg. * * * 

(The orator liere discusses tne authenticity of 
the declaration at length, but we need not' go 
over it with him.) 

The voice of Mecklenburg now became the 
voice of the whole colony, and the voice of the 
colons soon became the voice of the united col- 
onies, which proclaimed the united Declaration 
of Independence to the nations of the earth. 
The pro\incial assembly of North Carolina on 
the 1 2th of April, 1776, was first to instruct her 
delegates in the contmcntal congress to " con- 
cur with the other colonies in declaring inde- 
pendence." Virginia, that grand old State, 
menaced by a similar diabolical scheme of 
massacre and insurrectiori, j^laniied bv Gov. 
Dunmore, next instructed her deles^atc:- I0 vote 



for independence, on the 15th of May. As re- 
marked by an impartial writer : " No members 
of that body (the continental congress) brought 
with them credentials of a bolder stamp than the 
delegates of North Carolina." 

THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATION 
OF INDEPENDENCE. 

{Charlotte, North Carolina, May 20, IJJS-) 

There are few facts better attested in all his- 
tory than the Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde- 
pendence. 

That questions may be raised that cannot be 
fully answered in regard to it, matters little ; for 
that, as anv candid jierson must admit, mav not 
only occur with regard to any historical fact, but 
with regard to any, the most recent affair even, 
the actors and witnesses in Avhich are all living. 
Many living men have conversed Avith those 
who either participated in making the Mecklen- 
burg declaration or were present when it was 
made. Well-authenticated copies of the original 
declaration are in existence, made bv a survivor 
of the Mecklenburg committee into whose hands 
all the records passed; and if the original docu- 
ment itself be not Ibrthcoming, that is well ac- 
counted for bv the fact that it was burned when 
the house in which it was kept was destroyed by 
fire. Moreover, the legislature of North Caro- 
lina, years ago, when the question was first 
mooted, appointed a coinmission to inqiure into 
the authenticity of the declaration, and this com- 
mission found fourteen survivors, respectable 
and in elligent, who all made solemn affidavit 
that a declaration of independence was made at 
Charlotte, Mecklenburg county, during the 
month of May, 1775, thev being present, some 
of tliem members of the county committee, and 
s-ven \vere positive that the date was the 20th 01 
May. 

Any one who glances at the colonial history 01 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 



North Carolina will be struck with one prom- 
inent fact, and that is the impatience of her 
people under wrong and oppression of anv kind- 
There is scarcely a decade in her chronicles, 
from the first settlement to 1776, that is not 
marked bv a struggle against usurped or im- 
properly exercised authority, or what the people 
thought to be so, which' amounts, as lar as 
regards them, to the same thing. No wonder, 
then, that when the greater abuses arose, the 
people of North Carolina were the first, or 
among the first, to resent them The\- signalized 
their resistance to the stamp act bv 'refusing to 
allow a sheet of the stamped paper to be landed 
from the ship which brought it. and the\- made 
the stamn-distributo- s\ ear that he would not 
attempt to exercise his office in the State. On 
the 23d of October, 1769, the following resolu- 
tions were unannnouslv adopted bv the house of 
assembly : 

^Lw '"'''"■' ''•"* '■'■'•■'■ ''-■'" '■'-'*^^^' '" 'he house of 

lhatlheinh:ibit:ints have the undoubted riu-hl of neti- 
tionini^Mor ;. ndres-s of jrrievancc!,; 

t^!'",'^'!''}''''^'""'^-,'''""' ^■"•"'■itte.rin the colony, ought 
to he lia<l 111 r ; and ""»">• 

Thai lemnvin- ,suspe> t, d persons, to lie tried bevond the 
sea, isderoyalorytolheriyrhlsof a Bniisii subjc'ot. 

The same body prepared a petition to the king 
contaming- the same sentiments. 

Gov. Tryon at once dissolved the assembly. 

The regulators themselves, much misunder- 
stood and much \illified, were organized as much 
to resist tlie stamp act and the otuer usurpations 
of parliament as thev were the local fees and 
taxes illegally exacted bv the State and county 
oHicers, backed by Gov. Trvon ; and the battle 
o( Al;.mance, tbughl May ,6, 1771, was as much 
a battle for American freedom and independence 
as that 01 Lexington, which occurred four years 
latei-. 

There Avcre special reasons, too, why the dec- 
laration should be made in Mecklenburg. Gov 
Iryon, having his palace in the East, at New- 
bern, so contrived r.s tj pit that section agyinst 



139 

the West; and from the eastern portions of the 
State, as being nearest to him and more directly 
subject to his control, he drew his forces to.coerce 
the western and other sections of the State 
Thus it happened in those turbulent and troub- 
lous times that the people of Mecklenburo- 
county, under the lead of able and patriotic men" 
lormed a sort of committee of safety, composed 
of delegates, two elected from each militia dis- 
trict. Col. Thomas Polk was elected chairman 
of the committee, with authority to call it to- 
gether when he saw sufficient cause. In May, 
1775- Gol. Polk had learned that the then gover- 
nor of Nordi Carolina (Martini had dissolved 
the house of assembly, after a session of onh a 
few days, and that he had issued his proclaii a- 
tion forbidding the assembling of the provincial 
congress of the State. lie thereupon called the 
committee to meet at CharloUe on the 19th of 
May; and on that day, accordingly, not only 
were the greater portion of the coiiimittee men 
present in the town, but large numbers of the 
people from all sections of the countv, anxious 
to hear tlie latest news, and to learn what action 
the committee would take 

The committee foimd itself a mass-meetin"- by 
reason of the attendance of the peoplc^and 
thcref ji-e organized as a convention, with Abra- 
ham A exander, jjresident, and John McKnitt 
Alexander and Ephraim Brevard, secretaries 
Soon after the actual business had been broached 
Avhich caused the assemblage, a mes.senger ar- 
rived with a printed circular, conveying'- the first 
news of the battle of Lexington," which had 
occurred precisely one month before. This 
created the most intense wrath and excitement 
Speeches were made by Rex-. Hezekiah James 
lialch, Dr. Ephraim Brevard, and Wm. Kennon 
a lawyer. These added fuel to the fiames, and 
the cry was unanimous for separation and inde- 
pendence. On motion, Messrs. Balch, Brevard 
and Kennon were appointed a committee to pre- 
pare appropriate resolutions to express the sense 
of the meeting. The resolutions, however (of 
which Dr. Brevaro is the accredited autho-J. 



140 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 



were not presented to the committee until next 
day (the twentieth), when they were unanimously 
adopted. It was then proposed and carried that 
they be read to the people from the court-house 
door, and Col. Thomas Polk was deputed as 
reader It took but a short while to gather the 
multitude then in Charlotte before the court- 
house door to hear a document in which all were 
so deeply concerned. Col. Polk read in a loud, 
emphatic voice, and the people heard in complete 
and so'emn silence until the reading was done. 
Then .irose an enthusiastic shout of ratification, 
women and children joining with the men in the 
approving acclamation. The resolutions so 
adopted and so ratified were as follows : 

Resolved, i. That whosoever dirt-ctly or indirectly 
abetted, or in anv way, form, or tnanner, countenanced the 
unchartered and dang^erous invasion of our rights, as 
clahned by Great Britain, is an enemy to this country, to 
America, and to th j independent and inalienable rights oi 
man. 

Resolved, 2. That we, the citizens of Mecklenburg 
county, do herebv dissolve the political bonds which have 
connected us with the mother country, and hereby absolve 
ourselves from all allegiance to the British crown, and 
adjure all political connection, contract, or association 
with that na ion who have wantonly trampled on our 
rights and liberties, and inhum.\nly shed the blood of 
American patriots at Lexington. 

Resolved, 3. That we do hereby declare ourselves a 
free and independent people; are, and of right ought to 
be, a sovereign and self-governing a'ssoci ilion, unler the 
control of no^ power other than th.it of our God and the 
general government of the congress, to the maintenance 
of which independence we solemnly pledge to each other 
our mutual co operation, our lives, our fortunes, and our 
most sacred honor. 

Resolvtd, 4. Th :t as we acknowledge the existence and 
control of no law, nor legal office, civil or military, within 
this country, we do hereby ord lin and adopt, as .1 rule ot 
life, all, each, and every of oir former laws; wherein, 
nevertheless, the crown of Great Britai 1 never can be con- 
sidered as h'lUiing rights, privileges, immuniti s, or 
authority therein. 

Resolved, 5. That it is further decreed that all, each, 
and ev rv military officer in this county is hereby retaine I 
in his for lie r coiiiiiiand and authoritv, he acting con- 
formablv to these reiiulations. And that every iiiemlier 
present of thisdelegation shall henceforth be a civil officer, 
viz.. A justice of ihe peace, in the character of a com- 
mittee-man, to issue process, hear and determine all 
matters ot^ controver.sy according to said adopted laws, 
and to preserve peace, union, and harmony in said county; 
and to use every exertion to siiread the love of country and 



fire of freedom throughout America, unlil a general Of g-an- 
ized government be established in this province. 

Ten davs afterward, on the 30th of May, the 
Mecklenbtirg committee met again at Charlotte, 
and adopted 20 other resolutions; but as all from 
the 4th to ihe 15th, both inclusive, merely enter 
into the details of the temporary government 
established for the county, they need not be re- 
peated here. The remainder of these resolutions 
on May 30 are as follows: 

CuARLOTTB, MeckI-Enburg Countv, May 3c, 1775. — 
This day ttie committee of the county met and passed the 
following resolves: 

iV/iereas, By an address presented to his majesty by 
both houses of parliament, in February last, the American 
colonies are declared to be in a state of actual rebellion, 
\^c ^.i.c^ivv that all laws a.id coiimissions confirmed b> 
or derived from the king and parliament are annulled and 
v.icated and the former civil constitution of these colonies 
for the present wholly suspended: To provide in some 
degree for th'j exigencies ot this county in the present 
alarming period, we deem it proper and necessary to pass 
the following resolves, viz.: 

I. That all commissions, civil and military, heretofore 
granted by the crown to be exercised in th.se colonies, 
are null and void, and the constitution of each particular 
ci>lonv wholly suspended. 

z. That the provincial congress of each province, under 
the direction of the ijreat c.mtinental ccngress, is invested 
with all legislative and executive powers within their re- 
spective provinces, and that no other legislative or ex- 
ecutive power docs or can exist at this time in any of these 
colonies. 

3. As all former laws are now suspended in this prov- 
ince, and the congress has not yet provided others, we 
judge it necessa' v for the better preservation of good order, 
to form certain rules and r srulntions for the internal gov- 
ernment of this coun.y, until laws shall be provided for us 
by the congress. 

16. Thai -Mhalever person shall hereafter receh-e a com- 
mission f om the irorvii. Of attempt to exercise anv such 
commission heretojore received, shall he dfemed an enemy 
to this country ; and upon conlirmation being made to the 
captain ot the company in which he resides, the said com- 
pany shall cause him to be apprehended and conveyed 
befiire two selcc n.en, who, upon proof of the fact, shall 
commit said offender to safe custody, until the next sitting 
of the conimittee, who shall deal with him as prudence 
may direct. 

17. That anv person refusing to yield obedience to the 
above rules sKall be considered equally criminal, and liable 
to the same punishment as the offenders above last men- 
tioned. 

iS. That these resolves be in full force and virtue until 
instructions from the provincial congress regulating the 



THE AMKRICAX MANUAL. 



lunsprudence of Ihc province sh^ll provide othvrwise or 
the lejr.s.ai.ve bodv of tireat Britain r sij^n its unjust md 
arbitrary preten>ions with regard lo Ameri, ■> 

,.;^^',7'''''^'I"'*''"'!'.'"''''''"'"'"I"'"'" "' ""S county pro- 
vide themse ves w.tl. proper ar.ns and accoutrements, and 
hold Ihen.sc ves in readiness to execute the commands and 
directions of the general congress of this province and 
this committee. ^ 

20 That the committee appoint Col. Thomas Polk and 
/iL-r''-'P,''^.^?"^f>''°t""-ch<ise 300 pounds of powder, 
<x» pounds of lead, and 1,000 Hints, for the use ofihe 
m.litia of , his county, and deposit the same in such place 
as the committee may hereafter direct. ^ 

Sig-ned by order of the committc e. 

Ei-HRAiM Bkevard, Clerk of the Committee. 

About these resolution.s there is no dispute 
whatever, for thev were extensively published 
soon after their date, in North Carolina, South' 
Carolina, New York, Massachusetts, etc and 
were the subject of a denunciatory proclamation 
from Gov. Martin himself VVhj these should 



141 



have been published and thos-j of the 20th ot 
Mav suppressed, is easy to unrerstand for at 
that tmie the earlier resolulions, known 'as the 
declaration of independence, were considered 
pnerally unadvised and premature, while the 
later ones were fully w.arranted by the situation 
and were, indeed, necessary to the preservation 
ot order It is barely possible that the two sets 
ot resolutions were once embodied too-ether and 
that prudential or other considerations caused 
them to be subsequently separated. However 
that may be. both sets of resolutions are reallv 
declarations of independence, full and complete 
with only ten days between them— the difference 
being that those of May 30 are more guarded 
than those of the 20th. 




1^ 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE. 



IN CONGRESS, TUESDAY, JULY 4, 1 776. 



fZ^he 



|jK^[GREEABLY to the order of the 
^%i§Mf day, the Congress resolved itself 
|)|^^^ into a committee of the whole, 
^ife^to take into their further considera- 
JeA ^^^^ ^^^ Declaration ; and after some 
& time, the President resumed the 
I chair, and ISlr. Harrison reported 
tliat the Committee had agreed to a Dec- 
laration, which they desired him to re- 
port. (The committee consisted of Jef- 
erson, Franklin, John Adams, Sherman, 
and R. R. Livingston.) 

The Declaration, being read, was 
agreed to, as follows : 

A DECLARATION BY THE REPRESENT- 
ATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF 
AMERICA, IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED. 

When, in the course of human events, 
it becomes necessary for one people to 
dissolve the political bands which have 
connected them with one another, and to 
assume among the powers of the earth 
the separate and equal station to which 
the laws of nature and of nature's God 
entitle them, a decent respect for the 
opinions of mankind" requires that they 
should declare the causes which impel 
them to the separation. 

We hold these truths to be self-evident : 



That all men are created equal; that 
they are endowed by their Creator with 
certain inalienable rights; that among 
these are life, libertv, and the pursuit of 
happiness. That, to secure these rights, 
governments are instituted among men, 
deriving their just powers from the con- 
sent of the governed; that, whenever 
any form of government becomes de- 
structive of these ends, it is the right of 
the people to alter or abolish it, and to 
institute a new government, laying its 
foundation on such principles, and organ- 
izing its powers in such form, as co them 
shall seem most likely to effect theif 
safety and happiness. Prudence, indeed, 
will dictate that governments long estab- 
lished should not be changed for light 
and transient causes; and, accordingly, 
all experience hath shown that mankind 
are more disposed to suffer, while evils 
are sufferable, than to right themselves 
by abolishing the forms to which they 
are accustomed. But, when a long train 
of abuses and usurpations, pursuing in- 
variably the same object, evinces a design 
to reduce them under absolute despotism, 
it is their right, it is their duty, to throw 
off such government, and to provide new- 
guards for their future security. Such 



has been the patient sufferance of these 
CO on,es, and such is now the nece ty 
which constrains them to alter thdr 
former systems of government. The 
history of the present King of Grea^ 
Bntam .s a history of repea^d injur" 
and usurpations, all having in direct 
object the establishment of an absolute 
tyranny over these States. To n^^ve 
tl-,Jct facts be submitted to a ci:;;^ 

mJ>i'-vh' r^"'"'^ ^''' ''''''' t" ^^^' the 
most wholesome and necessary for the 
public good. ^ 

He has forbidden his Governors to pass 
aws of immediate and pressing impor! 
ance unless suspended ii! their operalion 
t.Il h.s assent should be obtained; and 
when so suspended, he has utteri; neoJ 
lected to attend to them. '^ 

He has refused to pass other laws for 
the accommodation of large district of 
pec^ple unless those people%vouTd rSin-' 
quish the nght of representation in fhe 
legis ature-a right inestimable to them 
and formidable to tvrants only. ' 

boi'sa^"ir"'^"*"§^^^^^'- '-g-l'-^tive 

He has dissolved renre<;pnfof;,r^ i, 
reoeatedlv f^,- '^P/esentative houses 

firm ess his ^^^P^^^^"^' witii manly 
nrmness, his -nvasions on the rio-hts of 
tile people. "»"ts Of 



^^y^' AMEJUCA.V MANUAL. 



143 
He has refused, for a long time after 
such dissolutions, to cause Sthers to be 
elected ; whereby the legislative powers 
^capable o annihilation, have r^tuTnid 

the Sti;rf '' •-■g-.for their exercise, 
tne btate lemaining, in the meantime 
exposed to all the danger of inva ^n 
from without, and convufsions within 

He has endeavored to prevent the 
population of these States; lir tha pu! 
pose obstructing the laws for natu d^il 
tion of foreigners; refusing to pass o e s 
to encourage their emigration hither and 
;-u.g^.^c.nditionsofnewapproprS^ 

He has obstructed the administration 

?oV"f Kr' ^J ''^^"^'"^ ^'^^ ^•^^^"t to law 
for establishing judiciary powers. 

will «1^'' '^^'^^ J"^l?es\lependent on his 
will a one for the tenure of their offices 

Z\Jl '"""""' "^^' ^^'-^^'^^"t of their 

He has erected a multfitude of new 
offices, and sent hither swarms of office^ 

iti^r"'" ^^^^^^^' ^"^' -^ -^ ^'-■ 

Pe^e s't'^L-''^' '''?^"- "'^^ "^ ^'■•^-^ of 

sem of n ,"'^ ?'■"''"'' ^'^'^«"t the con- 
sent of our legislature. 

He has affected to render the militarv 
nxlependent of, and superior to, the ciV^ 

. He has combined, with others, to sub 
ject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our 
constitution,and unacknowledged by ou 
iaws; giving his assent to thdr .4 "f 



114 

pretended legislation : ,. ,. , 

For quartering large bodies ot armed 

troops among us; , ^ • i 

For protecting them, by mock tria , 
from punishment for any murders which 
they should commit on the inhabitants 
of these States; For cutting off our trade 
with all parts of the world ; 

For imposing taxes on us without our 

consent ; - 

For depriving us, in many cases, ot 
the benefits of trial by jury; 

For transporting us beyond seas to be 
tried for pretended offenses; 

For abolishing the free system ot 
Eno-lish laws in a neighboring province, 
esta'blishing therein an arbitrary govern- 
ment, and 'enlarging its boundaries, so as 
to render it at once an example and ht 
instrument for introducing the same 
absolute rule into these colonies; 

For taking away our charters, abolish- 
incr our most valuable laws and altering, 
fundr.mentally, the powers of our gov- 
ernments; 

For suspending our own legislature, 
and declaring themselves invested witn 
power to legislate for us in all cases 
whatsoever. 

He has abdicated government here, by 
declaring us out of his protection, and 
waging war agoinst us. 

He has plundered our seas, ravaged 
our coast, burnt our towns, and destroyed 
the lives of our people. 

He is, at this time, transporting large 



77//; AMEinCAX MAXrAL. 

armies of foreign mercenaries to com- 
plete the works of death, desolation and 
tyranny, already begun, with circum- 
stances of crueltv and perfidy, scarcely 
paralleled in the most barb .rous ages, 
and totally unworthy the head of a civil- 
lized nation. . . 

He has constrained our fellow-citizens 
taken captive on the high seas, to bear 
arms against their country, to become tlie 
executioners of their friends and brethren, 
or to fall themselves by their hands. 

He has excited domestic insurrections 
amon<^st us, and has endeavored to bring 
on the inhabitants of our frontiers the 
merciless Indian savages, whose known 
rule of warfare is an undistinguished de- 
struction of all ages, sexes, and conditions. 
In everv stage of these oppressions, 
we have "petitioned for redress in the 
most humble terms: our repeated peti- 
tions have been answered only by re- 
peated injury. A prince, whose character 
is thus marked by every act which may 
define a tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler ot 

a free people. . .. ^• 

Nor have we been wanting in attention 
to our British brethren. We have 
warned them, from time to time, ot 
attempts made by their legislature to 
extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction 
over us. We have reminded them ot 
the circumstances of our emigration and 
settlement here. We have appealed to 
their native justice and magnanimity, and 
we have conjured them by the ties ot 



THE jAr7-:js:rc.4 
our common kindred, to disavow these 
usurpations, which would inevitably in- 
terrupt our connections and correspond- 
ence. They, too, have been deaf to the 
voice of justice and consanguinity. We 
must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity 
v/hich denounces our separation, and 
hold them as we hold the rest of 
mankind, enemies in war — in peace, 
friends. 

VV^e, therefore, the representatives of 
the UNITED STATES OF AMER- 
ICA, in GENERAL CONGRESS 
assembled, appealing to the Supreme 
Judge of the World for the rectitude of 
oui" intentions, do in the name, and by 
the authority of the good people of these 
colonies, solemnly publish and declare, 
That these United Colonies are, and of 
right ought to be, Free and Inde- 
pendent States; that they are ab- 
solved from all allegiance to the British 
crown, and that all political connections 
between them and the State of Gi"eat 
Britain is, and ought to be, totally dis- 
solved; and that as FREE AND 
INDEPENDENT STATES, they 
have full power to levy war, conclude 
peace, contract alliances, establish com- 
merce, and to do all other acts and things 
which INDEPENDENT STATES 
may of right do. And for the support 
of this Declaration, with a firm reliance 
on the protection of DIVINE PROVI- 
DENCE, we mutually pledge to each 



\' .^r AX UAL. 145 

other, our lives, our fortunes, and our 
sacred honor. 

The foregoing Declaration was, by 
order of Congress, engrossed, and signed 
by the following members: 

JOHN HANCOCK. 

Nezv Hainpshire. 

JOSIAH BaRTLETT, 

William Whipple, 
Matthew Thornton. 

Mass a ch u setts Bay a 

Samuel Adams, 
John Adams, 
Robert Treat PaynUc 
Elbridge Gerrv, 

Nezv 7'ork. 

WiLLiAiNi Floyd, 
Philip Livingston. 
Francis Lewis, 
Lewis Morris. 

Co>tnecfia(t. 

Roger Sherman, 
Samuel Huntington^ 
William Williams, „, 

Oliver Wolcott. "^ 

Rhode Island. 
Stephen Hopkins, 



.40 



7 ■///•; AM J'. RICA A' MANUAf.. 



William Ellkiiy. 
P emisylvania. 

RonEHT Moiuus, 
JiuNjAMiN Rush, 
Benjamin FuANKLrN, 
John Morton, 
George Clymer, 
Jamics vSmitii, 
G]';()KGE Taylor, 
jAMJiS Wilson, 
Geouge Ross. , 

Neiv Jersey. 

Richard Stockton, 
John Witherspoon, 
Francis IIoi'KINSON, 
John Hart, 
Abraham Clark. 

Maryla7td. 

Samuel Chase, 
William Paca, 
Thomas Stone, 
Charles Carroll, of Carroll- 
ton. 



North Carolina. 

William Hooper, 
Joseph IIewes, 
John Penn. 

South Carolina. 

Edward Rutledge, 
Thomas Heyward, Jr., 
Thomas Lynch, Jr., 
Arthur Middleton. 

Virginia. 

George Wythe, 
Richard Henry Lee, 
Thomas Jefferson, 
Benjamin Harrison, 
Thomas Nelson, Jr., 
Francis Lightfoot Lee, 
Carter Braxton. 

Dela-juarc. 

CyESAR Rodney, 
George Ri:ad, 
Thomas M'Kean. 

Georgia. 

Button Gwinnett, 
Lyman Hall, ^ 

George Walton. 






•s* 



'J-JIE AMKRICAX MANUAL. 



147 



FacsimilG nf SignatureB tn Declaratinn nf IndapGnrlEncG. 



,s^ 




^^ 






y 













</<5-» 









_ 



148 



THE AMERICAN' MANUAL. 



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150 THE AMERICA A^ MANUAL. 

ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION 
BETWEEN THE STATES. 



The Articles of Confederation reported Julv i3, '76. and debated from day to day, and time to time, for two years, 
lirere ratified )ulv 9, ,7S, by ten States; by New Jersey on the 26th of November of the same year; and by Delaware on 
the 23d of 'February following. Maryland, alone, held off two years more, accedinj;;- to them March i, 'Si, and 
thus elosing- the oblijj^ation. The foUowinji^ are the Articles: 




O all zvJiom these Presents shall come, 
We, the i( II der signed Delegates of the 
States affixed to our names send greet- 
^^ i :g — Whereas, the Delegates of the 
United States of America, in Congress 
assembled, did, on the 15th day of No- 
vember, in the year of our Lord, .1777, 
and in the Second Year of tlie Inde- 
pendence of America, agree to certain 
articles of Confederation and Perpetual 
Union between the States of New Hampshire, 
Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence Plantations, Connecticut, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, 
Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina and 
Geo gia, in the words following, viz: 

•' Articles of Confederation and Pcrpe 'ual Union 
betvjccn the States of Nczv Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts Bay, Rhode Island and Providence 
Plantations, Connecticut, Ne-v Torh, Nezv Jer- 
sey, Pe7insylvania, Delaxvare, Maryland, Vir- 
ginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and 
Georgia. 

Article i. The style of this Confederacy 
shall bo "The United States of America." 

Art. 2. Each State retains its sovereignty, 
freedom and independence, and every power, 
jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this 
confederation expressly delegated to the United 
States in Congress assembled. 

Art. 3. The said States hereby severally 
enter into a firm league of friendship with 
each other for their common defense, the security 
of their liberties, and their mutual and general 
welfare, binding themselves to assist each other 



against all forc3 offered to, or attacks made upon 
them, or any of them, on account of religion, 
sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense what- 
ever. 

Art. 4. The better to secure and perpetu- 
ate mutual friendship and intercourse among 
the people of the different States in this Union,- 
the free inliabitantsof each of these States — pau- 
pers, vagabonds, and fugitives from justice ex- 
csjpted — sh.'tll be entitled to all privileges and im- 
munities of free citizens in the several States; and 
the people of each State shall have free ingressand 
egress to and from any other State, and shall 
enjoy ther'jin all the privileges of trade and 
coirimerct, subi'ect to the same duties, imposi- 
tions and restrictions, as the inhabitants thereof 
respectively, provided that such restriction shall 
not extend so far as to prevent the removal of prop- 
erty, imported into any State, to any other State 
of which the owner is an inhabitant; provided 
also, that no imposition, duties or restriction 
shall be laid by any State on the property of the 
United States, or either of them. 

If any person guilty of or charged with 
treason, felony, or other high misdemeanor in 
any State, shall flee from justice, and be found 
in any of the United States, he shall, upon de- 
mand of the Governor, or executive power of 
the State from which he fled, be delivered up 
and removed to the State having jurisdiction of 
his oflense. 

Full taith and credit shall be given in each 
of these States, to the records, acts, and judicial 
proceedings of the courts and magistrates of 
every other State. 

Art. 5. For the more convenient manage- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



151 



ment of the general interest of the United 
Suites, Delegates shall be annually appointed 
in such manner as the legislature of each State 
shall direct, to meet in Congress on the first 
Monday in November, in every year, with a 
power reserved to each State, to recall its Dele- 
gates, or any of them, at any time within the 
year, and to send others in their stead, for the 
remainder of the year. 

♦'No State shall be represented in Congress by 
le^:5 than two, nor by more than seven members; 
and no person shall be capable of being a Dele- 
gate for more than three years in any term of 
six years ; nor shall any person, being a Dele- 
gate, be capable of holding any office imder the 
United Stales, for which he, or another for his 
benefit, receives any salary, fees, or emolument 
of any kind. 

Each State shall maintain its own Delegates 
in any meeting of the States, and while they 
act as members of the Committee of ihe States. 

In determining questions in the United States 
in Congress assembled, each State sha'l have 
one vote. 

Freedom of speech and debate in Congress 
shall not be impeached or questioned in any 
court or place, out of Congress, and the mem- 
bers of Congress shall be protected in their per- 
sons from arrests and imprisonments, during the 
time of their going to and from, and attendance 
on Congress, except for treason, felony, or 
breach of the peace. 

Art. 6. No State, without the consent of 
the United States in Congress assembled, 
shall send an embassy to, or receive an embassy 
from, or enter into any conference, agreement, 
alliance, or treaty with any King, Prince or 
State; nor shall any person holding office of 
profit or trust under the United States, or any 
of them, accept of any present, emolument, 
oiTice or title of any kind whatever from any 
King, Prince, or Foreign State; nor shall the 
United States in Congress assembled, or any of 
them, grant any title of nobility. 

No two or more States shall enter into any 
treaty, confederation or alliance whatever be- 



tween them, without the consent of the United 
States in Congress assembled, specifying accu- 
rately the purposes for which the same is to be 
entered into, and how long it shall continue. 

No State shall lay any imposts or duties which 
may interfere M'ilh any stipulations in treaties 
entered into by the United States in Congress 
assembled, with any King, Prince or State, in 
pursuance of any treaties already proposed by 
Congress, to the Courts of France and Spain. 

No vessels of war shall be kept up in time of 
peace by any State except such number only , 
as shall be deemed necessary by the United 
States in Congress assembled, for the defense of 
such State, or its trade; nor shall any body of 
forces be kept up by any State, in time of peace, 
except such number only, as in the judgment of 
the United States in Congress assembled, shall 
be deemed requisite to garrison the forts neces- 
sary for the defense of such State; but every 
State shall always keep up a well regulated and 
disciplined militia, sutTiciently armed and accou- 
tred, and sliall provide and have constantly ready 
for use, in public stores, a due number of field- 
pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, 
ammunition and camp equipage. 

No State shall engage in any war without the 
consent of the United States in Congress as- 
sembled, unless such State be actually invaded 
bv enemies, or shall have received certain ad- 
vice of a resolution being formed by some nation 
of Indians to invade such a State, and the dan- 
ger is so imminent as not to admit of a delay, 
till the United States in Congress assembled can 
be consulted; nor shall any State grant commis- 
sions to any ships or vessels of war, nor Jetters 
of marque'or reprisal, except it be after a decla- 
ration of war bv the United States in Congress 
assembled, and" then only against the Kingdom 
or State, and the subjects thereof, against which 
war has been so declared, and under such regu- 
lations as shall be established by the United 
States in Congress assernbled, unless such State 
be infested by pirates, in which case vessels of 
war may be fitted out for that occasion, and kept 



153 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



so long as the danger shall continue, or until the 
United States in Congress assembled, shall 
determine otherwise. 

Art. 7. When land forces are raised by 
any State for the common defense, all officers of 
or under the rank of colonel, shall be appointed 
by the legislature of each State respectively, by 
whom such forces shall be raised, or in such 
manner as such State shall direct, and all va- 
cancies shall be tilled up by the State which first 
made the appointinent. 

Art. B. All charges of war, and all other 
expenses that shall be incurred for the common 
defense or yeneral welfare, and allowed by the 
United States in Congress assembled, shall be 
defrayed out of a common treasury, which shall 
be supplied by t-he several States, in proportion 
to the value of all land within each State, 
granted to or surveyed for any person, as such 
land and the buildings and improvements there- 
on shall be estim-ited according to such mode as 
the United States in Congresss assembled shall 
from time to time, direct and appoint. The taxes 
for paying that proportion shall be laid and 
levied by the authority and direction of the legis- 
latures of the several States within the time 
agreed upon by the United States in Congress 
assembled. 

Article 9. The United States in Congress 
assembled shall have the sole and exclusive 
right and power of determining on peace and 
war, except in the cases mentioned in the 6th ar- 
ticle — of sending and receiving embassadors — 
entering into treaties and alliances, provided 
that no treaty of commerce sliall be made 
whereby the legislative power of the respective 
States shall be restrained from imposing such 
imposts and duties on foreigners, as their own 
people are subjected to, or from prohibiting the 
exportation* or importation of any species of 
goods or commodities whatsoever — of establish, 
ing rules for deciding in all cases what captures 
on land or water shall be legal, and in what 
manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in 
the service of the United States shall be divided 



or appropriated — of granting letters of marque 
and reprisal in times of peace — appointing courts 
for the trial of piracies and felonies cornmitted 
on the high seas and establishing courts for re- 
ceiving and determining finally appeals in all 
cases of captures, provided that no member of 
Congress shall be appointed a judge of any of 
the said courts. 

The United States in Congress assembled 
shall also be the last resort on appeal in all dis- 
putes and tiifferences now subsisting or that 
hereat'ter may arise between two or more States 
concerning boimdary, jurisdiction, or any other 
cause whate\er; which authority shall always 
be exercised in the ujanner f llowing: — When- 
ever the legislative or executive authority or 
lawful agent of any State in controversy with 
another shall present a petition to Congress, 
stating the matter in question, and praying for a 
hearing, notice thereof shall be given bv order 
. of Congress, to the legislative or executive au- 
thority of the other State in controversy, and a 
day assigned for the appearance of the parties by 
their lawful agents, who shall then be directed 
to appoint, bv joint consent, commissioners or 
judges to constitute a court for hearing and de- 
termining the matter in question; but if they 
cannot agree, Congress shall name three per- 
sons out of each cf the United States, and from 
the list of such persons each party shall alter- 
nately strike out one, the petitioners beginning, 
until the number shall be reduced to thirieen; 
and from that number not less than seven, nor 
more than nine names, as Congress shall direct, 
shall in the presence of Congress be drawn out 
bv lot, and the i)ersons whose names shall be so 
drawn or any five of thein, shall be commis- 
sioners or judges, to hear and finally determine 
the controversy, so always as a major part of the 
judges who shall hear the cause shall agree in 
the determination: and if either party shall neg- 
lect to attend at the day appointed,* without 
showing reasons which Congress shall judge 
sufficient, or being present shall refuse to strike, 
the Congress shall proceed to nominate three 



THE AMERICAX MAXL'AL. 



153 



persons out of each State, and the Secretary ot" 
Congress shall strike in behalf of such party ab- 
sent or refusing; nnd tlie judgment and sen- 
tence of the court to be appointed, in- the man- 
ner abos-e prescribed, shall be final and conclu- 
sive; and if any of the parties shall refuse to sub- 
mit to the authority of such court, or to appear 
or defend their claim or cause, the court shall, 
nevertheless, p oceed to pronounce sentence or 
judgment, which shall ia like manner be final 
and decisive,^the judgment or sentence and 
other jiroceedings being in either case transmit- 
ted to Congress and lodged among the acts of 
Congress for the security of the parties con- 
cerned : provided that every commissioner, be- 
fore he sits in judgment, shall take an oath, to 
be administered by one of the judges of the Su- 
preme or Superior Court of the State where the 
cause shall be tried, "well and truly to hear and 
determine the matter in question, according to 
the best of his judgment, without favor, afl"ec- 
tion, or hope of reward:" provided als :> that no 
State shall be deprived of territory for the bene- 
fit of the United States. 

All controversies concerning the private right 
of soil claimed under different grants of two or 
more States, whose jurisdictions as they may 
respect such lands, and the States Avhich passed 
such grants, are adjusted; the said grants or 
either of them being at the sainc time claimed 
to have originated antecedent to such settle- 
ment of jurisdiction, shall, on the petition of 
either party to the Congress of the United 
States, be finally determined as near as may be 
in the same manner as is before prescribed for 
deciding disputes respecting territorial jurisdic- 
tion between different States. 

The United Statjs in Congress assembled 
shall also have the sole exclusive right and pow- 
er of regulating the alloy and value of coin 
struck by their own authority, or by that of the 
respective States — fixing the stmdard of weights 
and measures throughout the United States - 
regulating the trade and managing all affairs 
with the Indians, not members of any of the 



States; provided that the legislative right of any 
State within its own limits be not infringed or 
violated— establishing or regulating past-offices 
from one State to another, throughout all the 
United States, and exacting such postage on the 
papers passing through the same as may be 
requisite todefriiv the expenses of the said office — 
appointing all officers of the land forces in the 
service ot the United States, excepting regimen- 
tal officers— appointing all the officers of the 
naval forces, and commissioning all officers 
whatever in the service of the United States — 
making rules for the government and regula- 
tion of the said land and naval forces, and direct- 
ing their operations. 

The United States in Congress assembled 
shall have authority to appoint a commit- 
tee, to sit in the recess of Congress, to be de- 
nominated "A Committee of the States," and to 
consist of one delegate from each State; and to 
appoint such other committees and civil officers 
as may be necessary for managing the general 
affairs" of the United States, under their direc- 
tion — to appoint one of their number to preside; 
provided that no person be allowed to serve in 
the office of president more than one year in any 
term of three years — to ascertain the necessary 
sums of money to be raised for the service of 
the United States, and to appropriate and apply 
the same for defraying the public expenses — to 
borrow monev, or emit bills on the credit of the 
United States, transmitting every half year to 
the respective States an account of the sums of 
money so borrowed or emitted — to build and 
equip a nav}' — to agree upon the number of land 
forces, and to make requisitions from each State 
for its quota, in proportion to the number of 
white inhabitants in such State; which requisi- 
tion shall be binding; and thereupon the legisla- 
tures of each State shall appoint the regimental 
officers, raise the men, and clothe, arm, and 
equip them in a soldier-like inanner, at the ex- 
pense of the United States; and the officers and 
men so clothed, armed, and equipped,' shall 
march to the place appointed, and within the 



n 



154 



7y//i AMERICAN MANUAL. 



time agreed on by the United States in Congress 
assembled; but if the United States in Congress 
assembled shall,- on consideration of circum- 
stances, judge proper that any State should not 
raise men, or should raise a smaller number than 
its quota, and that any o'her State should raise a 
greater number of inen than the quota thereof, 
such extra number shall be raised, officered, 
clothed, armed, and equii)ped in the same man. 
ner as the quota of such State, imless the legis- 
lature of such State shall judge that such extra 
ninnber cannot be safely spared out of the 
same; in which case they shall raise, officer, 
clothe, arm, and equip as many of such extra 
number as they judge can be safely spared. 
And the otTicers and men so clothed, armed, and 
equipped, shall march to the place appointed, 
and within the time agreed on by the United 
States in Congress assembled. 

.The United States in Congress assembled 
shall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of 
marque and reprisal in time of jieace, nor enter 
into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, 
nor regulate the value thereof, nor ascertain the 
sums and expenses necessary for the defense 
and welfare of the United States, or any of them, 
por emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit 
of the United States, nor appropriate money, nor 
airree upon the number of vessels of war to be 
b'lilt or purchased, or the number of land or sea 
fo'xes t(^ be raised, nor appoint a commander-in- 
chief of the army or navy unless nine States as- 
sent to the same; nor shall a question on any 
other point, except for adjourning from day to 
day, be determined, unless by the votes of 
a majority of the United States in Congress 
assembled. 

©The Congress of the United States shall have 
power to adjourn to any time within the year, 
and to any place within the United States, so 
that no period of adjournment be for a longer 
duration than the space of six months, antl shall 
publisli the journal of their proceedings month- 
ly, except such parts thereof relatmg to treaiies, 
alliances, or military operations, as in their 



judgment require secresy; and the yeas and 
nays of the delegates of each State on any ques- 
tion shall be entered on the joiumal when it is 
desired by any delegate; and the delegates of a 
State, or any of them, at his or their request, 
shall be furnished with a transcript of the said 
journal, except such parts as are above excepted, 
to lay before the legislatures of the several 
States. 

Article io. The committee of the States, 
or any nine of them, shall be authorized to exe- 
cute, in the recess of Congress, such of the 
powers of Congress as the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, by the consent of nine States, 
shall, from time to time, think expedient to vest 
them with; jirovided that no power be delegated 
to the said committee ; for the exercise of which, 
by the Articles of Confederation, the voice of 
nine States in the Congress of the United States 
assembled is requisite. 

Article ii. Canada, acceding to this con- 
federation and joining in the measures of the 
United States, shall be admitted into, and en- 
titled to all the advantages of this union ; but no 
other colony shall be admitted into the same 
imless such admission be agreed to by nine 
States. 

Article 12. All bills of credit emitted, 
moneys borrowed, and debts contracted by, or 
under thj authority of Congress, before the as- 
sembling of the United States, in pursuance of 
the present confederation, shall be deemed and 
considered as a charge against the United States 
— for payment and satisfaction whereof, the said 
United States and the public faith are hereby 
solemnly j->ledged. 

Article 13. Every State shall abide by the 
determination's of the United States in Congress 
assembled on all questions which, by this con- 
federatit)n, are submitted to them. And the ar- 
ticles of ,this confederation shall be inviolably 
observed by every State, and the union shall be 
perpetual ; "nor sliall any alteration at any time 
licreafter be made in any of them, unless such 
a/teration be agreed to in a Congress of the 



THE AMEKICAX MAXUAL. 



155 



United States, and be afterward confirmed by 
the legislatures of every State. 

And Whereas^ It hath pleased the Great Gov- 
ernor of the World to incline the hearts of the 
legislatures we respectively represent in Con- 
gress, to approve of and to authorize 'is to ratify 
the said Articles of Confederation and perpetual 
union: Know Ye that we, the undersigned 
delegates, by virtue of the power and authority 
to us given for that purpose, do, by these pres- 
ents, in the name and in behalf of our respec- 
tive constituents, fully and entirely ratify and 
confirm each and every of the said" Articles of 
Confederation and perpetual Union, and all and 
singular the matters and things therein con- 



tained. And we do further solemnly plight and 
engage the faith of our respective constituents, 
that they shall abide by the determinations of 
the United States in Congress assembled on all 
questions which, by the said confederation, are 
submitted to them. And that the articles there- 
of shall be inviolably observed by the States we 
respectively represent, and that the union shall 
be perpetual. In witness whereof we have 
hereunto set our hands in Congress. Done at 
Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, the 
9th day of July, in the year of our Lord 177S, 
and in the 3d year of the Independence of 
America. 




THE AM ERICA y .VAX UAL. 

ORDINANCE OF 1787, 



IN CONGRESS, JULY 1 3, 1787' 



An Ordinance jor the Government of the Territory of the United States, 
Northwest of the River Ohio. 




\E it ordained, by the United States in 

Congress assembled, that the said 

[,^jU^ l^; Territory, for the purpose of tempo- 

^lii^/'S'^ rarv government, be one district ; 

v-^ O subject, however, to be divided into 

"S) two districts, as I'uture circuinstances 

may, in tlie opinion of Congress, make 

it expedient. 

• Be it ordained, by the authority afore- 
said, that the estates both of resident and 
non-resident proprietors in the said Terri, 
tory, dying intestate, shall descend to, and 
be distributed among their children, and the 
descendants of a deceased child in equal 
parts ; the descendants of a deceased child or 
grandchild, to take the share of their deceased 
parent, in equal parts, among them, and where 
there shall be no children or descendants, 
then in equal parts to the next of kin, in 
equal degree ; and among collaterals, the chil- 
dren of a deceased brother or s>istcr of the intest- 
ate shall have, in equal pans, among them, their 
deceased parent's share; and there shall in no 
case be a distinction between kindred of the 
whole and half blood ; saving in all cases to the 
widow of the intestate her third part of the real 
estate for life, and one-third part of the personal 
estate; and this law relative to descents and 
dower shall remain in full ibrce until altered by 
the Legislature of the district. And until the 
Governor and judges shall adopt laws as herein- 
after mentioned, estates in the said territory 
may be devised or bequeathed by wills in writ- 
ing, signed and sealed bv him or her, in whom 



the estate may be (being of full age), and attest- 
ed by three witnesses ; and real estates may be 
conveyed by^^lease or release, or bargain "and 
sale, signed, sealed, and delivered by the person, 
being of full age, in whom the estate^may, 
and attested by two witnesses, provided such 
wills be duly proved, and such convevances be 
acknowledged, or the execution thereof duly 
proved, and be recorded within one year after 
proper magistrates, courts and registers shall be 
appointed for that purpose, and personal proper- 
ty may be transferred by deliver}', saving, how- 
ever, to the French and Canadian inhabitants, 
and other settlers of the Kaskaskias, Saint Vin- 
cents, and the neighboring villages, who have 
heretofore professed themselves citizens of Vir- 
ginia, their laws and customs now in force 
among them, relative to descent and conveyance 
ofpropertv. 

Be it ordained, by the authority aforesaid, that 
there shall be appointed, from time to time, by 
Congress, a Govt?rnor, whose commission shall 
continue in force for the term of three years, un- 
less sooner revoked by Congress; he shall reside 
in the district and have a freehold i state therein, 
in one thousand acres of land, while in the ex- 
ercise of his office, j There shall be appointed, 
from time to time, by Congress, a Secretary, 
whose commission shall continue in force for 
four years, unless sooner revoked ; he shall re- 
side therein, and have a freehold estate therein, 
in five hundred acres of land, while in the exer- 
cise of his office; it shall be his duty to keep and 
preser\e the acts and laws passed by the Legis- 



THE AJMEKICAN MANUAL. 



157 



lature, and tlie public records of the district, and 
the proceedings of the Governor in his execu- 
tive department, and transmit authentic copies 
of sucli acts and proceedings, every six months, 
to the Secretary of Congress. There shall also 
be appointed a court, to consist of three judges, 
anv two of whom to form a court,whichshall 
have a common law jurisdiction, and reside in 
the distiict, and have each therein a freehold 
estate in five himdred acres of land, while in the 
exercise of their offices ; and tiieir commissions 
shall continue in force during good behavior. 

The Governor and judges, or a majority of 
them, shall adopt and publish in the district such 
laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as 
may be necessary, and best suited to the circum- 
stances of the district, and report them to Con- 
gress, from time to time, which laws shall be in 
ibrce in the district until the organization of the 
General Assembly therein, unless disapproved 
by Congress ; but afterward, the Legislature 
shall have authority to alter them as they shall 
think fit. 

The Governor, for the time being, shall be 
commander-in-chief of the militia, appoint and 
commission all officers in the same, below the 
rank of general officers. All general officers 
shall be appointed and commissioned by Con- 
gress. 

Previous to the organization of the General 
Assembly, the Governor shall appoint such mag- 
istratcs and other civil officers in each county or 
townshij-i, as he shall find necessary for the pres- 
ervation of the peace and good order in the 
same. After the General Assembly shall be 
organized, the powers and duties of magistrates 
and other civil olficers shall be regulated and 
defined In- the said Assembly ; but all magistrates 
and other civil officers, not herein otherwise di- 
rected, shall, during the continuance of this 
temporary government, be appointed by the 
Goxernor. 

For the prevention of crimes and injuries, the 
laws to be adopted or made, shall have force in 
all parts of the district, and for the execution of 



orocess, criminal and civil, the Governor shall 
niake proper divisions thereof; and shall pro- 
ceed, from time to time, as circumstances may 
require, to lay out the parts of the district in 
which the Indian titles shall have been extin- 
guished, into counties and townships, subject, 
how ever, to such alterations as may hereafter be 
made by the Legislature. 

So soon as there shall be five thousand free 
male inhabitants, of full age, in the district, upon 
giving proof thereof to the Governor, they shall 
receive authority, with time and place, to elect 
representatives from their counties or townships, 
to represent them in the General Assembly; 
Provided, That for every five hundred free male 
inhabitants there shall be one representative, and 
so on progressively with the number ot free male 
inhabitants, shall "the right of representation in- 
crease, until the number of representatives shall 
amount to twenty-five, alter which the number 
and proportion of representatives shall be»i-egu- 
lated by the Legislature ; Provided, That no 
person be eligible or qualified to act as a repre- 
sentative, unless he shall have been a citizen of 
one of the United States three years and be a 
i-esident in the district, or unless he shall have 
resided in the district three years, and in either 
case shall likewise hold in his own right, in fee 
simple, two hundred acres of land within the 
same ; Provided, also, that a freehold in fifty 
acres of land in the district, having been a citi- 
zen of one of the States, and being resident in 
the district, or the like freehold and two years' 
residence in the di^trict, shall be necessary to 
qualify a man as an elector of a representative. 

The representative thus elected, shall serve 
for the term of two years, and in case of the 
death of a representative, or removal from office, 
the Governor shall issue a writ to the county or 
township for which he was a member, to elect 
another in his stead, to serve for the residue of 
the term. * 

The General Assembly, or Legislature, shall 
consist of the Governor, Legislative Council, 
and a House of Representatives. The Legisla- 



158 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



tive Council shall consist of five members, to 
continue in office five years, unless &ooner re- 
moved bv Congress, any three of whom to be a 
quorum, and the members of tlie Council siiall 
be nominated and appointed in the Ibllowing 
manner, to wit : As soon as representatives shall 
be elected, the Governor shall appoint a time 
and place for thein to meet together, and, when 
met, 1 1 ley sliall nominate ten persons, residents 
in the district and each possessed of a freehold 
in five hundred acres of land, and return tlu ir 
names to Congress, live of whom Congress shall 
a|ipoint and commission to serve as albrcsaid ; 
and whenever a vacancy shall happen in the 
Council, by death or removal from ollice, the 
House of Representatives shall nominate two 
persons ciualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, 
and return their names to Congress, one of 
whom Congress shall appohit and commission 
for the residue of the term ; and every five 
years, four months at least before the expiration 
of the time of service of the Council, the said 
House shall nominate ten persons qualified as 
aforesaid, anti retin-n their names to Congress, 
five of whom Congress siiail appoint and com- 
mission to serve as members of the Council '^wq 
years, unless sooner removed. And the Gov- 
ernor, Legislative Council, and House of Rejire- 
sentatives, sliall have authority to make laws in 
all cases for the good government of the district, 
not repugnant to the principles ami articles in 
this ordinance esfablished and declared. And 
all bills having passed by a majority in the 
House, and In- a majority in the Council, shall 
be rel'erred to the Governor for his assent ; but 
no bill or legislative act whatever, shall be of an v 
force without his assent. The Governor shall 
have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve 
the assembly, when in his opinion it shall be 
expedient. 

The Governor, Judges, Legislative Council, 
Secretary, and such other officers as Congress 
shall appoint in the district, shai take an oath or 
affirmation of fidelity, and of office — the Govern- 
or before the Pre.sident of Congress, and all oth- 



er officers before the Governor. As soon as a 
Legislature shall be formed in the District, the 
Council and House, assembled in one room, 
shall have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a 
delegate to Congress, who shall have a seat in 
Congress, with the right of debating, but not of 
voting, during this temporary governinent. 

And for extending the fimdamental priricii)les 
of civil and religious liberty, which form the ba- 
sis whereon these republics, their laws and con- 
stitutions, are elected ; to fix and establish those 
prtnci/'lcs as the basis of all Icnus, constitutions, and 
governments, -vhieh FOKEVER hereafter shall be 
formed tn the said Territory; to provide also for 
the establishment of States, and for their admis- 
sion to a share in the Federal Council on an 
equal footing with the original States, at as early 
perioiis as may be consistent with the general 
interest : 

// is hereby ordained and declared, by the au- 
thority aforesaid, that the following articles shall 
be considered as articles of coinpact between the 
original .States and the people and States in the 
said Territory, and forever remain unalterable, 
unless by common consent; \'\7..: 

Articlk I. No person, demeaning himself 
in a peaceable and orderly manner, shall ever be 
molested on account of his mode of worship or 
religious sentiments in the said Territory. 

Art. n. The inhabiiants of the said Territo- 
ry shall always be entitled to the benefit of the 
writ oi habeas corpus and of the trial hy jury ; of 
a proportionate representation of the people in 
the Legislature, and of judicial proceedings ac- 
cor.ang to the course of the common law ; all 
persons shall be bailable unless for capital of- 
ilnses, where the proof shall be evident, or the 
presinnption great ; all fines shall be moderate, 
and no cruel or unusual punishments shall be 
infiicted; no man shall be deprived of his liberty 
or property but by the judgment of his peers or 
the law of the land ; and should the public exi- 
gencies make it necessary tor the common pres- 
ervation to take any person's property, or to 
demand his particular services, full compensatioi: 



THE AMEKICAX ^^ANUAL. 



159 



shall l)c made for the same ; aiul, in Ihe just 
preservation of rij^hls and property, it is under- 
stood ant! declared, that no law ought ever to be 
made, or have force in the said territory, that 
shall, in any manner whatever, interfere with 
or afFrct private contracts or engagements, bo7ia 
fide, and. witliout fraud, previously formed. 

Ari. III. Religion, morality, and knowledge 
beinti^ necessarv to good government and the 
happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
education shall forever be encouraged. The 
utmost good faith shall always be observed to- 
•warti the Indians; their lands and property shall 
never betaken from them without their consent; 
and in their property, rights, and liberty, they 
never shall be invaded or disturbed, uidess in 
just and lawful wars authorized by Congress; 
but laws founded in justice and huinanity shall, 
from time to time, be made, for preventing 
■wrongs being done to them, and for preserving 
peace and friendship with them. 

Art. IV. The said Territory, and the States 
whicli may be formed therein, shall forever re- 
main a part of this Confederacv of the United 
Stat-s of Atnerica, subject to the Articles of 
Confederation,* and to such alterations therein 
as shall be constitutionally made; an t to all the 
acts and ordinances of the United States in Con- 
gress assembled, conformable thereto. The in- 
habitants and settlers in the said Territory shall 
be subject to pay a part of the F'ederal debts 
contracted, or to be contracted, and a propor- 
tional part of the expenses of government, to be 
apjiortioned on them bv Congress, according to 
the same cominon rule and measure bv which 
apportionments thereof shall be made on the 
other States; and the taxes for paying their pro- 
portion shall be laid and levied by the authority 
and direction of the Legislatures of the District, 
or Districts, or new States, as in the original 
States, within the time agi;'eed upon by the 
United Stites in Congress assembled. The 
Legislatures of those Districts, or new States, 

• This <)i<iin.ince was drawn up before the Constitution 
was formed. 



shall never interfere with the primary disposal 
of the soil by the United States in Congress 
assembled, nor with aiiy regidations Congress 
may find necessarv lor securing the title in such 
soil to the bovn fide purchasers. > No lax shall be 
imposed on lands the property of the United 
St.tes; and in no case sliall non-resident propri- 
etors be taxed higher than residents. The nav- 
igable \vaters leading into the Mississippi and bt. 
Lawrence, and the carrying places between the 
same, shall be common highways, and fore\'er 
free, as well to the inhabitanis of the said Terri- 
tory as to the citizens of the United States, and 
those of any otiier States that may be admitted 
into the confederacy, without any tax, impost, or 
duty therefor. ^ 

Art. V. There shall be formed in the said 
Territory not less than three, nor more than Hve 
States; and the boundaries of the States, as soon 
as Virginia shall alter her act of session and 
consent to the same, shall become lixed and es- 
tablished as follows, to wit : The Western State 
shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, 
and Wabash Rivers ; a direct line drawn from 
the Wabash and Post Vincents due north to the 
territorial line between the United States and 
Canada, and by the said territorial line to the 
Lakeof the Woods and Mississippi. The Middle 
State shall be bounded by the said direct line, 
the Wabash from Post Vincents to the Ohio, by 
the Ohio, by direct line drawn due north from 
the mouth of the Great Miami to the said terri- 
torial line, and by said territorial line. The 
Eastern State shall be bounded by the last men- 
tioned direct line, the Ohio, Penni-yh ania, and 
the said territorial line; Proz-id<d, however, and 
it is further understood and declared, that the 
boundaries of these three States shall be subject 
so far to be altered, and, if Congress shall here- 
after find it expedient, they shall have authority 
to form one or two States in that part of the 
said Territory which lies north of an east and 
west line di awn through the southerly bend or 
extreme of Lake Michigan ; and whenever any 
of the said States shall have sixty thousand frc^ 



160 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



inhabitants therein, such States shail be admit- 
ted, bv their delegates, into the Congress of the 
United States, on an equal footing with the 
original States in all respects whatsoever ; and 
shall be at liberty to form a permanent constitu- 
tion and State government ; Provided^ the con- 
stituiion and government "so to be formed shall 
be republ can, and in conformity to the principles 
contained in these articles; and, so far as it can 
be consistent with the general interest of the 
confeiieracy, such admission shall be allowed at 
an earlier period, and when there mav be a less 



number of free inhabitants in the State than 
sixty thousand. 

Art. VI. There shall be neither slavery nor 
involimtary servitude in the said Territory, otli- 
erwise than in the punishment of crimes where- 
of the party shall have been duly convicted ; 
Provided, always, that an_y person escaping into 
the same, from whom labor or service is lawful- 
ly claimed in any of the original States, such 
fugitive may belawl'uily reclaimed and conveyed 
to the person claiming his or her labor or ser- 
vice as atbresaid. 






^|THE^ EXISTE^NCE; 

VV 1 --•CSll'j^-- _ ^._^1 ■>--. -^^1 -J- v^l :^ _ _ V^'?i>-, ^;","Jk 1~' 



''v A-^ i"fe. &sj!f ^tx^t. A ia"!'.N -"iv. ."h- .iy- ."h- A- ."h iii\ st.! ."fv .S'.- ."I* ."!'.■ ."k ,-s"fe s"tJ 
'"" '':-^ ^,s#-^ -^'i;-;<^ -5^:':4-- -'- x.-:;-;*- ->r: "' " 



OF THE UN 






■^K-- - :-^i ■<-- '->i^ -<- ->^i :^ - - >y's^^ -:>;,?"♦ 1?^ -^>-; :-j^ -.H^^- ->;' ^<-~ - 



.A^ f/ic existence of the Union., depends the safety and ivelfare of the parts 
of ichich it is composed; the fate of an empire., in many respects., the 
most interesting in the ivor/d. Among the most formidable obstacles 
which the new Constitution ivill have to encounter., we may reckon the 
perverted ambition of men., ivho will either hope to aggrandize themselves by 
the confusions of their country., or will flatter thonselves with fairer prospects 
of elevation from the subdivision of the empire i)ito several partial confedera- 
cies., than from its Union utider one Government. ***** The vigor 
of Governmoit is essential to the security of liberty.'''' 



THE AMERICAN' MANUAL. 



161 




163 



TJIE AMERICA X MAXVAL. 












|l Tlie tetitution of tlie United states. 1 



, ♦ i/X. vtS •^- •■■'• — -■'■• "■*•■ ■+• '■''. ''^- ct' -t •"*• «■*■• -tv^- •■'■' •''■•■•t. ."''. .■'■ ■*■ 








nnNSTiTUTiDN nr the united states hf amehiea/ 



Wo, the Tooplo of the liiitcd Slates, in Order 
to form a more perfect Lnion, establish Jus- 
tice, insure domestic 'Pranquilitv, provide tor 
the coinnH>n defence, promote the general 
Wehare, and secure tlie Blessings of Liberty 
to ourselves and oui Posterity, do ordain aiid 
establish this Constitution tor the United 
States of America, 

PETIOLE I. 

Section i. All legislative Powers herein 
granted shall be vested in a Congress of the 
United States, which shall consist of a Senate 
and House of Etf'rtsoitufivfs. 

Section 2. The House of Representatives 
shall />{• coni/'oseti of Members chosen every sec- 



ont.i Year by the people of the several States, 
and the Electors in each State ^hall have the 
Qualilications requisite for Electors o( the most 
numeix")ns Branch of the State Legislature. 

No person shall be a Representative who shall 
not have n/taiiied to the Age of twenty-five 
Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the 
UnittJ Sttitcs, and who shall not, wiien elected, 
be an I inhabitant of that State in which he shall 
be chosen. 

Representative and liirccf 7\i.\ts shall be ap- 
portioned among the several States which may 
be included within this Union, according to their 
respective Numbers, which shall be determined 
by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, 
including those bound to Service for a Term of 
Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three- 



/■///-; AMERICAN MANUAL. 



103 



fiftlis of all other Persons. The actual Enumer- 
ation shall be made within three Years after the 
first meeting of the Congress of the L'nited 
States, and within every subsecjuent Term of 
ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law 
direct. The Number of Representatives shall 
not exceed one for every thirty Thousand but 
each State shall have at Least one Representa- 
tive; and until such enuineration shall be made, 
the State f)f New Hampshire shall hr. e.Htillid to 
chuse three, Massacliusetts eight, Rhode Island 
and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut 
five, New York six. New Jersey four, Pennsyl- 
vania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Vir- 
ginia ten. North Carolina five. South Carolina 
five, and Georgia three. 

When vacancies happen in the Representation 
from any State, the Executive Authority there- 
of shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Va- 
cancies. 

The House of Representatives shall chuse 
their .Speaker and other OfTicers; and shall have 
the sfjle Power of Impeachment. 

.Si;cTioN 3. The .Senate of the United .States 
shall be composed of two .Senators frf)m each 
.Slate, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for six 
Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote. 

Immediately after they shall be assembled in 
Consequence of the first Election, they shall be 
divided as equally as may be into three Classes. 
The .Seats of the .Senators of the first Class shall 
be vacated at the Expiration of the second 
Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of 
the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the 
Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third 
may be chosen every second Year; and if Va- 
cancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, 
during the Recess of the Legislature of any 
.State, the Executive thereof may make tempo- 
rary Appointments until the next Meeting of 
the Legislature, which shall then fill such Va- 
cancies. 

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not 
have attahicd to the Age of thirtv Years, and 
been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, 



and who shall not, when elected, be an Inliabi- 
tavt of that .State for which he shall be chosen. 

The Vice-President of the United .States shall 
be President of the .Senate, but shall have no 
Vote, unless they be e(|uylly divided. 

'J"he Senate shall chuse their other Officers, 
and also a President /rf tempore^ in the Absence 
of the Vice President, or when he shiall exercise 
the Office of President of the United States. 

The .Senate shall have the sole Power to try 
all Impeachments. When sitting for that pur- 
pose, they shall be on , Oath or Aflfirmation. 
When the President of the United .States is tried, 
the Cliief Justice shall preside: And no Person 
siiall be convicted without the Concurrence of 
two thirds of the Members present. 

Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not 
extend further than to removal from Office, ana 
discjualification to hold and enjoy any OfBce of 
fionor. Trust or Profit under the United .States; 
but the Paity convicted shall nevertheless be 
liable and subject tf> Indictment, Trial, Judg- 
ment, and Punishment, according to Law. 

SiiC'iioN 4. The Times, Places and Manner 
of holding Elections for Sewitors and Represen- 
tatives^ shall be prescribed in each .State by the 
Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at 
time by Law make or alter such Regulations, 
except as to the Places of chusing Senators. 

The Congress shall assemble at least once in 
every Year, and such meeting shall be on the 
first Monday in December, unless they shall by 
Law appoint a different Day. 

.Skction 5. Each House shall be the Judge 
of the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of 
its own Members, and a Majority of each shall 
constitute a Quorum to do business ; but a smaller 
Number may adjourn from day to day, and may 
be authorized to compel the Attendance of ab- 
sent Members, in such Manner, and under such 
Penalties as each House may provide. 

Each House may determine the Rules of its 
Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly 
Behavior, and, with the Concurrence of two- 
thirds, expel a Member. 

Each House shall keep a Journal of its Pro- 



Ifr4 



THE A MEKICA X MA XL 'AL. 



ceedings, and from time to time publish the 
same, excepting such Parts as may in their 
Judgment require Secrecv ; and the Yeas and 
Nays of the ^lembers of either House on any 
question shall, at the Desire of one-fifth of those 
Present, be entered on the Journal. 

Neither House, during the Session of Con- 
gress, shall, without the Consent of the other, 
adjourn for more than three days, nor to any 
other Place than that in which the two Houses 
shall be sitting. 

Section' 6. The Senators and Representa- 
iivess\\^\\ receive a Compensation for their Ser- 
vices, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out of 
the Treasury of the United States. They shall 
in all Cases, except Treason, Felony and 
Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest 
during their Attendance at the Session of their 
respective Houses, and in going to and returning 
from the same ; and for any Speech or Debate in 
either House, they shall not be questioned in 
any other Place. 

No Senator or Representative shall, during 
the Time for which he was elected, be appointed 
to anv civil Office under the Authority of the 
United States, which shall have been created, or 
the Emoluments whereof sliall have been in- 
creased during such lime; and no Person hold- 
ing anv Office under the United States, shall be 
a Sleniber of either House during his Continu- 
ance in Office. 

Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue 
shall originate in the House of Representatives; 
Ijut the Senate may propose or concur with 
Amendments as on other Bills. 

Everv Bill which shall have passed the House 
of Representatives and the Senate, shall, before 
it become a Law, be presented to the President 
of the United States; if he approve he shall sign 
it, but if not he shall return it, with his Objec- 
tions to that House in which it shall have origi- 
inated, who shall enter the Objections at large 
on their journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If 
after such Reconsideration two thirds of that 



House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall be 
sent, together with the Objections, to the other 
House, by which it shall likewise be reconsid- 
ered, and if approved by two-thirds of tb.at 
House, it shall become a Law. But in all such 
Cases the Votes of both Houses shall be deter- 
mined by Yeas and Nays, and the Names of the 
Persons xoting for and against the Bill ehall be 
entered on the Journal of each House respec- 
tively. If any Bill shall not be returned by the 
President within ten days (Sundays excepted) 
after it shall have been presented to him, the 
Same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had 
signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjourn- 
ment prevent its Return, in which case it shall 
not be a Law. 

Every Order, Resolution, or ^'ote to which 
the Concurrence of the Senate and House of 
lieprcscntativcs may be necessary (except on a 
question of Adjournment) shall be presented to 
the President of the United States; and before 
the Same shall take Etiect, shall be approved by 
him, or being disapproved by him, shall be re- 
passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of 
Representatives, according to the Rules and 
Limitations prescribed /';/ the Case of a Bill. 

Section S. The Congress shall have Power: 

To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts, and 
Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the 
common Defence and general Welfare of the 
United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Ex- 
cises shall be uniform throughout the United 
States ; 

To borrow Monev on the credit of the United 
States; 

To regulate Commerce w ith foreign Nations, 
and among the several States, and with the In- 
dian Tribes; ""'* 

To establish an uniform Rule of Naturaliza- 
tion, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bank- 
ruptcies throughout the United States; 

To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof 
and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of 
Weights and Measures; 



THE AMERICAN MAXCAL. 



165 



To provide for the Punishment of counterfeit- 
ing the Securities and current Coin of the United 
States; 

To establish Post Offices and post Roads; 

To promote the Progress of Science and use- 
ful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Au- 
thors and Inventors the Exclusive Right to their 
respective Writings and Discoveries; 

To constitute Tribunals inferior to the Su- 
preme Court; 

To define and punish Piracies and Felonies 
committed on the high Seas, and Offences 
against ///c La-M of Nations; 

To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and 
Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures 
on Land and Water; 

To raise and support Armies, but no Appro- 
priation of Monev to that Use shall be for a 
longer Term than two Years; 

To provide and maintain a Navy; 

To make Rules for the Government and Reg- 
ulati ni of the land and na\al Forces; 

To provide for calling forth the Militia to exe- 
cute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrec- 
tions and repel Invasions; 

To provide for organizing, arming, and disci- 
plining, tlie Militia, and for g iverning such 
Part of them as may be employed in the Service 
of the United Stales, reserving to the States re- 
spectivelv, the Appointment ot the Officers, and 
the Auihoriiy of training the Militia according 
to the discipline prescribed by Congress; 

To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases 
whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding 
ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particu- 
lar States, and the Acceptance of Congress, be- 
come the Seat of the Government of the United 
States, and to exercise like Authority over all 
Places purchased by the Consent of the Legis- 
lature of the State in which the Same shall be, 
for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, 
dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; — And 

To make all Laws which shall be necessary 
and proper for carrving into Execution the fore- 



going Powers, and all other Powers vested hv 
this Constitution in the Government of the 
United States, or in any Df-partment or any Of- 
ficer thereof 

Section 9. The Migration or Im.portation 
of such Persons as any of the States now exist- 
ing shall think proper to admit, shall not be pro- 
hibited by the Congress prior to the Year one 
thousand eight hundred and ciirht, but a Tax cr 
duty may be imposed on such Importation, not 
exceeding ten dollars for each Person. 

The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus 
shall not be suspended, unless when in Cases of 
Rebellion or Invasion the public Safety may re- 
quire it. 

No Bill of Attainder or ex po t facto Lav.' shall 
be passed. 

No Capitation, or other direcr. Tax shall be 
laid, unless in Proportion to the Census or Enu- 
meration hereinbefore directed to be taken. 

No Tax or Duty siiall be laid on Articles ex- 
ported from any State. 

No Preference shall be given by any Regula- 
tion of Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of 
one State over those of another: nor shall Ves- 
sels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to 
enter, clear, or pay Duties in another. 

No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, 
but in Consequence of Appropriations made by 
Law; and a regular Statement and Account of 
the Receipts and Expenditures of all public 
Money shall be published frojn tune to time. 

No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the 
L^nited States: And no Person holding any Of- 
fice of Profit or Trust under them, shall, with- 
out the Consent of the Congress, accept of any 
Present. Emolument, Office, or Title, of any 
kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or for- 
eign State. 

Section id. No State shall enter into any 
Treaty, Alliance, or Confederation; grant Let- 
ters of Marque and Reprisal ; coin Money ; 
emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing but gold 
and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts; 
pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post fagto Law, or 



16G 



77//; AMKh-rCA.V jriXTAL. 



Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or 
grant any Title of Nobility. 

No State shall, without the Consent of the 
Congress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Im- 
]K)rts or Exports, except what may be absolutely 
necessary for executing its insptx'tioii Laws: and 
the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts, laid 
by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for 
the Uses of the Treasury of the United States; 
and all such Laws shall be subject to the Revis- 
ion and Control of the Couijress. 

No State shall, without the Consent of Con- 
gress, lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, 
or Ships of War in ti-ne of Peace, cuter into tin\ 
Agreement or Compact with another State, oV 
with a foreign Power, or engage in War, unless 
actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger 
as will not admit of delav. 

Section i. The executive Power shall be 
Tested in a President of the United States of 
America. He shall hold his Office during the 
Term of four Years, and, together with the 
~\'ice President chosen for the same Term, be 
clecttd, </>■ /()//(':;•.•>■ 

Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as 
the Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of 
Electors, equal to the whole number ot Senators 
and Representatives to which the State mav l>c 
ciiiithd in the Congress : but no Senator or Rep- 
resentative, or Person holding an Office of 
Trust or Profit under the United States, shall 
be appointed an EUctor. 

[ rhe Electors shall meet in their respective 
States, and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of 
whom one at least" shall not be on In/iciNtunt of 
the same State with themselves. And thev 
shall make a List of all the Persons voted for, 
and o( tlie Number of Votes tor each; which 
List they shall sign and certifv, and transmit 
sealed to the Seat of tlic Government of the 
Unite' Slates, directed to the President of the 
Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in 



the Presence of the Senate and House of Rep- 
resentatives, open all the Certificates, and the 
Votes shall then be coinUed. ©The Person hav- 
ing the greatest Number of Votes shall be the 
President, if such Number be a Majority of the 
whole Number of Electors appointed; and if 
there be more than one who have such Major- 
ity, and have an equal Nutnber of \'otes, then 
the Mouse of Representatives shall immediately 
chuse by Ballot one of Ihem lor President; and 
if no Person have a Majority, then from the five 
highest on the List the said House shall in like 
Manner chuse the President; but in chusing the 
President, the Votes shall be taken bv States, 
the Representation from each State having one 
Vote; A quoriun for this Purjiose shall consist 
of a Member or Members from two thirds of the 
States, and a Majority of all the States shall be 
necessary to a Clioice. In every Case, after the 
L hoice of the President, tb.e Person having the 
greatest Number of \'otes of the Electors shall 
be the Vice President. But if there should re- 
main two or more who have equal \'otcs, the 
Senate shall chuse froin them by Ballot the 
I 'ice President?^ 

The Congress may determine the Time of 
cliusing the Electors, and the Day on which 
they shall give their Votes; which Day shall be 
the same throughout the United Slates. 

No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a 
Citizen of the United States, at the time of the 
Adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to 
the Office of President; neither shall any Per- 
son be eligible to that Office who shall not have 
attained to the Age of thirty-five Years, and 
been fourteen Years a Resident within the 
United States. 

In Case of the Removal of the President from 
Office, or his Death, Resignation, or Inability 
to discharge the Powers and Duties of the said 
Office, the Same shall devoh'e on the Vice Pres- 
ident, and the Congress may by Law provide 
for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation, 
or Inability both of the President and Vice Pres- 



THE AMKRICAX MAXUAL. 



167 



ident, declaring whaf Officer shall then act as 
President, and such Officer shall act according- 
ly, until the Disability be removed, or a Pres- 
ident shall be elected. ^j 

The President shall, at stated Times receive 
for his Services, a Compensation, which shall 
be neither increased rtor diminished during the 
Period for which he shall have been elected, 
and he shall not receive within that Period any 
other Emolument from the United States, or any 
of them- 

Before he enter on the Execution of his Of- 
fice, he shall take the following Oath or Affir- 
mation : — ^v 

" I do soletnnly swear (or affirm) that I will 
faithfuUy execute the Office of President of 
the United States, and will to the best of my 
Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Con- 
stitution of the United States." 
Section 2. The President sliall be Com- 
mander in C/iiif of the Army and Navy of the 
United States, and of the Militia of the several 
States, when called into the actual Service of the 
United Stales; he may require the Oj)inion, in 
writing, of tlie piincijial (officer in each of the 
executive Departments, upon any Subject relat- 
ing to the Duties of their respecti\ e Offices, and 
he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and 
Pardons for Oifcnses against the United States, 
except in Cases of Imjieachment, O 

He shall have Power, by and with the Advice 
and Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, 
provided two-thirds of ihe Senators present con- 
cur; and he shall nominate, and by and with 
the Advice and Consent of the Sen: te, shall ap- 
point Ambassadors, other Public Ministers and 
Consuls, Ji.iigcs of the Supreme Court, and all 
other Offictis of the United States, who^e Ap- 
pointments are not hertin otherwise provided 
tor, and which shall be establislud by Law; but 
the Congress may Ijy Law vest the Appointment 
of such inferior Otficeis, as they mav think 
proper, in the President alone, in the Courts of 
Law, or in the Heads of Departments. O 
The President shall have Power to fill up all 



Vacancies that may happen during the Recess 
of the Senate, by granting Commissions which 
shall expire at the End of their next Session. , 

Section 3. He shall from time to time give 
to the Congress Information of the State of the 
Union, and recommend to their Consideration 
such Measures as he shall judge necessary and 
expedient; he may, on extraordinary Occasions, 
convene both Houses, or either of them, and in 
Case of Disagreement between them, with Re- 
spect to the Time of Adjournment, he may ad- 
journ them to such Time as he shall think 
proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other 
pubic Ministers; he shall take Care that the 
Laws be faithfully executed, and shall Commis- 
sion all officers of the United States. 

Section 4. The President, Vice-President 
and all civil Officers of the United Slates, shall 
be removed from Office on Impeachment for, 
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other 
high Crimes and Misdemeanors. 

^I^TICIiE III. 

Section i. The judicial Power of the United 
States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and 
in such inferior Courts as the Congress may 
from time to time ordain and establish. The 
Judges, both of the supreme and inferior Courts, 
shall hold their Offices during good Behavior, 
and shall, at stated Times, receive for their Ser- 
vices, a Compensation, which shall not be di- 
minished during their Continuance in Office.© 

Section 2. The judicial Power shall extend 
to all Cases in Law and Equity, arising under 
this Constitution, the Laws of the United States, 
and Treaties made, or which shall be made, under 
their Authority ; — to all Cases affecting Ambas- 
sadors, other public Ministers, and Consuls; — to 
all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdic- 
tion ; — to Controversies to which the United 
States shall be a Party;— to Controversies be- 
tween two or more States ;— between a State and^ 
Citizens of another State ;— between Citizens of 
c'.illerent States, — between Citizens of the same 



ms 



THE AMERICA X JfAXL'AL. 



State claiming Lands under Grants of dilTcrent 
States, and between a State, or Citizens thereof, 
and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects. 

In all Cases alYecting Ambassadors, other pub- 
lic Tslinisters and Consuls, and those in ivhich a 
State shall be a Party, the Supreme Court shall 
have original Jurisdiction. In all the other 
Cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall 
have appellate Jiirisdictitn, both as to Law and 
Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such 
Regulations as the Congress shall make. 

The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of 
Impeachment, shall be by Jury ; and such Trial 
shall /'(■ hcU in the State' where the said Crimes 
shall have been committed; but when not com- 
mitted within any State, the Trial shall be at 
such Place or Places as the Congress may by 
Law have directed. 

Section 3. Treason against the United States, 
shall consist only in levying War against theni, 
or in adhering to their Enemies, giving them 
Aid and Comfort. No person shall be convicted 
of Treason unless on the Testimony of two Wit- 
nesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession 
in open Court. 

The Congress shall have Power to declare the 
Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of 
Treason shall work Corruption of Blood, or For- 
feiture except during the Life of the Person at- 
tainted. 

TI^TieiiE lY. 

Section i. Full Faith and Credit shall be 
given in each State to the public Acts, Records, 
and judicial Proceedings of every other State. 
And the Congress may by general Laws pre- 
scribe the Manner in which such Acts, Records 
and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect 
thereof. 

Section 2. The Citizens of each State shall 
he entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of 
Citizens of the several Slates. 

A Person charged in any State with Treason, 
Felonv, or other Crime, who shall flee from Jus- 
tice, and be found in another State, shall on De- 



mand of the executive Authority of the State from 
which he fleii, be delivered up, to be removed 
to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime. 

No Person held to Service or Lahour in one 
State, under the Laws thereof, escaping into an- 
other, shall, /;/ Consequence of any Law or Reg- 
ulation therein, be discharged from such Service 
or Labour, but shall be delivered up on Claim of 
the Party to whom such Service or Labour may 
bo due. 

Section 3. New States may be admitted bv 
the Congress into this Union; but no new State 
shall be formed or erected within the Jurisdic- 
tion of any other State; nor any State be formed 
by the Junction of two or more States, or Parts 
of Slates, without the Consent of the Legisla- 
tures of the States concerned as well as of the 
Congress. 

The Congress shall have Power to di.^posc ot 
and make all needful RuLs and Regulations re- 
specting the Territory or other Properly l:>(.loiig. 
ing to "the United States; and notliing in this 
Constitution shall be so construed as to Preju- 
dice anv claims of the United States, or of any 
particular State. 

Section 4. The United States shall guaran- 
tee to every State in this Union a Republican 
Form of Government, and shall protect each ot" 
them against Invasion; and on Application of" 
the Legislature or of the Executive (when the 
Legislature cannot be convened) against domes- 
tic Violence. 

^^flCIiE Y. 

The Congress, whenever two thirds of both 
Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose 
Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the Ap- 
plication of the Legislatures of the several 
States, shall call a Convention for proposing 
Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be 
valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this 
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures 
of three fourths of the several Slates, or by Con- 
ventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or 
the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed 



Tirr. AMKKICAX .VAXi'AL. 



bv the Congress; Provided that no Amendment 
which may be made/r/or /"<? the Year One thou- 
sand eight hundred and eight shall in any Man- 
ner affect the first and fourth Clauses in the 
Nintli Section of the first Article; and that no 
State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of 
its equal Suffrage in the Senate. 

^I^TICIiE YI. 

All Debts contracted and Engagements en- 
tered into, before the Adoption of this Constitu- 
tion, shall be as valid against the United States 
under this Constitution, as under the Confedera- 
tion. 

This Constitution, and the Lawsof the United 
States which shall be made in pursuance thereof; 
and all Treaties made, or which shaU be made, 
under the Authority of the United States, shall 
be the supreme Law of the Land : and ire 
Judges in every State shall be bound thereby, 
any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any 
State to the Contrary notwithstanding. 

The Senators and Representatives before 
mentioned, and the Members of the several 
State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial 
Officers, both of the United Sjates and of the 
several States, shall be bound by Oath or Affir- 
mation, to support this Constitution; but no re- 



ligious Test shall ever be required as a qualifica- 
tion to any Office or public Trust under the 
United States. 

H^'FICIiE YII. 

The Ratifications of the Conventions of 
nine .States, shall be sufficient for the Establish- 
ment flf this Constitution between the States &o 
ratifying the Same. 

6oMc in Convention by the Unanimous Con- 
sent of the States present the Seven tee r.:.'r 
Day of .September in the Tear of our Lord 
one thousand seven hundred and Eighty 
seven and of the Independence of the 
United States of America the Twelfth 3»t 
t-uiti-iess whereof We have hereunto sub- 
scribed our Names, 

Geo. WASHINGTON— 
President and Deputy from Virginia. 

*[This edition of the Constitution of the United States 
has been taken from the edition published by Joseph Bart- 
lett Burleigh LL. D. from his script imitation of the Con- 
stitution which was compared with the original in the 
Department of State, and also found to be correct in cap- 
itals, orthography, text, and punctuation. In every par- 
ticular, as to capitals, orthography, text, and punctuation, 
this edition follows Dr. Burleigh's.] 



flMENHMENTS TH THE EDNSTITUTinN DF THE UNITEH STATES. 



[The following amendments were proposed at 
the_ first session of the first congress of the 
United States, which was begun and held at the 
city of New York on the 4th of March, 1789, 
and were adopted by the requisite number of 
States. Laws of the U. S., vo'l. i, page 82.] 

[The following preamble and resolution pre- 
ceded the original proposition of the amend- 
ments, and as thev have been supposed by a 
high equity judge (Sth Wendell's Reports' p. 
100) to have an important bearing on the con- 
struction of those amendments, thej are here 



inserted. They will be found in the journals of 
the first session of the first congress. 

CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Begun and held at the city of New Tork, on Wed- 
nesday^ the ^th day of March, 17 8g. 

The conventions of a number of the States 
having, at the time of their adopting the con- 
stitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent 
misconstruction or abuse of its powers, that fur- 
ther declaratory and restrictive clauses should 



170 



THE A^FERICAX Jf.lXr.lL. 



be added, and as extending the ground of public 
confidence in the government Avill best insure 
the beneficent ends of its itistitution : 

Resolved, Bv the Senate and House of Representatives 
of the United States of America, in congress asseiiihled, 
two-thirds of both liouses concurring^, that the foUowins^ 
articles be proposed to the lef?ishitures of the several 
states, as amendments to the constitution of the Ignited 
States ; all or any of which articles, when ratiiied by three - 
fourths of the sa'id learislatures, to be valid to all intents 
and purposes, as part of the said constitution, namely :] 

^J^JFICLE I. 

Congress shall make no law respecting an 
establi;,hment of religion, or prohibiting the free 
exercise thereof; or abridging tlie freedom of 
speccli or of the press; or the right of the people 
peaceably to assemble, and to petition the gov- 
ernment" for a redress of grievances. 

^l^n^ICIiE II. 



A well regulated militia being necessary to 
the security of a free state, the right of the 
people to keep and bear arms shall not be in- 
Iringed. 

TII^TICIiE III. 

ISio soldier shall, in lime of peace, be quartered 
in anv house without the consent of the owner, 
nor ill time of war, but in a manner to be pre- 
scribed by law. 

^I^TICIiE lY. 

The light of the people to be secure in their 
persons, houses, paper and eftects, against un- 
reasonable searches and seizures, shall not be 
violated; and no warrants shall issue but upon 
probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, 
and particularly describing the place to be 
searched, and the persons or things to be seized. 

^^TICIiE Y. 

No person shall be held to answer for a capi- 
tal or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a pre- 



sentment or indictment of a grand jury, except 
in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in 
the militia, when in actual service in time of 
war or public danger ; nor shall any peison be 
subject for the same oftense lo be twice put in 
jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be com]>ellcd 
in any criminal case, to be a witness against him- 
self, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property, 
without due process of law; nor shall piivate 
property be taken for public use without just 
compensation. 

^RTICIiE YI. 

In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall 
enjov the right to a speedy and public trial, by 
an impartial jury of the state and district where- 
in the crime shall have been commitied, which 
district shall have been previously ascertained 
bylaw; and lo be informed of the nature and 
cause of the accusation; to be conlVonud with 
the witnes es against him ; lo hive compulsory 
process for obtaining witnesses in his lavor, and 
to have the as->istance of counsel for his defense. 

TII^TICIiE YII. 

In suits at common law, where the value in 
controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the 
right of trial by jur_^ shall be preserved; and no 
fact tried by a jinw shall be otherwise le-exam- 
ined in any court of the United Slates, than ac- 
cording to the rules of the common law. 

^I^TICLE YIII. 

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor ex- 
cessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual 
punishments indicted. 

TI^jficitE \yi. 

The enumeration in the constitution of cer- 
tain i-ights shall not be construed to deny or dis- 
parage others retained by the people. 



'J HE AMERICAX IMANUAL. 



171 



The powers not delegated to the United States 
by the constitution, nor prohibited to it by 
tlie states, are reserved to the states respectively, 
or to the people.- 

[The following amendment was proposed at 
the second session of the tliird congress. It is 
printed in the Laws of the United States, vol. i, 
p. 73, as article ii.] 

The judicial power of the United States shall 
not be construed to extend to any suit in law or 
equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of 
the United States by citizens of another state, or 
by citizens or subjects of any foreign state. 

[The three following sections were proposed 
as amendments at the first session of the eighth 
congress. They are printed in the Laws of the 
United States as article 12.] 

1. The electors shall meet in their respective 
states, and vote by ballot for president and vice- 
president, one of w'.iom at least shall not be an 
inhabitant of the same stite with themselves. 
Tlvjy shall name in their ballots the person 
voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the 
person voted for as vice-president; and they shall 
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as 
president, and of all persons voted for as vice- 
president, and of the number of votes for each ; 
which lists they shall sign and certify, and trans- 
mit sealed to the seat of the government of the 
United States, directed to the president of the 
senate. The president of the senate shall, in the 
oresence of the senate and house of representa- 
tives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall 
then be counted. The person having the greatest 
number of votes for president shall be the presi- 
dent, if such number be a majoritv of the whole 



number of electors appointed ; and if no person 
have such majority, then from the persons hav- 
ing the highest numbers, not exceeding three, 
on the list of those vjoted for as president, the 
house of representatives shall choose imme- 
diately, by billot, the president. But in choosing 
the president, the votes shall be taken by states, 
the representation from each state having one 
vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist 01 
a member or members from two-thirds of the 
states, and a majority of all the states shall be 
necessary to a choice. And if the house of rep- 
resentatives shall not choose a president, when- 
ever the right of choice shall devolve upon 
them, before the fourth day of March next fol- 
lowing, then the vice president shall act as pres- 
ident, as in the case of the death or other con- 
stitutional disability of the president. 

2. The person having t'ne greatest number of 
\otes as vice-president shall be the vice-president, 
if such number be a majority of the whole num- 
ber of electors appointed, and if no person have 
a majority, then from the two highest numbers 
on the list the senate shall choose the vice-pres- 
ident. A quorum for the purpose shall consist 
of two-thirds uf the whole number of senators, 
and a majority of the whole number shall be 
necessary to a choice. 

3. But no person constitutionally ineligible to 
the office of president shall be eligible to that of 
vice-president of the United States. 

ARTICLE ^III. 

Section i. 

Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, ex- 
cept as a punishment for crime, whereof the 
party shall have been dul^y co'ivicted, shall exist 
within the United States, or any place subject iv> 
their jurisdiction. 

Section 2. 

Congress shall have power to enforce this ar- 
ticle by appropriate legislation. 



172 



77//; AM ERICA y MAXl'AL. 



The following is the certificate of the secre- 
tary of state of the United States, announcing 
the ratification of llic foregoing article : 

AViLLiAM H. Sewakd, Secretary oj State of the United 
States : 

to ai,i. to whom these presents may come, 
Greeting: 

Know Ye, That, whereas the congress of tlie United 
States, on the first of February last, passed a resohition, 
whicli is in the words followiiiar, namely: "A Resolution 
submitting' to the legislatures of the several states a prop- 
osition to amend the constitution of the ITnited States. 

"Resoh'ed, By the senate and house of representatives 
of the United States of America in congress assembled 
(two-thirds of both houses concurring), that the follow- 
ing article be proposed to the legislatures of the several 
states as an amendment to the constitution of the I'niled 
States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said 
legislatures, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as 
a part of the said constitution, namely: " 

(See Article XIII, above.) 

And whereas it appears from official documents on file 
in this department, that the amendment to the constitu- 
tion of tlie Ignited States proposed as aforesaid, has been 
ratified by the legislatures of the States of Illinois, Rhode 
Island, Michigan, Maryland, New York, West Virginia, 
Maine, Kansas, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Virginia, 
Ohio, Missouri, Nevada, Indiana, Louisiana, Minnesota, 
Wisconsin, Vermont, Tennessee, Arkansas, Connecticut, 
New Hampshire, South Carolina, Alabama, North Caro- 
lina and Georgia; in all twenty-seven states. 

And whereas, the wliole number of states in the 
Ignited States is thirty-six; and whereas, the before spe- 
cially-named states, "whose legislatures have ratified the 
saidjiroposed amendment, constitute three-fourths of the 
whole number of states in the United States: 

Now, therefore, be it known, that I, William H. 
Sewakd, Secretary of State of the United States, bv virtue 
and in pursuance of the second section of the act of con- 
fl^ress, approved the twentieth of April, eighteen hundred 
and eighteen, entitled, "An act to provide for tlie publi- 
cation of the laws of the United States, and for other pur- 
])oses," do hereby certify, that the amendment aforesaid 
has become valid, to all intents and purposes, as a part of 
tln' constitution of the United States. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, ami 
caused the seal of the department of state to be afiixed. 

Done at the city of \\'ashington, this eighteenth day of 

^ Deccmiier, in the year of our Lord one thousand 

eight humlred and sixty-five, and of the Inde- 

[i.. s.] pendenee of the L^nitcd States of America the 
ninetieth. 

WILLIAM II. SEWARD, 

Secretary of Stair. 



Section i. 

All persons born or naturalized in the United 
States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are 
citizens of the United States and of tiie state 
wherein tliey reside. No state shall niake or en- 
force any law which shall abridge the privileges 
or immunities of citizens of the United States; 
nor shall any state deprive any person of life, 
liberty or property, Avithout due process of law, 
nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction 
the equal protection of the laws. 

Sectiox 2. 

Representatives shall be apportioned among 
the several states according to their respective 
nuinbeis, counting the whole nuinber of persons 
in eacli state, excluding Indians not taxed. But 
when the right to vote at any election for the 
choice of electors for president and vice-pres- 
ident of the United States, representatives in 
congress, the executive an J judicial otficers of a 
state, or the members of the legislature thereof, 
is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such 
state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens 
of the United States, or in any way abridged, 
except for participation in rebellion or other 
crime, the basis of representation therein shall 
be reduced in the proportion which the number 
of such male citizens sliall bear to the whole 
nuinber of male citizens twenty-one years of age 
in such state. 

Section 3. 

No person shall be a senator or representative 
in congress, or elector of president and vice- 
president, or hold any office, civil or military, 
under the United States, or under any state, who, 
having previously taken an oath as a member 
of congress, or as an olTicer of the United States, 
or as a member of any state legislature, or as an 
executive or judicial officer of any state, to sup- 
port tlie constitution of the United S'atcs, shall 



7'HE AMKKICAX MANUAL. 



\T6 



have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against 
t!ie same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies 
thereof. Br.t congress may, by a vote of two- 
thirds of cacli house, remove such disability. 

- Section 4. 

The validity of the public debt of the United 
States authorized by law, including debts in- 
curred for payment of pensions and bounties for 
services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, 
shall not be questioned. But neither the United 
States nor any state shall assume or pay any 
debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection 
or rebellion against the Lmited States, or any 
claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave ; 
but all such debts, obligations, and claims shall 
be held illegal and void. 

<^ Section 5. 

The congress shall have power to enforce, by 
appropriate legislation, the provisions of this 
article. 

The following are the certificates of the secre- 
tary of state of the United States, announcing 
the ratification of the foregoing article : 

^VlLLIAM II. Seward, Secretary of State of the United 
States : 
to all to whom these presents m.\y come, 
Greeting: 
Whereas, the congress of the United States, on or 
nbout the sixteenth of June, in the year one tliousand 
ciffht hundred :ind sixty-six, passed a resolution, which 
is in the words and figures following-, to wit: 

"Joint Resolution proposing an Amendment to the Con- 
stitution of the United States. 
'■•Be it Renpli'ed, By the senate and house of representa- 
tives of the United .Stales of America in congress assem- 
bled (two-tliirds of both houses concurring), That the fol- 
lowing article bi proposed to the legislatures of the 
several states us an amendment to the constitution of the 
United States, which, when ratifieil by three-fourths of 
said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the constitution, 
namely:" 

(See Article XIV, above.) 

And whereas, by the second section of the .act of con- 
gress, approved the twentieth of April, one thousand 
eight hundred and eighteen, entitled "An act to provide 



for the publication of the laws of ths United States, and 
for other purposes," it is made thj duty of the secretary 
of state fi. rlhwith to cause anv amendment to the consti- 
tution of L.ie United States, which has been adopted :ic- 
cordin* cf'tlie provisions of the saij constitution, to be 
])ubljoheo in the newspapers authorized to iironiulo-ate the 
l;".vs, witli his certificate soecifying the states by' which 
ine same u\.\y have been adopted, and that the same has 
become vjJid, to all intents and jjurposes, as a part of tha 
constituti'/n of the United States; fj 

And wl ereas, neither the act just quoted from, nor any 
other law expressly or by conclusive imi)lication, author- 
izes the sc-Jretary of state to determine and decide doulH- 
f ul questions as to the authenticity of the organization of 
state legislatures, or as to the power of any state legis- . 
lature to recall a previous act or resolution of ratification '* 
of any amendment proposed to the constitution; 

Arid whereas, it appears from official documents on file 
in tin-; derKirtmeiit, that the a:iiendment to the constitu- 
tion of the United States, proposed as aforesaid, has been 
ratified hy the legislatures of the states of Connecticut, 
New ll-impshire, Tennessee, New Jersev, Oregon, Ver- 
mont. l»ew York, C)liio, Illinois, West \'irginia, Kansas, 
Maine, Nevada, Missouri, Indiana, :Minnesota, Rhode 
Island, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massachu- 
setts, Nebraska, and Iowa; 

And whereas, it further appears, from documents on file 
in this department, that the amendment to the constitu 
tiim of the United States, proposed as aforesaid, has also 
been ratified by newly constituted and newly established 
bodies, avowing themselves to be, and acting as, the 
legislatures, resjiectively, of the states of Arkansas, Flor- 
ida, North Carolina, Louisiana, South Carolina, and 
Alabama; ( 

And whereas, it further appears, from official docu 
ments on file in this department, that the legislatures of 
two of the states first above enumerated, to wit: Ohio and 
New Jersey, have since passed resolutions, respectively, 
withdrawing the consent of each of said states to the 
aforesaid amendment; 

And whereas, it is deemed a matter of doubt and un- 
certainty whether such resolutions are not irregular, in- 
valid, and, therefore, ineffectual, for withdrawing the con - 
.sent of the said two states, or of either of them, to the 
aforesaid amendment: C 

And whereas, the wlioie number of states in the United 
States is thirty- seven, to wit: New Hampshire, Massa- 
chusetts, Rhode Irdand, Connecticut, New York, N«\vi 
Jersev, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, 
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Vermont, Ken- 
tucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Ix)uisiana, Indiana, Mississippi 
Illinois, Alabama, Maine, Missouri, Arkansas, Michigan^ 
Florida, Texas, Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, California, 
Oregon, Kansas, West Virginia, Nevada and Nebraska; 

And whereas, the twenty-three states first hereinbefore 
named, whose legislatures have ratified the said proposed 
amendment, and the six states next thereafter named, as 
having ratified the said proposed amendment by ne.vlv 
constitute I and establish.-d le'>-islative bodies, too-ethc'r 



174 



THE AMERICAN' ^[ANUAL. 



constitute t.iree-fourths of the whole number oi states in 
the United States: 

»^Now, therefore, be it known, that I, William H. 
Seward, secretary of state of the United States, by virtue 
and in persuance of the second section of the act of con- 
gress, approved the twentieth of April, cii»^htecn hundred 
and eia^hteen, hereinbefore cited, do hereby certify, that, 
if the resohitions of the lesj^islaturcs of Ohio and New 
Jersev, ratifying- the aforesaid amendment, are to be 
deemed as remaining- of full force and effect, notwith- 
standing the subsequent resolutions of the legislatures of 
those states, which purport to withdraw the consent of 
said states from such ratification, then the aforesaid 
amendment has been ratified in the manner hereinbefore 
mentioned, and so has become valid, to all intents and 
purposes, as a part of the constitution of the United 
States. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and 
caused the seal of the department of state to be affixed. 

Done at the city of AVashington, the twentieth day of 
July, in the year of our I,ord one thousand eight 
hundred and sixty-eight, and of the Indepen- 

[l. s.] dence of the United States of America the 
ninety-third. 

WILLIAM H. SEWARD, 

Secretary of State. 

"William 11. Sewakd, Secretary of State of the United 
Statex : 

to all to whom these presents may come, 
Gkbeting: 

Whereas, by an act of congress, passed on the twen- 
tieth of April, one thousand eight hundred and eighteen, 
entitled "An act to provide for the publication of the laws 
of the United States, and for other purposes," it is de- 
clared that, whenever official notice shall have been re- 
ceived at the dep'.irtment of state that any amendment 
^vhich heretofore has been and hereafter may be proposed 
to the constitution of the United States has "been adopted 
according to the provisions of the constitution, it shall be 
the duty of the said secretary of state, forthwith, to cause 
the said amendment to be published in the newspapers 
authorized to promulgate the laws, with his certificate, 
specifying the states by which the same may have been 
adopted, and that the same has become valid, to all intents 
and purposes, as a part of the constitution of the United 
States. 

And whereas, the congress of the United States, on or 
about tbc sixteenth day of June, one thousand eight hun- 
dred and sixty-six, submitted to the legislatures of the 
several states a proposed amendment to the constitution, 
in the following words, to wit: 

"Joint Resolution proposing an Am.endment to the Con- 
stitution of the United States. 

".G^ it Resolved, By the senate and house of represen- 
tatives of the United States of America, in congress as- 
sembled (two-thirds of both houses concurring). That the 



following article be proposed to the legislatures of the 
several states as an amendment to the constitution of the 
United States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of 
said legislatures, shall be valid as part of the constitution, 
namely: " 

(See Article XIV, above.) 

And whereas, the senate and house of representatives 
of the congress of the United States, on the twenty-first 
day of Julv, one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, 
adopted and transmitted to the department of state a con- 
current resolution, which concurrent resolution is in the 
words and figures following, to wit: 

"In Senate of the United States, ! 
"July 21, iS6S. \ 

"Whereas, the legislatures of the states of Connecti- 
cut, Tennessee, New Jersey, Oregon, Vermont, West 
Virginia, Kansas, Missouri, Indiana, Ohio, Illinois, Min- 
nesota, New York, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Rhode 
Island, Michigan, Nevada, New Hampshire, Massachu- 
setts, Nebraska, RIaine, Iowa, Arkansas, Florida, North 
Carolina, Alabama, South Carolina and Louisiana, being- 
three-fourths and more of the sever.al states of the Union, 
have ratified the fourteenth article of amendment to the 
constitution of the United States, dulv proposed by two- 
thirds of each house of the thirty-ninth congress; there- 
fore. 

Resolved, By the senate (the house of representatives 
concurring), That said fourteenth article is hereby de- 
clared to be a part of the constitution of the United States, 
and it shall be duly promulgated as such, by the secretary 
of state. 

"Attest: GEO. C. GORHAM, Secretary." 

"In the House of Representatives, ) 

filly 21, iS6S. y 

"Resolted, That the house of representatives concur in 
the foregoing concurrent resolution of the senate, 'declar ■ 
ing the ratification of the fourteenth article of amendment 
of the constitution of the United States.' 

"Attest: EDWD. McPHERSON, Clerk." 

And whereas, official notice has been received at the 
department of tate that the legislatures of the several 
states next hereinafter named, have, at the times respec- 
tively herein mentioned, taken the proceedings herein- 
after recited, upon or in relation to the ratification of the 
said proposed amendment, calleA article fourteenth, 
namely: The legislature of Connecticut ratified the amen .- 
ment June 30th, iS65; the legislature of New Hampshire 
ratified it July 7th, 1S66; the legislature of Tennessee rati- 
fied it July J9tn, 1S66; the legislature of New Jersey rati- 
fied it September nth, 1S6C), and the legislature of the 
same state passed a resolution in April, 1S6S, to withdraw 
its consent to it; the legislature of Oregon ratified it Sep- 
tember 19th, 1S66; the legislature of Texas rejected it 
November 1st, 1S66; the leg slature of Vermont ratified it 
on or previous t') November 9th, 1S66; the legislature of 
Georgia rejected it November 13th, 1S66; and the leg's- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



175 



lature o£ the same st:te ratihcd' it Julj 21st, 1S68; the 
legislature of North Carolina rejected it December 4lh, 
1866, and tlie Jeg^islature of the same state ratified it July 
4th, 1S6S; the legfislature of South Carolina reje-.ted it 
Decern cr 20th, 1S66, and the Icg^islature of the same state 
ratified itjulygth, 1S6S; the legislatureof Virginia rejected 
it January 9th, 1S67; th^ legislature of Kentucky rejected 
it January loth, 1S67; the legislature of New York rati- 
fied it January lotli, 1S67; the legislature of Ohio ratified 
it January nth, 1S67, and the legislature of the same state 
passed a resolution in January, 1S6S, to withdraw its con- 
sent to It; the legislature of Illinois ratified it Janxiary 
15th, 1*67 ; the legislature of West Virginia ratified it 
January 16th, 1S67; the legislature of Kansas ratified it 
January iStli, 1S67; the lej^'islalure of Maine ratified it 
January 19th, 1S67; the legislature of Nevada ratified it 
January 22d, 1S67; the legislature of Missouri ratified it 
on or previous to January 26th, iS'17; the legislature of In- 
diana ratified it January 29th, 1S67; the legislature of Min- 
nesota ratified it February ist, 1S67; the legislature of 
Rhode Island ratified it February 7th, 1S67; the legislature 
of Delaw re rejected it February 7th, 1SO7; the legislature 
of AVisconsin ratified it February 13th, 1S67 ; the legis- 
lature of Pennsylvania ratified it February 13th, 1S67; tht 
legislature of Michigan ratified it February 15th, iS67;the 
legislature of Massachusetts ratified it March 20th, 1S67; 
the legislature of Maryland rejected it March 23d, 1S67; 
the legislature of Nebraska ratified it June ijtli, 1867; the 
legislature of Iowa ratified it April 3d, 1S6S; the legis- 
lature of Arkansas ratified it April 6th, 186S; the legis- 
lature of Florida ratified it June 9th, 1S6S; the legislature 
of Louisiana ratified it July 9th, 1S6?; and the legislature 
of Alabama ratified it July 13th, 1S6S: 
^ Now, therefore, be it known, that I, William H. Sew- 
AWU, secretary of state of the United States, in execution 
of the aforesaid act, and of the aforesaid concurrent reso- 
lution of the 2ist of July, 1S6S, and in conformance there- 
to, do hereby direct the said proposed am^ ndment to the 
constitution of the United States to he published in the 
newspapers authorized to promulgate the laws of the 
United States, and 1 do hereby certifv, that the said pro- 
posed amendment has been adopted in the manner here- 
inbefore mentioned by the states specified in the said con- 
current resolution, namely: The States of Connecticut, 
New Hampshire, Tennessee, New Jersey, Oregon, Ver- 
mont, New York, Ohio, Illinois, West Virginia, Kansas, 
Maine, Nevada, Missouri, Indiana, Minnesota, Rhode 
Island, Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Massachu- 
setts, Nebraska, Iowa, Arkansas, Floriclii, North Caro- 
lina, Louisiana, South Carolina, Alabama, and also by the 
legislature of the State of Georgia, the States thus speci- 
fied being more than three -fourths of the States of the 
United States. 

And I do further certify, that the said amendment has 
become valid to all intents and purposes, as a part of the 
Corstitution of the United States. 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, and 
caused the seal of the department of state to he affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington, this twenty-eighth 



day of Julv, in the year of our Lord one thou- 
sand eight hundred and sixty-eight, and of the 
[l. S.5 Independence of the United States of America 
the ninety-third. 

WILLIAM H. SEWARD, 

Secretary of State. 

ARTICLE XV. 

Section i. 

The right of citizens of the United States to 
vote shall not be denied or abridged bj the 
United States or by any state on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servitude. 

Section 2. 

The congress shall have power to enforce this 
article by appropriate legislation. 

The following is the certificate of the secretary 

of state of the United States, announcing the 

ratification of the foregoing article : 

Hamiltom Fish, Secri tary of State of the United Stales : 

to all to whom these presents may come. 

Greeting: 

Know Ye, That the congress of the United States, on 
or about the twenty-seventh day of February, in the year 
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-niiie, p.assed a 
resolution in the words and figures following, to wit: 
"A resolution proposing an Amendment to the Constitu- 
tion of the United States. 

"Resolved, By the senate and house of representatives 
of the United States of America, in congress assembled 
(two-thirds of both houses concurring), That the follow- 
ing article be proposed to the legislatures of the several 
states as an amendment to the constitution of the United 
States, which, when ratified by three-fourths of said legis- 
latures, shall be valid as part of the constitution, namely:" 

(See Article XV, above.) 

And, further, that it appears from official do uments on 
file in this department, that the amendment to the consti- 
tution of the United States, proposed as aforesaid, has 
been ratified by the legislatures of the states of North 
Carolina, West Virjjinia, Massachuseits, Wisconsin, 
Maine, Louisiana, Michigan, South Carolina, Pennsyl- 
vania, Arkansas, Connecticut, Florida. Illinois, Indiana, 
New York, New Hampshire, NevJ'ada, Vermont, Vir- 
ginia, Alabama, Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio, Iowa, Kan- 
sas, Minnesota, Rhode Island, Nebraska, and Texas; in 
all, twenty-nine stiites; 

And, further, that the states whose legislatures have so 
ratified the said proposed amendment constitute three- 



176 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 



fourths of the whole number of states in the United 
States ; 

And, further, that it appears, from an official document 
on tile in this department, that the leg-islature of the state 
of Now York has since passed resolutions claiming- to 
witinlraw the said ratification of the said amendment 
wliich had been made bv the leg-islature of that state, and 
of which ofKcial notice had been filed in this department; 

And further, that it appears, from an othcial docutncnt 
on tile in this department, that the legislature of Georiria 
has, by resolution, ratified the said proposed amendment: 

Xow, therefore, be it known, that I, Hamilton Fish, 
secretary of state of the I'nited States, bv virtue and in 
pursuance of the second section of the act' of congress ap- 



proved the twentieth day of April, in the vear eighteen 
hundred and eighteen, entitled '"An act to provide for the 
publication of the laws of the I'nited SUites, and for other 
purposes," do hereby certify, that the amendment afore- 
saiii has become valid to all intents and purposes as part 
of the constitutio'i of the United States. ■, 

In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand, ana 
caused the seal of the department of state to be affixed. 
Done at the city of 'Washington, this thirtieth day of 
March, in the year of our Lord one thousand 
[l. s.] eight hundred and seventy, and of the Inde- 
pendence of the United States the ninetv-fourth. 
HAMILTON FISH. ^ 








rilE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



in 



fiNAIiYSIS OP JITHE ©ONSHTiniUTION OP JI^HB 

Uniiped Spates. 



ARTICLH T 

Section i. Legislative powers; in whom vested. 

Sec. 2. House of Representatives, how and by whom 
•hosen — Qualifications of a Representative — Represen- 
tatives and direct taxes, how apportioned — Census — 
Vacancies to be filled — Power of choosing officers, and 
of impeachment. 

Sec. 3. Senators, how and by whom chosen — How 
classified — State Executive to make tempoary appoint- 
ments, in case, etc. — Qualifications of a .Senator— Pres- 
ident of the Senate, his right to vote — President pro 
tem., and other officers of the Senate, how chosen — 
Power to try impeachmeni.s — When President is tried. 
Chief Justice to preside — Sentence. 

Sec. 4. Times, etc., of holding elections, how pre- 
scribed — One Session in each year. 

Sec. 5. Membership— Quorum— Adjournments- 
Rules — Power to punish or expel— Journal — Time of 
adjournments limited, unless, etc. 

Sec. 6. Compensation- Privileges— Disqualifications 
in certain cases. 

Sec. 7. House to originate all revenue bills— Veto- 
Bill may be passed by two-thirds of each house, not- 
withstanding, etc.— Bill not returned iu ten .days- 
Provisions as to all orders, etc., except, etc. 

Sec. 8. Powers of Congress. 

Sec. 9. Provision as to migration or importation of 
certain persons— Habeas Corpus— Bills of attainder, 
etc. — Taxes, how apportioned — No export duty — No 
commercial preferences— No money drawn from 
tieasury, unless, etc.— No titular nobility— Officers not 
to receive presents, unless, etc. 



Sec. 10. States prohibited from the exercise of cer- 
tain powers. 

ARTICLE II. 

Section I. President; his term of office— Electors of 
President; number and how appointed— Electors to 
vote on the .same day— Qualification of President — oa 
whom his duties devolve in case of his removal, death, 
etc.— President's compensation— His oath. 

Sec. 2. President to be commander-in-chief— He 
may require opinion of, etc., and may pardon— Treaty- 
n>aking power-Nomination of certain officers-— When 
President may fill vacancies. 

Sec. 3. President shall communicate to Congress- 
He may convene and adjourn Congress, in case, etc.; 
shall receive embas.sadors, execute laws, and commis- 
sion officers. 

Sec. 4. All civil offices forfeited for certain crimes. 
ARTICLE III. 

Section 1. Judicial power— Tenure— Compensation. 

Sec. 2. Judicial power; to what cases it extends— 
Original jurisdiction of Supreme Court- Appellate- 
Trial by jury, except, etc.— Trial, where. 

Sec. 3. Treason defined — Proof of— Punishment of. 
ARTICLE IV. 

Sec. I ' Each Slate to give credit to the public acts, 
etc., of every other State. 

Sec. 2. Privileges ol citizens of each State— Fugi- 
tives from justice to be delivered up— Persons held to 
service having escaped, to be delivered up. 

Sec. 3. Admission of new States— Power of Congress 
over territory and other property. 

Skc. 4. Republican iform of government guaranteed — 
Each State to be protected. 



178 



TJIE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ARTICLE V. 
Coustitution; how amended — Proviso. 

ARTICLE VI. 
Certain debts, etc., adopted — Supremacy of Consti- 
tution, treaties, and laws of the tlnited States— (jHth 
to support Constitution, by whom taken —No religious 
test. 

ARTICLE VII. 
What ratification shall establish Constitution. 
AMENDMENTS. 
I. Relisrious establishment prohibitt^ti— freedom 
of speech, of the press, and rijrht tr- ueti'ion. 
II. Right to keep and bear arms. 
III. No soldier to be quartered in any house, unless, 

etc. 
IV. Right of search and seizure regfulatcd. 
V. Provisions concerniiiar prosecution, irial and 
punishment— Private property not to be used 
for public use, without, etc. 
VI. Further provision respecting criminal pros- 
eculiou. 



VIT. Riffht of trial by jury secured. 
Vm. Excessive bail or fines and ci r.el i>unishmenls 
prohibited. 
IX' Rule of construction. 
X. Same subject. 
XI. Same subject. 
XII. Manner of choosing President and Vice I'lcs- 

ident. 
X!II. Slavery abolished. 
XIV. Citizenship. 
XV. Rights of citizens to vote. 
The first T«'ii Aiiioixliiioiits became a part of 
the Constitution on and aiter l>«>f. 15, 175H. 
The Elovoiidi Amoinliiinit took effect in 179S. 
Tjie Twell'lli Aiin>ii<!im'iil in iSo/). 
The Tliii*<(<eiitli Aiiieii<!iii<>iit in 1S65. 
The F«mrt«'«'iitli Aiiii'iKiiiiciit in i86f!. 
The I'irteeiitii and last AineiidcK'itt in 1870. 



179 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



(gOMMEN^TS ON JTHE (gONSTJIiPUTION OP ^I^HB 

United Sta^fes. 

JUSTICE SAiM'L F MILLEU. 

(Senior Justice, United States Supreme Couit.) 



HISTORY. 




S soon as it became apparent to the Con- 
stitutional Convention of 1787 that the new 
'ir FTHgj::^ government must be a nation resting 
JV]rrS» '^'^ ''■^ support upon the people over whom 
it exercised authority, and not a leasne 
of indopendent Statesbrought together 
under a compact on which each State 
should place its own construction, the ques- 
tion of the relative power of those States in 
the new government became a subject of serious dif- 
ference. There were those in the convention who in- 
sisted that in the legislative body, where the most 
important powers must necessarily reside, the states 
should, as in the articles of confederation, stand upon 
a perfect equality, each State having but one vote; and 
this feature was finally retained in that part of the 
Constitution which vested in Congress the election of 
President, when there should be a failure to elect by 
the electoral college in the regular mode prescribed 
by that instrument. 

Tbe Composition of the Senate. 
The contest in the convention became narrowed to 
the composition of the Senate, after it had been de- 
termined that the legislature should consist of two 
distinct bodies, sitting apart from each other, and 
voting separately. One of these was to be a popular 
body elected directly by the people at short intervals. 
The other was to be a body more limited in numbers, 
with longer term of office; and this, with the manner 



of their appointment, was designed to give stability to 
the policy ofthegovernment, and to be in some sense a 
restraint upon sudden impulses of popular will. 
The IIoiiNe of Representatives. 

With regard to the popular branches of the legisla- 
ture, there did not .seem to be much difficulty in es- 
tablishing the proposition, that in some general way 
each State should be represented in it in proportion to 
its population, and that each member of the body 
should vote with equal effect on all questions before it. 
But when it was sought by the larger and more popu- 
lous States, as Virginia, Pennsylvania and Massachu- 
setts, to apply this principle to the composition of the 
Senate, the resistance of the smaller States became 
stubborn, and they refused to yield. The feeling arising 
under the discussion of this subject came nearer 
causing the disruption of the convention than any 
which agitated its deliberations. It was finally settled 
by an agreement that every State, however small, 
should have two representatives in the Senate of the 
United States, and no State should have any more; and 
that no amendment of the Constitution should deprive 
any State of its equal suffrage without its con.sent. As 
the Senate has the same power in enacting laws as the 
House of Representatives, and as each State has its 
two votes in that body, it will be seen that the smaller 
States secured, when they are in a united majority-, the 
practical power of defeating all legislation which was 
unacceptable to them. 



180 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Tho Plan IIa.<i Worked VTell. 

What has the experience of a century taught us on 
this question? It is certainly true that there have been 
many expressions of dissatisfaction with the operation 
of a principle which gives to each of the six New 
England States, situated compactly together, as much 
power in the Senate in making laws, in ratifying 
treaties, and in confirming or rejecting appointment 
to office, as is given to the great State of New York, 
which, both in population and wealth, exceeds all the 
New England States, and nearly if not quite equals 
them in territory. 

But if we are to form an opinion from demonstra- 
tions against, or attempts to modify, this feature of 
the Constitution, or any future which concerns ex- 
clusively the functions of the Senate, we shall be com- 
pelled to saj- that the ablest of our public men, and 
the wisdom of the Nation, are in the main satisfied 
with the work of the convention on this point after a 
hundred years of observ-atibn. And it is believed that 
the existence of an important body in our system of 
government, not wholly the mere representative of 
population, has exercised a wholesome conservatism 
on manj' occasions in our history. 

THE EXEd'TIVE. 

It was urged again.st our Con.stitution by many 
liberty-loving men, both in the Convention and out of 
<t, that it conferred upon the executive, a single individ- 
ual, whose election for a term of four years was care- 
fully removed from the direct vote of the people, 
powers dangerous to the existence of free government. 
It was said that with the appointment of all the 
officers of the government, civil and military, the 
sword and the purse of the Nation in his hands, the 
power to prevent the enactment of laws to which he 
did not assent— unless they could be passed over his 
objection by a vote of tw'o-thirds in each of the two 
legislative houses — and the actual use of this power for 
four years without interruption, an ambitious man of 
great personal popularity, could establish his power 
during his own life, and transmit it to his family as a 
perpetual dynasty. Perhapsof all objections madeto im- 
portant features of the Constitution this one had more 
plausibilty, and was uiged with most force. But if the 



centur}' of our experience has demonstrated anything, 
it is the fallacy of this objec'iou and of all the reasons 
urged in its support. 

THE EEE( TORAIi (OEEEGE. 

The objection that the electoral college was a con- 
trivance to remove the appointment of the President 
from the control of proper suffrage, was, if it had any 
merit, speedily overcome without any infraction of 
the Constitution by the democratic tendencies of the 
people. The electors composing the college, who it 
was supposed would each exercise an independent 
judgment in casting his vote for President, soon came 
to be elected themselves on distinct pledges made be- 
forehand, that they wt. .d vote for some person desig- 
nated as a popular favorite for that office. So that at the 
present time the electors of each State, in sending to the 
capital their votes for President, do but record the in- 
struction of a majo -ity of the citizens voting in their 
State. The term of four years for the Presidential of- 
fice is now deemed too long for any one, while there 
are many who would desire that it should be made 
longer, say seven or ten years. 

Appoiiitnioiit to Ofiice. 

The power of appointment to office recjuires the con- 
sent of the Soiiato to its exercise; and that body has 
asserted its righ.t of refusing that assent so courageous- 
ly and so freely that there can be no real fear of its 
successful use by the President in a manner to en- 
danger the liberty of the country, unless the Senate 
itself shall be utterly corrupted. Nor can the means 
for such corruption be obtained from the public treas- 
ury until Congress in both branches shall become so 
degenerate as to consent to such use. 

Nor have we had in this country any want of am- 
bitious men, who have earnestly desired the Presiden- 
cy, or having it once, have longed for the continuation 
of it at the end of the lawful term. And it may be said 
that it is almost a custom when a President has filled 
his office for one term acceptably, that he is to be re- 
elected, if his political party continues to be a popular 
majorit}'. Our people have also shown the usual hero 
worship of succes.sful military chieftains, and reward- 
e'J ';hem by the election to the Presidency, In proof 



THE AMKNICAX MANUAL. 



181 



of this it is only necessary to mention the nimes of 
Washington, Jackson, Harrison, Taylor, and Grant. 
In some of them there has been no want of ambition, 
nor of the domineering disposition, which is often en- 
gendered by the use of military power. Yet none of 
these men have had more than two terms of office. 
Csesarism. 

And though a few years ago one of the most largely 
circulated newspapers of the United States wrote in its 
paper day after day articles headed "Cassarism," 
charging danger to the Repuljlic from one of its great- 
est benefactors and military chiefs, it excited no at- 
tention but derision, and deserved no other. 

No dangler from the President. 

There is no danger in this country from the power 
reposed in the Presidential office. There is, as sad ex- 
perience shows, far more danger from nihilism and 
assassination, than from ambition in our public ser- 
vants. So far have the incumbents of the Presidency, 
during the hundred years of its history, been from 
grasping, or attempting to grasp, powers not warran- 
ted by the Constitution, and so far from exercising 
the admitted power of that office in a despotic manner 
a candid student of cur political history during that 
time cannot fail to perceive that no one of the three 
great departments of the government — the Legislative, 
the Executive, and the Judicial — has been more shorn 
of its just powers, or crippled in the exercise of them, 
than the Presidency. 

In regard to the function of appointment to office — 
perhaps the most important of the executive duties — 
the spirit of the Constitution requires that the Presi- 
dent shall exercise freely his best judgment and fol- 
low its most sincere conviction in selecting proper 
men. 
The Pnrpofie of tbe Constitution Defeated. 

It is undeniable that for many years past, by the 
gradual growth of custom, it has come to pass that in 
the nomination of officers by the President, he has so 
far submitted to be governed by the wishes and rec- 
ommendations of interested members of the two 
houses of Congress, that the purpose of the Constitu- 
tion investing this power in him, and the right of the 
public to hold him personally responsible for each and 



every appointment he makes, is largely defeated. In 
other words, the great principle lying at the founda- 
tion of all free governments, that the legislative and 
executive departments shall be kept separate, is in- 
vaded by the participation of the members of Congress 
in the exercise of the appointing powers. 

History teaches us in no mistaken language how 
often customs and practices, which were originated 
without lawful warrant and opposed to the sound con- 
struction of the law, have come to overload and per- 
vert it, as commentators on the text of ^Holy Scrip- 
tures have established doctrines wholly at variance 
with its true spirit. 

THE <'E-\TRAI. POIVT OF (OXTEST-A 
(OMEWERAl Y OR A >ATIO>\ 

Without considering many minor objections made 
to the Constitution during the process of its formation 
and adoption, let us proceed to that one which was 
the central point of contest then, and which, trans- 
ferred to the question of construing that instrument, 
has continued to divide statesmen and politicians to 
the present time. The convention was divided in 
opinion between those who desired a strong National 
government, capable of sustaining itself by the exer- 
cise of suitable powers, and invested by the Constitu- 
tion with such powers, and those who, regarding the 
articles of confederation as a basis, proposed to 
strengthen the General Government in a very few 
])articulars, leaving it chiefly dependent on the action 
of the States themselves for its support and for the 
enforcement of its laws. 

Let us deal tenderly with the artiele»i of con- 
federation. We should feel grateful for any instru- 
mentality which helped us in the day of our earliest 
struggle. Ver>' few are now found to say anvlhing for 
these articles, yet they constituted the nominal bond 
which held the States together during the war of In- 
dependence. It must be confes.sed that the sense of 
common cause and a common danger probably did 
more to produce this united effort than other motives. 
But the articles served their purpose for the occasion; 
and though, when the pressure of imminent danger 
was removed they were soon discovered to be a rope 
of sand, let them rest in a peaceful, honorable remem- 
brance. 



182 



THE AMKKICAX MANUAL. 



Between those who favored n strong government of 
the Union and those who were willing to grant it but 
little power at the expense of the states, there were 
various shades of opinion; and while it was the pre- 
vailing sentiment of the convention that ''the greatest 
interest of every true American was the consolidation 
of the Union" there were many who were unwilling 
to attain this subject by detaching the necessary pow- 
ers from the States and conferring them on the Na- 
tional Government. 

These divergent views had their effect, both in the 
constitutional convention and in those held for its 
ratification. 

Compromises and Concessions. 

Around this central point the contest raged, and it 
■was only by compromises and concessions, dictated 
by the necessity of each yielding something for the 
comnjon good — so touchinglj' mentioned in the letter 
of the convention to Congress- that the result was 
reached. The patriotism and the love of liberty 
of each party were undisputed. The anxiety for 
a government which would best reconcile the posses- 
sion of powers essential to the State government with 
those necessary to the existence and efhciency of the 
jifovernment of the Union, was equal, and the long 
struggle since the adoption of the Constitution on the 
same line of thought, in its construction, shows how 
firmly these different views are imbedded in our po- 
litical theories. 

The Parly of State Rights. 

The party which came to be called the party of 
State rights had always dreaded that the alleged su- 
premacy of the National power would overthrow the 
State governments, or control them to an extent in- 
compatible with any useful existence. Their oppo- 
nents have been equally confident that powers essen- 
tial to the successful conduct of the General Govern- 
ment, which either expres,sly or by implication are 
conferred on it by the Constitution, were denied to it 
by the State Right party. The one believed in danger 
to the States, from the theory which construed with 
j> free and liberal rule the grants of power to the Gen- 
eral Govertinient,and the other believed that such acon- 
structioa of the constitution was consistent with the 



purpose and spirit of that instntment and essential to 
the perpetuity of the Nation. 
The Teaching; of Experience in the Civil 
"War. 

If experience can teach anything on the subject ot' 
theories of government the late civil war teaches un- 
mistakably that those who believed the source of dan- 
ger to be in the strong powers of the Federal Govern- 
ment were in error, and that those who believed that 
such powers were necessary to its safe conduct and 
continued existence w^ere in the right. The attempted 
destruction of the Union by eleven States, which were 
part of it, and the apparent tejnporary success of the 
elfort was undoubtedly due to the capacity of the 
States under the Constitution for concerted action, by 
organized movements, with all the machinery ready 
at hand to raise armies and establish a central gov- 
ernment. And the ultimate failure of the attempt is 
attributed with equal clearness to the exercise of! 
those povrers of the General Government under the 
Constitution, which were denied to it by extreme ad- 
vocates of State Rights. And that this might no 
longer be matter of dispute, three new ainen<S- 
nients to the Constitution were adopted at the 
close of the struggle, which, while keeping in view the 
principles of our complex form of State and Federal 
government, and seeking to disturb the distribution 
of powers among them as little as consistent with the 
wisdom acquired by a sorrowful experience, these 
amendments confer additional powers on the govern- 
ment of the Union, and place additional restraints 
upon the States. May it be long before such an awful 
lesson is again needed to decide upon disputed ques- 
tions of Constitutional law. 

A Possible Dang'er. 

It is not out of place to remark that while the pend- 
ulum of public opinion has swung with much force 
away from the extreme point of State Rights doctrine, 
there may be danger of its reaching an extreme point 
on the other side. In my opinion, the just and equal 
observance of the rights of the States, and of the Gen- 
eral Government, as defined by the present Con- 
stitution, is as necessary to the permanent prosperity 
oftlie country, and to its existeuce for another cen- 



77//; AMKRICAX MAXl'Al.. 



lyj 



turj-, as it has been for llie one whose close we are 
now celebrating. 

OIR €0»rSTITUTIO]V UXIQFE. 

Other nations speak of their constitutions, which 
are the growth of centuries of government, and the 
maxims of experience and the traditions of ages. Many 
of them deserve the veneration they receive. But a 
constitution, in the American sense of the word, as 
accepted in all the states of North and South America, 
means an instrument in writing, defining the powers 
of government, and distributing those powers among 
different bodies of magistrates for their more judicious 
exercise. 

The constitution of the United States not only did 
this as regards a National government, but it estab- 
lished a federation of many States by the same instru- 
ment, in which the usual fatal defects in such unions 
have been corrected, with such felicity that during the 
100 years of its existence the union of the States has 
grown stronger, and has received within that Union 
other States exceeding in number those of the orig- 
inal federation, 

Tlte First Eiti2>o>'>>*»t Written Constitu- 
tion. 

It is not only the first important written Constitu- 
tion found in history, but is the first one which con- 
tained the principles necessary to the successful con- 
federation of numerous powerful States. I do not forget, 
nor do I mean to disparage, our sister, the federal 
republic of Switzerland. But her continuance as an 
independent power in Europe is so largely due to her 
compact territory, her inaccessible mountains, her 
knowledge of the necessity of union to safety, and 
the policy of her powerful neighbors, which demands 
of each other the recognition of her rights, that she 
hardly forms an exception. But Switzerland stands 
to-day — may she ever stand — as the oldest witness 
to the capacity of a republican federation of States for 
sound government, for the security of freedom, and 
resistance to disintegrating tendencies. 

Its Results Remarkable. 

But when we look to the results of confederation in 
the Olympic Council, and the Achaiau l,eague of 



r.ncient histor;,', and in modern times to the r>tat'»s of 
Il.jlland and the old German Empire, we must admit 
tiiat the l'iiit;'«l States presents tlie most re- 
markable, if not the only successful, happy, and 
prosperous, federated government of the world. I,et 
us consider for a moment the evidence of this. When 
the Constitution was finally ratified, and Rhode Island 
also accepted it, the government was composed of 
thirteen States. It now numbers thirty-ei$;-iit. 
The inhabited area of those .States was found between 
the Alleghany Mountains and the Atlantic Ocean, a 
region which, when we now look over a map of the 
United States, seems to be but the eastern border of 
the great Republic. Its area now includes all the ter- 
ritory between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans— a 
distance of over three thousand miles east and west — 
and between the St. Lawrence and the great lakes on 
the north, and the Gulf and States of Mexico on the 
south. Besides these thirty-eight states, the remain- 
der of this great region is divided into 8 Territories, 
with an org:anize<l ^-overninent in each, several 
of which are ready to be admitted into the Union as 
States, under a provision of the Constitution on that 
sulyect, and in accordance with the settled policy of 
the Nation. The Thirteen States which originally or- 
ganized this government had a population believed 
to be, in round numbers, 3,000,000, many of whom 
were slaves. To-day it seems probable that 60,000,000 
are embraced in the United States, in which there 
breathes no soul who owns any man master. 
The Impoverished Condition of the Coun- 
try at the Close of the Revolutionary 
War. 
To-day I do not hesitate to make the assertion, 
that if you count only that which is real wealth, and 
not accumulated capital in the shape of evidences of 
debt — which is but a burden upon such property — I 
mean, if you count lands and houses and furniture, 
and horses and cattle and jewels— all that is tangible 
and contributes to the comfort and pleasure of life, the 
United States is to-day the wealthiest country 
upon the face of the globe, and is the only great gov- 
ernment which is so rapidly paying off its National 
debt that it is besieging its creditors tg accept their 



lo4 



77//; AMEKICAX MANTAL. 



money not yet due, with a reasonable rebate for 
interest. 

THREE I.IIPORTAXT WARS. 

tinder the government established by this Constitu- 
tion we have, in the century we are now overlooking, 
had three important wars, such as are always accom- 
panied by hazardous shocks to all governments. 
The War With England. 

In the first of these we encountered the British 
Kmpire, the inost powerful nation on the globe — a na- 
tion which had SHCcesslully resisted SJapoleois, 
with all the power of Europe at his back. If we did 
not attain all we fought for in that contest, we dis- 
played an energy and courage which commanded fjr 
us an honorable stand among the nations of the earth. 
The War With Mexico. 

In the second — the war with Mexico — while our rep- 
utation as a warlike people suffered no diminution, we 
made large accessions of valuable territory, out of 
which States have been since made members of the 
Union. 

The Civil "War. 

The last war— the recent civil war — in the number 
of men engaged in it, in the capacity of the weapons 
and instruments of destruction brought into operation, 
and in the importance of the result to humanity at 
large, must be esteemed the greatest war that the 
history of the world presents. It was brought about 
by the attempt of eleven of the States to destroy the 
Union. This was resisted by the government of that 
Union under the powers granted to it by the Constitu- 
tion. 

Resnits of the Civil War. 

Its results were the emancipation of^.ooo.ooo of slaves, 
the suppression of the attempt to dissever the Union, 
the resumption of an accelerated march in the growth, 
prosperity, and happiness of this country. It also 
taught the lesson of the iiKlestriiotibility of the 
Union, of the wisdom of the principles on which it 
is founded, and it astonished the nations of the world, 
and inspired them with a respect which they had 
never before entertained for our country. 



Europe <o fiCarn a I>esson. 

I venture to hope that with the earnest gaze of the 
wisest and ablest minds of the age turned with pro- 
found interest to the experiment of the federative sys- 
tem, under our American Constitution, it may suggest 
something to relieve the nations of Europe from bur- 
dens so heavy that if not soon removed they must 
crush the social fabric. Those great nations can not 
go on forever adding millions upon millions to their 
public debts, mainly for the support of permanent 
standing armies, while those armies make such heavy 
drafts upon the able-bodied men whose productive in- 
dustry' is necessary to the support of the people 
and of the government. I need not dwell on this 
unpleasant subject further than to say, that these 
standing armies are rendered necessary by the perpet- 
ual dread of war with neighboring nations. 

In the principles of our Constitution by which the 
autonomy and domestic government of each State are 
preserved, while the siipreniaey of the Oeneral 
(jioverninent at once forbids war between the 
States, and enables it to enforce peace among them, 
we may discern the elements of political forces suffici- 
ent for the rescue of European civilization from this 
great disaster. 

The Constitution Xot the Kole Reason 
of our Urowth. 

Do I claim for the Constitution, whose creation we 
have been celebrating, the sole merit of the wonderful 
epitome which I have presented of the progress of 
this country to greatness, to prosperity, to happiness 
and honor? Nay, I do not; though language used by 
men of powerful intellect and great knowledge of his- 
tory might be my justification if I did. 
Mr. Bancroft. 

Mr. Bancroft, the venerable historian, w^ho has 
devoted a long and laborious life to a history of his 
country that is a monument to his genius and his 
learning, says of the closing hours of the Convention: 
"The members were awe-struck at the result of their 
councils; the Constitution was a nobler work than any 
one of them believed it possible to devise." 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



185 








7 7 7 V 7 7 7 ? 7 7 7 7 7 7~^ 

The Executive ilEPflHTfflENT 

^_i i i__A__iL.,_i A A A K^ k i__i A A ^A A _A A i_J 

/'~^ ^^ -^ "^ ^^^^: ^^ '^ ^'"^"'^ ^ -^ ^p •^~~^'~^ ^^ i-fs ^^ ;7^t2 




T^HR PRRSIDRNT. 



3| O^W CHOSEN. — Elections for Presi- 
W dent and \'ice-President are held on 



equal to the \vhole number of Senators 
and Representatives in Congress. 
gj^^^^ the Tuesday next after the first Mon- DUTIES OF ELECTORS.— The Electors of 

^4^ dav in November in every fourth j'ear, at each State mus't meet and give their votes on the 
which Electors are chosen. first Wednesday in December after the election. 

The number of Presidential Electors is The electors must make and sign three certifi- 




THE WHITE HOUSE 



186 



THE AMERICA X MAX UAL. 



cates of all the votes given by them, each of 
which certificates must contain two distinct lists ; 
one of the votes for President, and the other of 
the votes for Vice-President; they must then 
seal up the certificates, and certify upon eacli 
that the lists of all the votes given are contained 
tlierein. The certificates are disposed of as 
follows: 

The Electors in each State appoint a person 
to take charsre of and deliver to the President 
of the. Senate at the seat of Government, before 
the first Wednesdaj' in Tanuary next ensuing, 
one of the certificates. 

They shall forthwith forward by the postoffice 
to the President of the Senate at the seat of 
Government, one other of the certificates. 

They shall forthwith cause the other of the 
certificates to be delivered to the judge of that 
district in which the electors shall assemble. 

Congress shall be in session on the second 
Wednesday in February, succeeding every 
meeting of the electors, and the certificates shall 
then be opened, the votes counted, and the per- 
sons to fill the ofiices of President and Vice- 
President ascertained and declared, agreeable to 
the Constitution. 

VACANCIES.— In case of removal, death, or 
resignation of the President, his powers and 
duties devolve upon the Vice-President. In case 
of removal, death, or resignation of both Presi- 
dent and Vice-President, the President of the 
Senate, or if there is none, then the Speaker of 
the House of Representatives, for the time 
being, shall act as President until the disability 
is removed, or a President elected. 

NOTIFICATION.— Whenever the offices of 



President and Vice-President both become va- 
cant, the Secretary of State issvies a notice of the 
election to the Executive of every State of the 
fact. 

VACANCY. — Electors will be appointed or 
chosen in the several States as follows: In case 
the notification is made two months previous to 
the first Wednesday in December then next en- 
suing, the electors shall be appointed or chosen 
within thirty -four days preceding such first 
Wednesday,-. 

If there shall not be the space of two months 
between the date of such notification and such 
first Wednesday in December, and if the term 
for which the President and Vice-President last 
in ofiice were elected will not expire on the third 
day of March next ensuing, the electors shall be 
chosen within thirty-four days preceding the 
first Wednesday in December in the next year 
ensuing. But if there shall not be the space of 
tv.'o months between the date of such notifica- 
tion and the first Wednesday in December then 
next ensuing, and if the term for which the 
President and Vice-President last in office were 
elected will expire on the third day of March 
next ensuing, no electors are to be chosen, % 

TEBM AND SALARY OF THE PRESI- 
DENT. — The President holds office for four 
years. His salary is $50,000 a year, with free 
residence in the White House, and sundry per- 
quisites pertaining thereto. 

POWERS ai:q duties of the presi- 
dent. — The President is Commander-in-Chief 
of the Army and Navy of the United States ; he 
has powei to grant pardons and reprieves for 



THE AMERICAN MANL-AL. 



18-; 



offences against the United States ; he makes 
treaties bj and -with the advice and consent of the 
Senate; he nominates, and with the consent of 
tlie Senate, appoints all Cabinet, Diplomatic, 
Judicial, and Executive officers, he has power to 
convene Congress, or the Senate only ; he com- 
municates to Congress by message at every 
session, the condition of the Union, and recom- 
mends such measures as he deems expedient; 
he receives all Ambassadors, and other Foreign 
Ministers; he takes care that the laws are 
faithfully executed, and the public business 
transacted. 

JFPE PRESIDENT'S C7!BI]\[E¥. 

The heads of the seven principal departments 
constitute, according to custom, the President's 
cabinet, which are as follows : 

The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the 
Treasury, the Secretary of War, the Secretary 
of the Wavy, the Secretary of the Interior, the 
Postmaster-General, and the Attorney-General. 



They are appointed by the President, by and 
with the advice and consent of the Senate, and 
are removable at pleasure. Each one has in 
general, the appointment of the subordinate offi- 
cers, clerks, employes, agents, etc., in his De- 
partment. The salary of each Cabinet officer is 
$S,ooo a year. 

SALARIES OF OFFICERS, CLERKS, AND 
EMPLOYES IN" THE EXECUTIVE 
OFFICES. 

Private Secretary to the President, $3,250; 
Assistant secretary, $2,250; two executive 
clerks, each $2,000; Stenographer, Steward, and 
one clerk, each, $1,800; Messenger and Usher, 
$1,200; one clerk, $1,400; one clerk and four 
messengers (two mounted) each, $1,200. 
SALARIES OF EMPLOYES AT EXECU- 
TIVE MANSION. 

Furnace-keeper, $864; one night watchman, 
$900; one night usher, one day usher at Secre- 
tary's door, and two doorkeepers, each, $1,200; 
one day usher at President's door, $1,400. 



^Wm^ 



188 



THE AMERiCAX }rAXr.\l.. 




flPPniNTMBNTS BY THE PRESIDENT. 



,o-^5G^-«^^>-<'>h;^^ 



By and ivith the Adz'ice and Cotiseiit of the Senate, for 
an Utilimilfd Term, or diirin.^ the pleasure of the 
President. 

The Secretary of State; the Assistant Secre- 
taries of State; Envoys Extraordinary and Min- 
isters Plenipotentiary; Ministers Resident: 
Charges d' AlVaires; Secretaries of Legation; 
Consuls-General; Consuls; Commercial Agents. 

By the President Alone. — Interpreters and 
Consular Clerks. 

By and v.<ith the Advice and Consent of the Senate — FOR 
AN' UNLIMITED TERM. 
The Secretary of the Treasury. Tlie Assistant Secre- 
taries. Supervisinij Inspector-Genci'al of Steam Vessels. 
Supervisingf Sura;eon -General of the Marine Hospital 
Service. First Comptroller. Second Comptroller. Com- 
missioner of Customs. First Auditor. Second Auditor. 
Third Auditor. Fourth Auditor. Fifth .Vuditor. Sixth 
Auditor. Treasurer. Rej^ister. Commissioner of Inter- 
nal Revenue. Deputy First Comptroller. Deputy Second 
Comptroller. Deputy Commissioner of Customs. Deputy 
First Auditor. Deputy Second Auditor. Deputy Third 
Auditor. Deputy Fourth Auditor. Deputy Fifih Audi- 
tor. Deputy Sixth Auditor. AssisUint Treasurer. As- 
sistant Registrar. Deputy Comptroller of the Currency. 
Deputy Commissioner of Internal Revenue. Superin- 
tendent of the Life-savinir Service. 

REVENUE MASINE SERVICE. 
Captains. First Lieutenants. Second Lieutenants. 
Third Lieutenants. Chief Engineers. 




ASSAY OFFICERS. 

Superintendent, Now York. Xew York. Assayer, New 
York, New York. Meltcr and Reiiner, New York, New 
York. Assayer and Melter, Charlotte, North Carolina. 
Assaver, lloise City, Idaho. Assayer in charge, Helena, 
Montana. Melter, Helena, Montana. 

MINT OFFICERS. 

Philadelphia, Penn.— Superintendent, Assayer, Coiner, 
Eny:iaver, Meiter and Refiner. 

San Francisco, Cal. — Superintendent, Assayer, Coiner, 
Melter and Refiner. 

New Orleans, La. — Superintendent, Assayer, Coiner, 
Melter and Refiner. 

Carson, Nev. — Superintendent, Assayer, Coinir, Melter, 
and Refiner. 

■Oenver, Col. — .\ssaver in chartje, Melter and Refiner. 

COLLECTORS OF CUSTOMS. 

Assistant Collectors of Customs. Appraisers of Cus- 
toms. Collectors of Internal Revenue. 

MISCELLANEOUS OFFICERS. 

Examiners of Dru<;s. Supervisins; Inspectors of Steam 
Vessels. The members of the National Board of Health, 
three of whom are officers detailed from Departments. 
By and ivith the Advice and Consent of the Senate — FOR 
FIVE TEARS. 

Director of the Mint. Comptroller of the Currency. 
By and r-.'ith the Adx'ice and Consent of the Senate — FOR 
FOLR TEARS. 

Assistant Treasurers at Baltimore, Maryland; Boston, 
Massachusetts; Chicago, Illinois; Cine nnati, Ohio; Ne\v 
Orleans, Louisiana; New York City, New York; Phila- 
delphia, Pennsylvania; St. Louis, Missouri; San Fran- 
cisco, California. 

Collectors, Surveyors, and Naval Officers of Customs. 
By the President alone. 

The Superintendent of the Coast and GeCKletic Survey. 



THE AMKRICAX A/.IXC.U. 



189 



By and Tjii/i the Advice and Consent oj the Sena le — FOR 

LIFE OR GOOD BEHA V/OR. 
The President makes Appointments of Officers of the 
United States Navy. 
To fill vacancies in the lowest grade of Commissioned 
Officers in the Army, as follows' 

One-fourth of the number from non-commissioned offi- 
cers in the Array. The remaining vacancies not filled by 
the graduates from the Military Academy, are appointed 
from civil life. 

By andiuith the Adx'ice and Consent of the Senate — FOR 
FOUR YEARS. 
Chiefs of seven bureaus of the Department, embracing. 
Yards and Docits, Equipment and Recruiting, Naviga- 
tion, Ordnance, Construction and Repair, Steam Engi- 
neering, Provisions and Clothing, Medicines and Surgery. 
The first five officers are selected from the list of officers 
of the navy, not below the grade of commander. The 
chief of the Bureau of Construction and Repair must be 
a skillful naval constructor. The chief of the Bureau of 
Steam Engineering is appointed from the chief engineers 
of the navy. The chief of the Bureau of Provisions and 
Clothing is taken from the list of paymasters of the navy 
of not less than ten years' standing. The chief of the 
Bureau of Medicines and Surgery from the list of sur- 
geons of the navy. These chiefs of Bureaus have the 
rank and pay of commodore while serving as such. 

APPOINTMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES 
NAVY. 
By and with the Advice and Consent of the SeHote — 
OFFICES HELD DURING GOOD BEHA VIOR, 
OR UNTIL RETIRED. 
All line officers on the active list, and all officers in 
the sever.il staff corps of the navy are appointed as fol- 
lows : 

LINE OFFICERS. 

Admiral, Vice Admiral, Rear- Admirals, Conunodores, 



Captiins, Commanders, I-icutenant-Cominanders, Lieu- 
tenants, Masters, Ensigns, Midshipmen. 

STAFF OFFICERS. 

Medical Corps. — Medic il Directors, Medical Inspectors, 
Surgeons, Assistant Surgeons. 

Pay Corps.— Pay Directors, Pay Inspectors, Pay- 
masters, Passed Assistant Paymasters, Assistant Pay- 
masters. 

Engineer Corps.- Chief Engineers of the three grades, 
\\/..: Captains, Commanders, Lieutenant-Commanders, 
or Lieutenants; First Assistiint Engineers, with rank of 
Lieutenants or Masters; Second Assist;int Engineers, 
with rank of Masters or Ensigns. Ch iplains. Naval 
■Constructors and Assistant Naval Constructors. Civil 
Engineers and Naval Storekeepers. Professors of Mathe- 
matics. 

INTE^iei^ DEP^I^'FJisIEN'F. 

By and with the Advice and Consent of the .Senate— 
TERM UNLIMITED. 

Secretary of the Interior. Assistant Secretary of the 
Interior. Architect of the Capitol Extension. Assistant 
Commissioner of Patents. Assistant Inspector of Gas 
Miters in the District of Columbia. Auditor of Railroad 
Accounts. Commissioner of Education. Commissioner 
<;f General Land Office. Commissioner of Indian Affairs 
Commissioner of Patents. Commissioner of Pensions. 
Deputy Commissioner of Pensions, Director of Geologi- 
cal Survey. Exaniiners-in-Chief of Patent Office. In- 
spector of Gas Meters m the District of Columbia. Prm- 
cipal Clerk of Private Land Claims. Principal Clerk of. 
I'ublic Lands. Principal Clerk of Surveys. Recorder of 
Deeds for the District of Columbia. Recorder of General 
Land Office. Register of Wills for the District of Co- 
lumbia. Superintendent of the Census. Supervisors of 
the Census. 

By and zvith the Advi e and Consent oj the Senate— 
TERM OF FOUR FEARS. 
Governors of Territories. Indian Agents. Indian In- 
spectors. Pension Agents. Receivers of Public Moneys. 
Registers of Land Offices. Secretaries of Territories. 
Surveyors-General. 



190 



THE AMEKICAX MANUAL. 



By and tjHIi the Advice and Consent of the Senate — 
TERM OF ONE YEAR. 

Members of the Hot Sprint^ Comiiussion (Arkansas). 
By the President. 

Commissioners to Codify the Land Law*, for an unlim- 
ited term. Members of Board of Indian Commissioners, 
for an unlimited term. Government Directors of the 
Union Pacific Railroad Company, for a term of one year. 
Visitors to tlie Government Hospital for the Insane, for a 
term of six years. 

PO^¥-0EEICE DEP^I^'FJiIE]\[¥. 

By nucT -vith tlie Ad-cice inid Consent of the .Senate. 

THE POSTMASTES GENERAL, 
who serves for and during tlie term of the President who 
appoints him, and for one month thereupon, thus differing- 
from the terms of the other cabinet officers. 
By and ivilh the Advice and Consent of the Senate — 
TERM UNLIMITED. 
First, Second, and Third Assistant Postmasters-Gen- 
eral. 

By and with the Advice and Consent cf the .Senate — 
TERM OF FOUR TEARS, UNLESS SOONER 
REMO VED. 
The Postmaster at New York City. 
Postmasters of the first, second, and third classes. 
The commissions of all Postmasters appointed by tlie 
President, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate, are made out and recorded in tlie Post-Office 
Department, and are under the seal of the Department, 
and countersigned by the Postmaster-General. 



ate- \ 



By and vjitli the Adi'ice and Consent oj the .Sen 
TERM UNLIMITED. 
The Attorney-General of the United States. Assistant 
Attorneys-General, of wliich there are three. Solicitor- 
General. Examiner of Claims in the Department of 
State. Solicitor of Internal Revenue. Solicitor of the 
Treasury. Assistant Solicitor of the Treasury. 

DEPH^TJ^EN'F OF H6I^I(3aiiTai^E. 

By and 7uilh the Advice and Consent cf the Senate — 
TERM UNLIMITED. 

The Cominissioner of Agriculture. 

jaDICI^l^Y. 

By and vnlh the Advice and Consent of the Senate — TO 
HOLD THEIR OFFICES DURING GOOD BE- 
HA VI OR.. 

The Chief -Justice and the Associate Justices of the 
Supreme Court of the United States. Circuit Judges of 
the United States. District Judges of the United States. 
Chief -Justice and Judges of the Court of Claims. Chief- 
Justice, and Associate Justices of the Supreme Court of 
the District of Columbia. 

By and 7vith the Adi'ice and Consent of the Senate — 
TERM OF FOUR TEARS. 

CInef -Justice and Associate justices of the Supreme 
Courts of the Territories. District Attorneys of the United 
States. Marshals of the United States Courts. Attorneys 
of the United States in the Territories. Marshals of the 
United States in the Territories. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



191 




H=^. leoislative department .feh 




/< M,-^ "nJ^ *yU* "vL* *sL^ *sU* nL^ nL-" nL^ *vJ^ nI*^ m^* n^^ ■sl^' "sU* ' ^1^ 'sL^ 'sL'" *sL* "^L^ 'sL^ 'sU* '*>. '^b^l 



^*ig^iiii^aiiii®®iiii®@iiiii 



Y~^^~~T"W 




HIS Department consists of a Senate 

ami House of Representatives. 

^ T\v(j Senators represent each State, 

'Me) and there being now thirty-eight States, 

the Senate is composed of seventy-six 

Senators. 

THE SENATE. 

Time and manner of Electing; Senators. 

The Lcj^islature of each State which is chosen next 
preceding- the expiration of the time for which any Sena- 
tor was elected, on the second Tuesdaj- after meeting-, 
proceeds to elect a Senator. A viva-voce vote is taken in 
each House of the Legislature, and the name of the per- 
son receiving a majority of the whole number of votes 
cast, is entered on the journal. 

At twelve o'clock, next day, the members of each 
house convene in joint assembly, and if the same person 
has received a majority of votes in both houses he is de- 
clared elected. But if not, the joint assembly proceeds 
to choose, and the person receiving a majority of all the 
votes, a miijority of all the members elected to both 
houses beinjj present and voting, is elected. 

If on the hrst day no election is made, the joint assem- 
bly meets on each succeeding day, and must take at least 
one vote until a Senator is elected. 



Principal Officers of the Senate. 

A President (the Vice-President of the United States, 
or a Senator, elected President /ro /^'«), a Secretary, a 
Chief Clerk, a Sergeant at Arms, a Chaplain. 

COMPENSATION. 

Senators, each $S,ooo 

Secretary 4,^96 

Chief Clerk 3,000 

5 Principal Clerks -^jSg^ 

Librarian 2,220 

Assistint Librarian 1,800 

6 Clerks in Secretary's office 2,220 

5 Clerks in Secretary's office 2, 100 

Stiitionery Keeper. 2, 102 

Assistant 1,800 

2 Messengers, each 1,296 

I Special Policeman 1,296 

4 Laborers in Secretary's office 720 

Chaplain of Senate ' 900 

Secretary to Vice-President 2.102 

Sergeant-at-Arms and Doorkeeper 4,320 

Clerk to the Sergeant-at-Arms 2,000 

Assistant Doorkeener 2,i;g2 

Acting Assistant Doorkeeper. ,.,.,, $2,^92 

3 Acting Assistiint Doorkeepers, each i,boo 

Postmaster to the Senate 2,250 

Assistant Pos^naster and Mail Carrier 2,088 

4 Mail Carriers, each 1,200 

Messenger to the Vice-President's room ')440 

Clerk to Committee on Appropriations 2,5°° 

Assistant Clerk on Appropriations i ,600 

Clerk of Printing Records 2,220 



193 



THE AM ERICA A^ MANUAL. 




HALL OF REPRESENTATIVES, WASHINGTON. 



THI. AMERICAN MANUAL. 



19:^ 



Clerk to ComiiiitUi.- on 1-in iiui.- - 2,220 

Clerk to Committee 011 Claims 2,220 

Clerk to Committee on Commerce 2,220 

Cl''rk to Committee on the Judici:iry 2,220 

Cork to Coumiittee on Private Land Claims 2,220 

Clerk to Committee on Naval Affairs 2,220 

Clerk to Committee on Pensions 2,220 

Clerk to Committee on Military Affairs 2.220 

Clerk to Committee on Post-OfRces and Post- 
Roads 2,220 

Clerk to Committee on District of Colun\bia 2,220 

Clerk to Joint Committee on the Library 2,220 

Clerk to Committee on the Census 2,220 

Superintendent Document-Koom 2,i()o 

2 Assistants in Document- Room, each >,44" 

r Page in Document- Room 720 

Superintendent of Foldinuf-Room 2,100 

Assistant in FoldiniT-Room 1,200 

J4 Messenupers (Assistant Doorkeepers), each ■>44o 

1 Messenijer to Committee on Appropriations i>440 

Messentr<n- in charge of Store-Room 1,200 

Messenijer in Official Reporter's Room 1,200 

Chief finjrineer 2, 160 

Assistant Engineers, each ■).440 

-• Firemen, each i>09.<; 

S Laborers in Engineer's Department, each 720 

2 Telegraph Operators 1,200 

22 Clerks to Committees during Sessions, each at 

$6 per diem. 
14 Pages for the Senate Chamber; 
.^ Riding Pages; and 
I Page for the Office of the Secretary, at the rate 

of $2.50 per dav, each, when employed. 
4 Folders, at $3 per day, each, when employed. 

Conductor of the Elevator .' i ,200 

^ Skilled Laborers, each 1,000 

1 1 Laborers, each 720 

I J Laborers during Session, at the rate of, each 720 

1 Laborer in Charge of Private Passage S40 

1 Female Attendant in Charge of Ladies' Retiring- 

Room 720 

Reporters of Debates, paying own Assistants, . . 35,000 

HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 

The House of Representatives consists of two 
h indred and ninety-three Representatives and eight Del- 
crates, apportiimed among the States and Territories as 
follows: Maine, 5; New Hampshire, 3; Vermont, 3; 
Massachusetts, n; Rhode Island, 2; Connecticut, 4; 
New York, 33; New Jersey, 7; Pennsylvania, 27; Dela- 
ware i; Maryland, rt; Virginia, 9-, North Carolina, 8; 
South Carolina, s; Georgia, 9; Alabama, 8; Mississippi, 
o; Louisiana, 6; Ohio, 20; Kentucky, 10; Tennessee, 10; 
Indiana, 13; Illinois, 19; Missouri, 13; Arkansas, 4; 
Michigan, y; Florida, 2; Texas, 6; Iowa, 9; Wisconsin, 
S; California, 4; Minnesoti, 3; Oregon, 1; Kansas, 3; 
\Vest \'irginia. 3; Nevada, 1; .Vcbrasica, i; Colorado. 1. 



^.ijreisonj .. ^.ogat.' from each of tlie i<liowing terri- 
tories: Arizona, Dakota, Idaho, Montana, New Mexico, 
Utah, Washington, and Wyoming. 

Time and Manner of Election. 

Representatives in Congress are elected by ballot in 
districts composed of contiguous territory. The day for 
electing Congressmen is the Tuesday next after the first 
Monday in November, every second year. Delegates 
from the Territories art eljctcd by a majority of the 
votes of the qualified voter.-i of the Territories, respec- 
tively. They have seats in the house -vith the right of 
debating, but not of votins; 

Oflicers. 

A Speaker, a Clerk of the House, a Chief Clerk, a 
Chaplain. 

COMPENSATION. 

Speaker 

Representatives and Delegates 

Clerk of House 

Chief Clerk 

Journal Clerk 

2 Reading Clerks 

Tally Clerk 

Printing Clerk ■ ■ • • ■ • • • • • 

3 Clerks, Disbursing, File, Printing, Enrolling 

each 

Assistant to Chief Clerk 

Assistant Disbursing Clerk 

Resolution and Petition Clerk 

Newspaper Clerk 

Superintendent of Document-Room 

Index Clerk 

Librarian 

Distributing Clerk 

Stationery Clerk 

Chaplain 

Document Clerk 

Upholsterer 

Locksmith ■ 

2 Assistant Librarians, each 

I Book-keeper 

4 Clerks, each 

Clerk to Committee on Claims 

Clerk to Committee on Public Lands 

Clerk to Committee on War Claims 

Clerk to Committee on Invalid Pensions » 

Clerk to Committee on Judiciary 

Clerk to Committee on District of Cohimbia 

Clerk to Committee on Appropriations 

Clerk to Committee on Ways and Means 

Sergeant-at-Arms of the House 

Clerk to Sergeant-at-.\rms of tlu 1 louse 

Payin"- Teller for Sergeant-. it-. \rms of tin 



p,ooo 
5,000 
4,500 
3,000 
3,000 
3,000 
3,oa) 
2,50;) 



2,250 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
i,Soo 
I, Sot) 
900 

1,440 
1,440 

1.44" 
1,440 
1,600 
1, 600 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
2,000 
3,501 
2,500 
4,000 
2,100 



194 



THE AM ERIC AX J/A.VC'AL. 




TilE Si-NAIE CHAMiiilR. 



Tin: A M ERICA \ 

I louse j.ooo 

Messenger for Sorsjc;int-;it -Anns iif tlit.' House. i,j<» 

I Mcsscngcx to Committee on Approjjriutions i coo 

Assistant Clerk to Committee on Aiipropriations. r,6oo 

Assistant Clerk to Committee on \V:.r Claims. . . i,6oo 

Private Secret;irv to the Speaker i.Soo 

Clerk at Speaker"*s Talkie i.Ooi 

Clerk to the Speaker i:40O 

Assistint Clerk to Committee on Wavs anvl 

Means .' i ,2or> 

I Messensfer to Committee on Wavs anil Means.. . 1,000 
\\ Messensrers on '•Soldiers' Roll.'' provided said 
Messengers served in the I'nion Army, and 

Postniasterl -,500 

First Assistant Postmaster .',000 

■^ Messensrers, eaeh 1 , JOO 

} Messeny^ers durinsj the Session, at the rate of, 

each ! Soo 

1 L;iborer ii\ Huth-Room 720 

; 1 L;ilH>rers. each 720 

I Teleijraph Operator 7J0 

10 Messens^-rs, each i ,coo 

10 L.;iborers dnrinar thj Session, at the nito of. 

eaeh 7.M 

I Liborer S^o 

i L;iborers, eaeh (ioa 

S L;iborers, "Cloak-Room men,"' eaeh, per month 

during the Session 50 

I Female Attendant, Ladies' Retirina;- Room 600 

Superintendent of Foldinij-Room ',000 

1 Clerk in Folding- Room i.Soo 

J Clerks in Foldinsf- Room 1,200 

Superintendent of Document- Room 2,000 

Chief \ssist:int in Document Rmim 2,000 

Document File Clerk t ,400 

J .^tcno-rniphers for Committees, each q.ooo 



.UAXLAL. 



lii."> 



5 t')fficial Reporters of tlu Proceeding's and De- 
bates or the 1 Livise, each " ^,ODO 

Compiler of the lieneral Index of the Journals 

of Coni^rcss J,,oo 

;j Clerks to Committees, during the Session, $6 per 

dav. each. 

I Journal Clerk for nreparing- Difirestof the Rules. 1,000 
:o Pages, when employed, per day, each, $2.50. 

I Foreman of Foldins'-Room. i,::oo 

z Folders, each ! 7.0 

Folders, each ,kx> 

•; Folders, each S40 

1 Messenger 1,200 

1 Folder in Sealing-Room 1,200 

I Page 500 

I Laborer ^oo 

1 Laborer c<io 

1 Page, per month 60 

Do,>rkeepcr 2,500 

Assistant Doorkeeper ' 2,000 

Clerk for Doorkeepei 1,200 

Janitor i,20O 

Chief Engineer 1,700 

2 .Vssisfcint Engineers, each 1,200 

I Electrician 1,150 

1 Laborer S20 

5 Firemen, each 000 

2 Messengers in the 1 tousc Librarv, per dav, $3.00, 

Capitol Police. 

1 Captain $i,wx> 

,; Lieutenants, each i,22<'i 

: I Privates, each i , ico 

S Watchmen, each 900 



MM*M-M/ 




^^-4-.+*,,t'«M^-''?^^'?^^-"'^^ 



. . . .( V^ x'^'- ■..--......, :-l^^ 




196 



THE AMKRICAX MAXCAL. 

DRPARXMRNT OF SO^AT^R. 



ORGANIZATION. — This Dcpurtnicnl. es- 
tablished July 27, 17S9, was originally- styled the 
IV^pai-tment of Foreign Affairs, the ]iriiicip:'.l 
officer being called the Secretary for the Depart- 
ment of Foreign Affairs, but its name was 
changed by an act of Congress. Sept. 1 5, 1 7S9, 
to the Department of State. 

The principal officer by that act was called 
Tixe Secretary of State. 

POWERS AND DUTIES OF SECRE- 
TARY OF STATE. — The Secretary of State 
conducts all correspondence and issues instruc- 
tions to the public ministers and consuls from 
the United States, negotiates with public minis- 
ters fron\ foreign states 01 princes, and has 
charge, under the direction of the President, of 
all matters pertaining to foreign affairs. 

He takes charge of the seal of the United 
States, and of the seal of the Department of 
State. It is his duty to affix the seal of the 
United States to all civil commissions (except 
for revenue officers), for officers of the United 
States appointed by the President, by and with 
the advice and consent of the .Senate, or by the 
President alone. 

The originals of all bills, orders, and resolu^ 
tions of the Senate and House of Representa- 
tives are received and preserved by this Depart- 
ment. It is the duty of the Secretary to pro- 
mulgate and publish the laws, amendments to 
the Constitution of the United States, and to 
make known commercial information commu- 
nicated by diplomatic and considar officers. 

It is the dutv of the Secretary of State to 



procure from time to time such of the statutes 
of the several States as may not be in his office. 

He must, within ten days after the commence- 
ment of ea;h regular session of Congress, la\- 
before that body a statement containing an ab- 
stract of all retvirns made to him pursuant to 
law by collectors of the different ports of the 
seamen registered by them, together with an 
account of such impressments and detentions as 
may appear by the protest of the masters of 
vessels to have taken place. 

He must annually lay before Congress the 
following reports: 

I. — A statement, in a compendious form, of 
all such changes and modifications in the com- 
mercial systems of other nations, whether by 
treaties, duties on imports and exports, or other 
regulations, as shall have been communicated to 
the Department, including information con- 
tained in official publications of other Govern- 
ments, which he may ileem of sufficient im- 
portance. 

II. — A synopsis of so much of the ir.forma- 
tion which may have !)een communicated to 
him by diplomatic and consular officeis, during 
the preceding year, as he may deem valuable 
for public infornuitioM. 

THE CHIEF CLERK. —The Chief Clerk 
has general supervision of the clerks, and of the 
business of the Departmcr.t. 

THE FOUR BUREAUS OF THE DE- 
PARTMENT are the following, with the busi- 
ness jiei'taining to each: 



Tin: AMJ-.KIC.IX MAXL'AJ.. 



1U7 




NEW STATE DEPARTMENT. 



The Diplomatic Bureau has charge of all 
correspondence between the Departjnent and 
other diplomatic agents of the I'nitcd States 
abroad, and those of foreign powers accredited 
to this sjovernment. 



The Consular Bureau lias charge of tiie cor- 
respondence, etc. between the department and 
tiie consuls, ami commercial agents of tlie 
United States. 




C.VKl.NET CHAMBER. 



TJiJ. .i.\/j:a'/c.i.\' ma.vc'al. 



199 



The Bureau of Ro'ls, Indices, and Archives, 
ha- cliarge of the ei.i-olled acts and resolutions 
of Congress, as they are received from the 
President; pref ires authenticated copies thereof; 
superintends their puhlication, and that ot 
treaties; attends to their distribution, and that of 
all documents and publications in regard to 
which this duty is assigned to the department: 
^^riti^g and answering all letters connected 
therewith ; answering calls of the principal 
officers for correspondence; and has charge of 
all Indian treaties, and business relating thereto. 

The Bureau of Accounts has charge of all 
matters connectetl wi h accounts relating to any 
fund disbursed by the department; indemnity 
fund and bonds; care of building and property. 

BRANCHES OR DIVISIONS. 

STATISTICAL DIVISION.— The Clerk of 
this I)i\ision has the administration of the col- 
lection, analyzing, publication, and distribution 
of commercial information. 

AUTHENTICATIONS.— The Clerk of Au- 
thentications has charge of the seals of the 
Lnited States and of the department, and pre- 
jiarcs and attaches certificates to papers pre- 
-ented for authentication : receives and accounts 
for the fees: and records all letters from the de- 
parttnent, other than the diplomatic and consular. 

PARDONS AND COMMISSIONS. — The 
Clerk of Pardons and Commissions prepares and 
rixords jjardons and remissions, and registers and 
u\c< the papers on which they are founded, and 
attends t<) applications for office. 

TRANSLATIONS. —The Translator fur- 
nishes such translations as the department may 



require by the Secretary, Assistant Secretary, 
or Chief Clerk, and records the commissions of 
consuls and vice-consuls, when not in English, 
u]ion which exequaturs are issued. 

LIBRARIANS. — The Librarian has the cus- 
tody of the rolls, treaties, etc., the promulgation 
of the laws, the care and superintendence of the 
library and public documents, the care of the 
Revolutionary archives and archives of inter- 
national commissions. 

Salaries and Pay of the Officers and Em- 
ployes of the Department of State. 

Secretary, $8,000. Three Assistant Secre- 
taries, each, $3,5CK>. Chief Clerk, $2,500. Trans- 
lator and four Chiefs of Bureaus, each $2,100. 
Eleven Clerks, each, $i,8oo. Four clerks, each, 
$1,600. Two Clerks, each, $1,400. Ten Clerks, 
each, $1,200. Two Clerks, each, $i,(X)o. Ten 
Clerks, each, $900. Engineer, $/, 200. Assist- 
ant Engineer, $1,000. Two Superintendents of 
Watch, each, $i,cxx>. .Six Watchmen, Six Fire- 
men, Assistant Messenger, Elevator Tender, 
each, $720. Twelve Laborers, each, $660. Ten 
Charwomen, each, $180. A small number of 
extra clerks, messengers, and laborers are em- 
ployed from time to time. 

APPOINTMENTS BY THE SECRETARY 
OF STATE. 

L.SUMIItll ItKM. 

Chief clerks, chiefs of bureaus, translatfjr, clerks of the 
several chisses, messenfrers, watchmen, laborers, and 
other emuloyes of the Department. 

Vice-consuls-general, vice-consuls, deputy consuls-pen 
cral, vice -commercial agents, deputy consuls, and deput\ 
commercial agents are appointsd under regulations pre- 
scribed by the President in the following manner: by the 
Secretary of State, on the nomination of the principal con ■ 
sular officer, approved hv the consul general, or if there 
b'-- no consul general, then liv the minister. 



200 



77/.': !.\n-:Kic.ix .u.i.vrj/.. 



^TREASURY MEPflRTMENT.* 



Office of the Secretary, includinof eight reg-ular divi- 
sions; besides the Chief Clerk's Offico, the office of the 
Custodian of the building; and Special Agents' Division; 
the Secret Service, and the Division of Captured and 
Abandoned Property, Lands, etc. ; Bureau of Engraving 
and Printing; Bureau of the Mint; Office of the Supervis- 
ing Architect; Supervising Inspector-General of Steam 
Vessels; Office of the Superintendent of the I^ife-Saving 
Service; OlHce of the Lighthouse Board ; Supervising Sur- 
geon-General of Marine H spi'als; First Comptroller; 
Second Comptroller; Conuiiissioner of Customs; First 
Auditor, Second Auditor, Third Auditor, Fourth Auditor, 
Fifth Auditor, Sixth Auditor; Treasurer; Register; 
Comptroller of the Currency; Commissioner of Internal 
Revenue; Coast Survey. 

DUTIES OF THE SECRETARY. 

The Secretary prepares plans for the improvement and 
management of the revenue, and for the support of the 
public credit. He prescribes the forms of keeping and 
rendering all accounts; grants all warrants for moneys to 
be issued from the Treasurj' in pursuance of appropria- 
tions made liy Cong-ress; reports to the Senate and House, 
in person or in writing, information required by them ap- 
pertaining to his office, and performs all duties relative to 
the finances that he shall be directed to jjcrform. 

The Secretary orders the collection, the deposit, the 
transfer, the safe-keeping, and the disbursement of the 
revenue; and directs the auditing and settling the ac- 
counts, respectively. 

Secretary's OfiBce. — The Secretary of the Treasury is 
charged with the general supervision of the fiscal trans- 
actions of the government, and the execution of the laws 
concerning commerce and navigation; the Purvey of the 
coast; the lighthouse establishment; the marine hospi- 
tals of the Ignited States, and the construction of certain 
public buildings for custom-house and other purposes. 

The Firat Comptroller prescribes the mode of keeping 
and rendering accounts fo the civil an.l diplomatic ser- 
vice, as well as the public lands, and revises and certifies 
the balances arising thereon. 

The Second Comptroller prescribes the mode of keep- 
ing and rendering the accounts of the army, navy, and 
Indian departments of the public service, and revises and 
certifies the balances arising thereon. 

The Commissioner of the Customs prescribes the mode 
of keeping and rendering the accounts of the customs, 
revenue, and disbursement, and for the building and re- 
pairing custom-houses, etc., and revises and certifies the 
balances arising thereon. 

The First Auditor receives and adjusts the accounts ol 



the customs, revenue antl disbursements, appropriations, 
and expenditures on account of the civil list, and under 
private acts of Congress, and reports the-balances to the 
Commissioner of the Customs and the F"irst Comptroller 
respectively, for their decision thereon. 

The Second Auditor receives and adjusts all accounts 
relating to the pay, clothing and recruiting of the army, 
as well as the armories, arsenals, and ordnance, and all 
accounts relating to the Indian department, and rejjorts 
the balances to the Second Comptroller for his decision 
thereon. 

The Third Auditor receives and adju.sts all accounts 
for subsistence of the army, fortifications, military acad- 
emy, militiiry roads, and the quartermaster's department, 
pensions, and claims arising from military services previ- 
ous to iSi6, and for horses and other property lost in the 
military service, and reports the balances to the Second 
Comptroller for his decision thereon. 

The Fourth Auditor adjusts all accounts for the service 
of the Xavv Department, and reports the balances to the 
Second Comptroller for his decision thereon. 

The Fifth Auditor adjusts all accounts for diplomatic 
and similar services |)erformed under the direction of the 
State department, and reports the balances to the First 
Comptroller for his decision thereon. 

The Sixth Auditor adjusts all accounts arising from 
the service of the Postoffice Department. His decisions 
are final, unless an appeal is taken within twelve months 
to the First Comptroller. He superintends the collection 
of all debts due the Postoffice Department, and all penal - 
lies imposed on postmasters and mail contractors for 
failing to do their duty. He directs suits and legal pro- 
ceedings, civil and criminal, and takes legal measures to 
enforce the prompt payment of money due to the depart- 
ment; instructing attorneys, marshals, and clerks relative 
thereto; and receives returns from each term of the 
United States Courts of the condition and progress of 
such suits and legal proceedings; has charge of all lands 
and other property assigned to the V'nited States in pay- 
ment of debts due to the Postoffice Department, and has 
power to sell and dispose d the same for the benefit of 
the Ignited Stales. _. 

The Treasurer receives and keeps the moneys of the 
United States in his own office, and that of the depositor- 
ies, and pays out the same upon warrants drawn by the 
Secretary of the Treasury, countersigned by the First 
Comptroller, and upon warrants drawn by the Postmas- 
ter-General, and countersigned by the Sixth Auditor, and 
recorded by the Register. "lie also holds public moneys 
advanced by warrant to disbursing oflicers, and pa") s out 
the same upon their checks. 



rifE AM^KA'ICA.y MAXTAL. 



COl 



The Beeister keeps tlic accounts of public receipts and 
expenditures; receives the returns, ana makes out the of- 
ficial statement of commerce and navigation of the United 
Stiites; and receives from the First Comptroller and 
Commissioner of Customs all accounts and vouchers de- 
cided by them, and is charged by law with their safe- 
keepmg. 

The Solicitor superintends all civil suits commenced 
by the United States (except those arising in the Postoffice 
Jjeptirtmetit), ■.xniX'insirwcX.s \hc United States attorneys, 
marshals and clerks in all matters relating to them, and 
their results. J le receives returns from each term of the 
United States Courts, showing the progress and condi- 
tion of such suits; has charge of all lands md other prop- 
erty assigned to the United States in payment of debts 
{except those assigned in payment of debts due to the Fast- 
o/^ce /)epa/tment), ■.imWv.is ]io\vcr to sell and dispose of 
the same for the benefit of the United States. 

The Lighthouse Board. — The Secretary of the Treas- 
ury is ex nffiiio president of the board. It directs the 
buildinyf and repairing of lighthouses, light-vessels, 
buoys, and beacons, contracts for supplies of oil, etc. 

United States Coast Survey. — The coast survey ofEcer 
is charged with the supermtendence of the survey of the 
roast of the Ihiited States, and its superintendent is the 
superintendent of weights and measures. 

The Comptroller of the Currency has charge of 
everything connected with the issue of money. 

The Commissioner of Internal Revenue has charge 
of all matters connected with the 'J"ax Laws. 

The Supervising Architect has charge of the con- 
struction of pulilic buililings. 

The Special Commissioner of Revenue is required by 
law to investigate the sources of national revenue, the 
best methods of collecting revenue, the administration of 
existing revenue laws, and the relation of foreign trade 
to domestic industry. 

PAY OF EMPLOYES IN THE OFFICE OF THE 
SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY. 

Force in Secretary's Office. — Chief clerk (of the De- 
partment), $3,000; cliief of Division of Warrants, etc., 
chief of Division of Customs, each, $2,750; O chiefs of 
division, 2 disbursing clerks, each, $2.:;oo; assistant 
chief of division of Warrants. $2,400; 2 assistant chiefs 
of Division, $2,100; 6 assistant chiefs of Division, sten- 
ographer to the Secretary, $2,000; 192 clerks, from $900 to 
$1 900; 14 messengers and assistants, from $720 to $S4o; 
2 conductors of elevators, each, $720; 43 laborers, each, 
$fite; 2 lieutenants, each, $900; 5S watchmen, each. $720; 
I engineer, $1,400; 1 assistant engineer, $1,000; i machin- 
ist and gas-fitter, i storekeeper, captain of the watch, 
Ji, 200; 6 firemen, each, $720; 75 charwomen or cleaners, 
each, jiSo. 



Internal Revenue Bureau. — Commissioner, $6,000; 
deputy, f3,20o; 2 chiefs of Division, $2,500; 5 chiefs of 
Division, $2,250; stenographer. $1,800; 169 clerks, from 
$900 to $i,Soo; 4 messengers, $720; 10 laborers, $660. 
About 30 clerks and 6 messenjji^ers are employed tempora- 
rily, and paid at rates varymg from $720' to $2,100 per 
year. 

Treasury of the United States. — Treasurer, $6,000; 
assistant treasurer,cashier, .$3,600; assistant, $3,200; super- 
intendent National Bank Agency, $3,500; chief clerk, 5 
chiefs of division, 2 bookkeepers, 3 tellers, $2,500; 2 as- 
sistants. $2,400; 2 assistants, $2,250; assistant, $2,000; 223 
clerks, from $900 to $i,Soo; 7 messengers, $840; 10 assist- 
ants, $720; 33 laborers, from $240 to $G6o. 

Registry of the Treasury. — Register, $1,000; assistant, 
$2,250; 5 chiefs of Division, disbursing clerk, $2,000; 1 ij 
clerks, from $900 to $i,Soo; messenger, $840; 4 assistants, 
$720; 7 laborers, $660. 

Accounting Offices. — 2 comptrollers, $5,000; 2 deputies. 
$2,700; commissioner of customs, $4,000; 7 deputies, $2,- 
250; 6 auditors, $3,600; 38 chiefs of division, from $2,000 
to $2,100; I disbursing clerk, $2,000; 693 clerks, from $900 
to $i,Soo; II messengers, from $060 to $840; 56 laborers, 
male and female, from $iSoto $660. 

Bureau of the Mint. — Director, $4,500; examiner, $2,- 
300; computer, $2,200; 3 clerks, from $1,400 to $1,800; 
translator, $1,200; copyist, $900; messenger, $720; laborer, 
$660. 

Bureau of National Currency.— Comptroller of cur- 
rency, $5,000; deputy, $2,Soo; 4 chiefs of division, $2,200; 
superintendent of currency, teller, 2 bookkeejiers, bond 
clerk, $2,000; 76 clerks, from $900 tf> $i,Soo; stenographer, 
$i,''oo; messenger. $^40; 3 assistants, $720; 2 watchmen, 
$720; 3 laborers, $660. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES IN THE 

DIFFERENT DIVISIONS OF THE TREASURY 

DEPARTMENT. 

Bureau of Printing and Engraving. — Chief. $4,500; 
Assistant, $2,250; Accountant, $2,000; Stenographer, $1,- 
600; 7 Clerks from $1,000 to $1,600; 3 Copyists, e.ach, $900; 
3 Messengers, each, $720; 4 Laborers, each, $660. Large 
nuinbers of engravers, plate printers, skilled and un- 
skilled workmen and workwomen, etc., are employed by 
the day or piece, permanently or temporarily, at wages 
varying from $1 to $i2, the whole force sometimes reach- 
ing nearly to one thousand. 

Construction Bureau. — Supervising Architect, $4,500; 
Assistant, $2,250; Photographer, $2,250; S Clerks from 
$900 to $2,000; Messenger, $720. About 90 civil engi- 
ne";rs; architects, draughtsmen, computers, clerks, mes- 
sengers, etc., are also steadily employed in tnis office, and 
paid by the day at rates yielding troin $600 to $3,600 per 
year. 

iJureau of Statistics —Chief, $2,400; 25 Clcks froti 
$900 to $2,00; 5 Copyists, eacli, $'Ky); .Messenge.-, »'/-0; 



2C-,> 



Tin: - /.l/A A'/( ■. IX M. I XI '.I /.. 



I.;iboii.-r. $(.Ko; Laborer, §+So. Kxperts arc icmj:;--. '•'■^j 
omnloyoil by this buro:iu to furnish statistics relative to 
internal anil foreiiru (.onimerce. 

Light-House Bureau.— Chief Clerk, $^.400; 22 Clerks 
from $<^xi to $i,Soo; j Messensfcrs, each, $720; Laborer, 
$i«x A few engfineers anil I'.raujjhlsmcn are employed, 
anil paid by the month from $1,200 to $-",400 per annum. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Coast and Geodetic Survey. —Superintendent, $6,000; 
Assistant, $4,200; Consulting; Geonulev, $},ooo; Disburs- 
inir Aijent, $2,500. There "are generally employed up- 
ward "of 50 so-called assistants, with s'ularies varying; 
from $.^,750 to $1,100, and about 100 clerks, computers, 
dvauofhtsnien, printers, cnsrravers, etc., at compensations 
varvinsT from $2,000 per year down to $1.50 per day. 

Revenue- Marine Service.— ,u Captains, each, $2,500; 
,^> First Lieutenants. 23 Chief Kngineers, each, $i,boo; 
34 Second Lieutenants," iS Assistants, each $1,500; 22 
'reird Lieutenants, each, $1,200; 12 Cadets, each, $iX)o; 
27 Assistants, each, $1,200. 

Life-Saving Service. — iJeneral Superintendent, $4,000; 
Assistant, $2,500; Accountant. $i,Soo; d Clerks from $ixxi 
to$i,tioo; Mcssenu^er, $720; Superintendent of Construc- 
tion, $2,000; 6 Assistants, each, per month from $75 to 
$poo; II District Superintendents, each from $1,000 to 
$1,500; Assistant, $500; 170 Keepers, each, $400; 1,400 
Surf men, per" month, each, $40. 

National Board of Health.— 7 Members of Hoard, per 
day, each $10; Chief t lerk, $2,300; 5 Clerks, from $1,200 
to'$i,Soo; Messenger, per month, "$'xi; Assistant, per 
month, $25; Laborer, per day, $1.25; 12 Inspectors, each, 
per day, $10; 2 Inspectors, each per month, from $200 to 
$300. 'The force is variable, both as to numbers and jiay. 

Marine Hospital Service. — Supervising Surireon Gen 
crul. $(.ooo; 05 medical officers, with salaries ranginsr 
from $^(xxi down to $100 per year; about 10 clerks at 



headquarters, with the usual clerical salaries paid at 
Washington, and about 150 stewards, nurses, and other 
employes, paid at rates ranging from $720 to $100 per 
year. 

Steamboat Inspecting Service. — Supervising Inspect- 
or-General, $3,500; 12 Supervising Inspectors, $3,000; 40 
Inspectors of Hulls, each, from $Soo to $2,200; 53 Inspect- 
ors of Boilers, each from $Soo to $2,200; 9 clerks, each, 
from $ixxi to $1,200. 

Internal Revenue Agrencies. — Supervising Agent, per 
day, $12; 31 Agents, each, per day, from $6 to $S. 

National Bank Examiners. — This force is variable in 
number and compensation, the banks examined paying 
the fees fi>r examination, and the examiners being chosen 
by the Comptroller of the Currency at will. 

Secret Service. — Chief, $2,500. The force is variable, 
but usuallv consists of about 40 iLetectives and a fe.v 
clerks, paid at various rates according to time employed 
and service rendered. The leading duty is suppression of 
counterfeiting. 

Special Agencies of Customs. — 28 Special Agents, each, 
per day from $0 to $S; 4 Seal-Island Agents" in Alaska, 
each, from $2,ux'to $3,650. Each seal-island agent is al- 
lowed $000 per year for traveling to and from Alaska; 2 
IsthnMis Inspectors, $2 5(X>. 

APPOINTMENTS . 

/>}' the Sfcrftarv of the T'easury. 

Chief Clerk. Disbursing Clerks. Chiefs of Divisions. 
Chief of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Assist- 
ant Superintendent Life-Saving Service. Assistant 
Chief of the Bureau of Engraving and Printing. Super- 
vising Architect. AssisUmt Supervising Architect. 
Chief Clerk. Clerks of the several classes, fourth, third, 
second, tirst, $1,000 and $goo. 






■JJ/i: .l.\//:A'/C.t.\ MAM A I.. ' ~<J:! 

^^WflH nEPflRTMENT.'^ 

Thp Scrrctarv of War hi.? charge of all the duties con- Ijurcaus, $z,oc»; i</^ clerks, Irom $1,400 to %^,So>i■, 

n.rtc.l with the army of the United States, fortifications, (IraujrlUsinan, $i,Hoo; anatomist, foreman of printuiKr, 

.1... issues .ommissions, directs the movement of troops, li/wo; ctimneer, $1,400-513 clerks, from $90fj to $1,200; 

upcrinlends their payment, stores, clothing, arms and * engineers, pressman, $1,200; r, compositors, $1,000; 

. .piipments, an-J ordnance, and conducts works of military messen}.'er §-.40; r>4 messengers, watchrnen and firemen, 

enijineerini' ' $720; 50 laborers, $600; S charwomen, $iSo. 

The followins,' l)ureaus are attached to this dei)art- , There is, in addition to the above force, a lar^fc num- 

,m.„^ ber of oflicers and employes of dillerent kmds, consistin^f 

„ _ , _„ ._, ,, ,. of about 00 national cemetery keepers, paid from $720 to 

CommandinK Generals Office.- The Command mtr $900 per year, with residences; about 4=;o weather oh- 

General has charge of the arranfrement of the military servers in" the Siimal Corps, from %ii, to $100 per month, 

forces, the superintendence <,f the recruitin;,' service, and ^^ith allowances; about MS. private i>hysicians employed 

the discipline- of the army. He isto see Ihatthe laws and ^j Washington and various military posts, at a comp'en- 

rejru lations of the army are enforced. I he onice is al sation of $100 per month, with quarters and fuel; about 

\\ashini;t<.n, and IS called the lleadcpiarters of the aruiy. ,tjj, i,„s,,iuil .stewards, with pay of from $20 to $35 per 

Adjutant-General's Office. — In this ofhce are kept all month, with rations, quarters, fuel, and clolhin;^; about 
Uie rec(jrds which refer to the /v/'.«j;/«^/ of the army, pay- 50 paymaster's clerks, at } 1,200 |)er year; about Coo em- 
roll, etc., and all military i()minissir)ns are made oiit. jjloyes of all sorts at armories and arsenals; about 450 
All orders which emanate from Headquarters, or the clerks, superintendents, and other employes, at rates 
War Department proper, jiass Ihroutfli this ofTici-, and from $40 to $200 per month, enjjajjed in movinjj the army 
the annual returns from the army are received by it. and its supplies by land and water, and takin}^^ care of its 

The Quartermaster-General's Office provides quar- barracks, storehouses, and clothins<; a lar^e force of 

ters, storai-e, and transportation for the army, aad has clerks, draughtsmen, civil engineers skilled workmen, 

charge of the barracks and the national cemeteries. etc., employed at various rates upon the jniblic buildings, 

„^ ^ ^ ^ ,. „„ , , r .1 1- grounds, and works at the seat of government and else- 

The Paymaster-General s Office has charge of the dis- ^here, under charge of the Engineer Huieau, including 

bursemei.ts to the regul.ir army and the Military Acad- £,,^4., j,„j ^j^^^ ,,„,i harbor improvements; about loosimilar 

^'"'y' employes engaged upon the army subsistence supplies. 

The Comraissary-Oenerars Office provides subsist- 
ence stores for the troops and military forLs. ADJUTANT-GENERAL'S OFFICE. 

The Ordnance Bureau has < harge of the ordnance Officers of the Army, 
stores, and the various arsenals and armories. 

The Engineer's Office has charge of the military de- The Adjutant-General, with rank of brigadier-greneral, 

fenses of the country, the imi.rovement of rivers, the I assisUnt adjuUmt-general, with rank of co.onel, ,? as- 

surveys relating thereto, and the care of the Military sistant adjutants-general, with rank of major, receiving 

Academy. army pay. 

Surgeon-General's Office.— All matters connected with Enlisted Men. 

medicine and surgery, the management of the sick and . , , . . » • , t 

wounded, and the hospitals, are under the control of this 7"* enlisted men f genera serviceK serving as clerks, 

j^tfice. 60 enlisted men (general service), serving as inessen- 

_ , . . .« ^.,1 ,1 r t, gers and watchmen. 

Topographical Bureau. — 1 his bureau has charge of all '^ ,„, , ,, , 
topographical operations and surveys for military pur- Note.— The pay and allowances^ per annum ot en- 
poses, and for purposes of internal improvement, and of all listed men serving in the Adiutant-General s Othce, anrl 
maps, drawings, and documents relating to those duties. "ther branches of the War Department, as clerks and 

™._-r, . -^ . »,, i.,jj messengers, amount as follows: 

The Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned ^ 

Lands, the Bureau of Military Justice, the Inspector- Ci.huks s Messengbks. 

General's Office, .and the Signal Corps of the Army are Sergeants. Privates. 

aU(j connected with the War Department. Pay $')05S.»<; $1,007.21; $S92.;o 

Clothing 37.7S 36.09 36.0") 

SALARIES AND COMPENSATION OF OFFICERS 

AND EMPLOYES IN THE VARIOUS DIVISIONS Total 41.093.03 8i,043.3J $9-!S.5 » 

OF THE "WAR DEPARTMENT. 

The above amount.s are paid during the first and second 

Chief clerk, $2,750; disbursing clerk, 7 (hief clerks of years of service. During the third year each grade r^-- 



204 



yy/y; .ij/j.a'/c.iv .v.i.vr.iL. 




X 



^^-^^^^v 



(,' ^LK \L 1 II --111 1<1D\N. 



77//; amj:ri( :i.v jm x,- . / /.. 



20.:- 



(civus $12 adJitional; lourtli year, $24; and iifth year, 
$36. For each year of a second enlistment, for a period 
of five years, each g'rade receives $60 additional; for a 
third enlistment of five years, $72; and for a fourth enlist- 
ment of five years, $"^41 '"iJ $i2 a year additional to JSfifor 
every succeedint^ enlistment. 

OFTICE OF INSPECTOR-GBNEBAT,. 

Inspector-General, with rank of brijjadicr general, 1 as- 
sistant inspector-general, with rank of colonel, receiving 
army pay. 

BXJREATJ OF MILITARY JUSTICE. 

Judge- Advocate-General, with rank of brigadier-gen- 
eral, 2 judge-advocates, with rank of major, receiving 
army pay. 

PAYMASTER-GENERALS OFFICE. 

Army Officers. 
Paymaster- General, wiih rank of brigadier-general, 
4 paymasters, with rank of major, receiving army pav. 

SURGEON-GENERALS OFFICE. 

Army Officers. 
Surgeon-General, with rank of brigadier-general, i as- 
sistant surgeon-general, with rank of colonel, i chief 
medical purveyor, with rank of colonel, 3 surgeons, with 
rank of major, i assistant surgeon, with rank of captain, 
receiving armv pav. 

OFFICE OF CHIEF OF ORDNANCE. 

Army Officers. 
Chief of Ordnance, with rank of brigadier-general, i 
major of ordance, receiving army pay. 

SIGNAL OFFICE AND SERVICE. 
Army Officers. 
Chief Signal Officer, with rank of brigadier-general, 4 
first lieutenants of artillery, I first lieutenant of cavalry, 
1 first lieutenant of infantry, receiving army pay. 

Enlisted Men. 

IJO sergeants, ,^0 corporals, .and 320 jirivates, receiving 
pay as in adjutant-general's office. 

QUARTERMASTER'S DEPARTMENT. 
Army Officers. 
Quartermaster-General, with rank of brigadier-general, 

1 assistant quarterma.ster-general, with rank of colonel, 

2 deputy quartermasters general, with rank of lieutenant- 
colonel, I quartermaster, witli rank of major, i assistant 
quartermaster, with rank of captain Onounted), receiving 
armv pay. 



PAY OF THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. 



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*The maximum pav ot colonol: 
>f lieutenant-colonels to $4,000. 



IS limited to $4,500, and 



206 



yy/y; .i.^fj'.Kic.ix MAxr.iL. 



OOMMISSART GENERAL. 

Army Officers. 

Commisss.ry- General of Subsistence, with rank of brig- 
adier-general, 2 commissaries of subsistence, with rank 
of major of cavalry, i commissary of subsistence, with 
rank of c plain of cavalry, receiving- army pay. 

OFFICE OF CHIEF OF ENGINEERS OF THE 

ARMY. 

Army Officers. 

Chief of Engineers, wi^n rank of brigadier-general, i 
lieutenant-colonel of enginec-.s, i major of engineers,: 
captain, receiving army pay. 



TPE UNITED ^1?^¥E^ WWi' 

The Army of the United States consists of the follow- 
ing: 

One general . 

One lieutenant-general. 

Three major-generals. 

Six brigadier-generals. 

Five regiments of artillery. 

Ten regiments of cavalry. 

Twentv-flvc regiments of infantry. 

An Adjutant- General's Department. 

An Inspector- General's Department. 

A Quartermaster's Department. 

A corps of engineers. 

A battalion of engineer soldiers. 

An Ordnance Department. 

The enlisted men of the Ordnance Department. 

The Medical Department. 

The hospital stewards of the Medical Department. 

A Pay Department. 

A chief signal officer. 

A Bureau of Military Justice. 

Eight judge-advocates. 

Thirty post chaplains. 

Four regimental chaplains. 

An ordnance sergeant .and an hospital steward for each 
military post. 

One band stationed at the Military Academy. 

A force of Indian scouts, not exceeding i,ooo. 

The officers of the army on the retired list. 

The professors and corps of cadets at the United States 
Military Academy at West Point. 

The offices of "general and lieutenant-general expire 
with the present incumbent. 

GENERAL PROVISIONS. 

No person wlio has served in any capacity in the mili- 
tary, naval, or civil service of the so-called Confederate 



States or of either of the States in insurrection during 
the Rebellion of iS6i, can be appointe<l to any position in 
the Army of the United States. 

AH officers who served during the Rebellion as volun- 
teers in the Army of the United States, honorably mus- 
tered out of the "service, are entitled to bear the official 
title, and upon occasions of ceremony to wear the uniform 
of the highest grade they held, by brevet or other com- 
missions, in the volunteer service. 

The use by officers of private soldiers as servants is 
prohibited by law. 

Four women to each compinv ;,re allowed as laun- 
dresses. 

RETIREMENT. 

An officer who has served thirty j-ears may, on his own 
application, in the discretion of the President, be pl.aced 
on the retired list. One who has served forty five years, 
or is sixty-two years old, may be retired from active 
service in the discretion of the President. lie must be 
retired v.'hen sixty-three years old. 

ARTICLES OF "WAR. 

The army is governed by what are called Articles of 
AVar, one hundred and twenty-eight in number, pre- 
scribed by act of Congress. They are read to every en- 
listed man at the time of h's enlistment, and must be read 

to everv regiment once in si.ic month*. Every officer 
must subscribe to these rules and articles before entering 
on duty. " 

■QUARTERS, FUEL, AND FORAGE ALLO^WED TO 
ARMY OFFICERS. 

By act of June iS, i§7S, all allowance or commutation 
for fuel was prohibited, but wood is furnished at %\ per 
cord, out of the pay of officers. Forage is furnished 
only in kind, and only to officers actually in the field or 
west of the Mississippi, on the basis of five horses for the 
General of the army, four for the Lieutenant-CJeneral, 
three each for a major or brigadier-general, and two each 
for a colonel, lieutenant colonel, major, mounted captain 
or lieutenant, adjutant, and regimental quartermaster. 
Quarters are furnished on the following basis: General 
(commutation for cpiarters), $125 per month; lieutenant- 
o^eneral, $70 per month; major-general, six rooms; briga- 
dier-general or colonel, five rooms; lieutenant-colonel or 
major, four rooms; captain or chaplain, three rooms; and 
first or second lieutenant, two rooms— all of which may 
be commuted at $10 per room per month. 

Note. — The law provides that no allowances shall be 
made to officers in i.ddition to their pay, except quarters 
and forage furnished in kind. 

Mileage at the rate of eight cents per mile is allowed 
for travel under orders. 

The pay of cadets at the U. S. Military Academy, 
\Vest Point, was placed at $450 per annum, by .Act of 



TJIE AMKKICAX MAX (-.11.. 



20T 



Aug. 7, 1S76, instead of %VXi and one ration per diem 
(equivalent to $<X)9.So), by former laws. 

The pay of privates runs from $156 ($13 a month and 
rations) for first two years, to $21 a month after twenty 
years' service. 

A retired chaplain receives three-fourths of the pay 
(salary and increase) of .his rank (captain, not mounted). 

The officer in charg^e of the public buildins;s and 
jjrounds (Washington) has, while so serving, the rank, 
pav, and emoluments of a colonel. 

The aides-de-camp to the general, selected by him from 
the army, have, while so serving, the rank and pay of 
colonel. 

The aides-de-camp and military secretary to the lieu- 
tenant-general, selected 1 y him from the army, have, 
while so serving, the rank and pay of lieutenant-colonel. 

Officers of the army and of volunteers, assigned to 
duty which requires them to be mounted, shall, during 
the time they are employed on such duty, receive the pay, 
emoluments, and allowances of cavalry officers of the 
same grade, respectively. 

REMARKS. 

.M:'eage, at the rate of eight cents per mile, is allowed to 
officer • for travel under orders. Regulations governing 
the subject of mileage are contained, entire, in General 
Orders No. 97, Adjutant-General's Office, series of 1S76. 



Commutation of quarters, to be paid hv Pay Depart- 
ment, as follows: General, $125 per month; lleutenant- 
feneral, $70 per month; all other grades not to exceed 
10 per month per room. General Orders No. 37 and t6, 
Adjutant-General's Office, series of 1S7S. 

FORAGE FOR HORSES. 

Forage for liorses is allowed to officers as follows: 
General, for five; lieutenant-general, for four; major- 
general, for three; brigadier-general, for three; 
colonel, iieutenant-colonel, major, captain, and lieutenant 
(mounted) ; adjutant, regimental quartermaster, chaplain, 
and storekeeper, each for two horses. F'orage is now is- 
sued only to those officers on duty at posts west of the 
Mississippi River. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND CADETS AT THE 
MILITARY ACADEMY. 

Superintendent, pay of colonel; commandant of cadets, 
pay of lieutenant-colonel; adjutant, pay of regimental 
adjutant; Quartermaster and commissary of the battalion 
of cadets, pay of his grade in the army ; treasurer, pav of 
his grade in the army; surgeon, pay of his grade m'the 




UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY AT WEST POINT. 



308 



TJIK AMKRICAX MAXL'.IL. 



armv; assistant surgpeon, pay of his grade in the arm v; 
j)rofi;ssor, of more thiin ton years' service at the Acaii- 
cmy, pay of colonel ; professor, of less than ten years' 
service, pay of lieutenant-colonel; assistant professor, 
|)ay of captain, nioiinteil ; senior assistant instructor of 
tactics, pay of captain, mounted; assistant instructor of 
tactics, comnianilins'' a couipiny of cadets, pay of captain, 
mounted ; actinsf assistant professor, pay of his grade in 
the army ; actinuf assistant Instructor of tactics, pay of his 
irnule in the aruiv; instructors of ordnance and science of 
ifunnery, and of practical enofineerinsir, pay of major; 
swordMuaster, $1,500 per annum; cadet, $540 per annum. 

PAY OF ENLISTED MEN. 

Enlisted men receive from $1,^ to $iS per month, ac- 
cordinif to tlie time served in the army, with clothes and 
rations; non-connnissioned officers, from $17 to $fi, with 
clothes and rations. 

APPOINTMENTS MADE BY THE SECRETASY 
OF WAK FOR AN UNLIMITED TERM. OH 
DURING HIS PLEASURE. 

Assent for collection of Confederate records. 

Anatouiist, Surireon-General's olfice. 

Chief clerk of department. 

Chief clerks of iMireaus and divi-;ions. 

Clerks of the several g'rades in all the bureaus. 

Copyists. 

Disbursinjf clerk. 

Draughtsmen. 

Engineers. 

Firemen. 

Lahore: s. 

Messengers. 

."superintendents of buildings. 

Watchmen. 

Superintendents of National cemeteries. 

ORDNANCE STATIONS. 

Ordnance Office, Washington, D. C. 
Ordnance Hoard, New York, N. Y. 
Ordnance Agency, New York, N. Y. 
The Proving Ground, Sandy Hook, N.J. 
The Department of Ordnance and Gunnery at the Mill* 
tary Acatfemy, ^^'est Point, N. Y. 
Saint Louis Powder Depot, Jetlerson Barracks, Mo. 
National Armory, Springheld, Mass. 
Augusta Arsenal, Augusta, Ga. 
Benicia Arsenal, Benicia, Cal. 
Fort Monroe Arsen il. Fort Monroe, Va. 
Fort Union Arsenal, Fort Union, X. M. 
Frankford .\rsenal, Philadelphia, Pa. 



Indianapolis Arsenal, Indiananolis, Ind. 
Kennebec Arsenal, Augusta, ^le. 
New York Arsenal, New York, N. Y. 
Pikesville Arsenal, Pikesville, Md. 
Rock Island Arsenal, Kock Island, 111. 
San Antonio Arsenal, San Antonio, Te.xas. 
Vancouver Arsenal, \'ancouver, Washington Ty. 
Washington Arsenal, Washington, D. C 
Watertown Arsenal, Watertown, N. Y. 
Waterville Arsenal, West Troy, N. Y. 

UNITED STATES MILITARY ACADEMY. 

The I'nitcd States Military Academy at West Point 
was founded by Act of March i6, iSoJ^ constituting the 
corps of engineers of the army a niilitar/ academy, with 
liftv students or cadets, who were to receive instruction 
under the senior engineer officer, as suiierintendent. 
Later acts established professorships of mathemaUcs, en- 
gineering, i)hilosophy, etc , and made the academv a 
military T>odv, subject to the rules and articles of war. In 
1S15 a ])ermanenl superintendent was appointed, and a 
Tear later an annuiil board of visitors was provided for, to 
be named by the President, the Speaker of the House, 
and the President of the Senate. In iS^,? the ]iresent sys- 
tem of the appointment of cadets was instituted, which 
assigns one cadet to each Congressional District and 
Territory in the L^nion, to be named by the Representa- 
tive in Congress for the time being, and ten appointments 
at large, specially conferred by the President of the 
I'nited States. The number of students is thus limited to 
,51-". A large proportion of those appointed fail to pass 
the examination, and many others to complete tlie course, 
the proportion being stated at fully one half hitherto. 
The course of instruction requires four years, and is 
largely mathematical and i)rofessional. The discipline is 
very strict, even more so than in the army, and tlie en- 
forcement of penalties for oftences is inrtexihle rather 
than severe. The whole number of graduates from iSoj 
to 1S77 was about 2,700, of whom 1,200 are deceased and 
about 1 .500 living. Of those surviving, Soo are still in the 
army, and about 700 out of service. 

Appointees to the MiliUiry Academy must be between 
17 and 22 years of age, at least five feet in height, and free 
from intirinity, and able to pass a careful examination in 
various branches of knowledge. Each cadet admitted 
must bind himself to serve the United States eight years 
from the time of admission to the academy. The pay of 
cadets, formerly fifty dollars per month and rations, was 
lixed at $540 per year, with no allowance for rations, by 
the act of 1S76. The aggregate amount of money appro 
priated by the United States for the Military Academy 
from 1S02 to 1S77, inclusive, was $ii,;o6,i2j!, lieing an 
average of about $149,949 annually. The numb r of 
actual members of the academy, by the official register of 
June, iSSi, was 192. 



7 •///■: A. MEKICA A ' MA A UA L 

^Nfl¥Y nEPfiHTMENT.** 



20& 



Secretary's Office. The Secretary of tlic X.ivy )iiis 
charj^o of evorythinj^ connected with the naval estxinlish- 
incnt, and the execution of all laws relating thereto 
under the jfencral direction of the President. All in- 
structions to commanders of squadrons and commanders 
of vessels; all orders to officers; commissions of officers, 
totli in the navy and marine corps; appointments of 
commissioned and warrant officers, and orders for the en- 
listment and discharjjc of seamen, emanate from the Sec- 
retary's office. All tne duties of the different bureaus are 
performed under the authority of the Secretary, and their 
orders are considered as emanatinjf from him lie has a 
general superintendence of the marine corps, and all the 
orders of the commandant of that corps arc approved by 
him. The chief of this Hureau has the rank or Commo- 
modore, navy pay. 

The Bureau of Navy Yards and Docks has charge of 
all the navy yards, docks and wharves, buildings and 
machinery in navy yards, and everythmg immediately 
connected with them. It is also charged with the man- 
agement of the Naval Asylum. 

The Bureau of Navigration has charge of the Naval 
Observatory and llydrographical Office. It furnishes 
vessels with maps, charts, chronometers, etc., together 
^vith such books as are allowed to ships of war. The 
Naval Academy, Naval Observatory, and Nautical Al- 
manac are attached to this bureau. The chief of this 
bureau has the rank of Commodore, navy pay. 

The Bureau of Ordnance has charge of all ordnance 
and ordnance stores, the manufacture or purchase of 
cannon, guns, powder, shot, shells, etc., and the equip- 
ment of vessels of war, with everything connected there- 
with. Chief of ISureau, with rank of Commodore, navy 
pay. 

The Bureau of Construction and B«pair has charge 
of the building and repair of all vessels of war and pur- 
chase of material. Chief of Bureau, Chief Constructor, 
with rank of Commodore, navy pay. 

The Bureau of Equipment and Recruiting has charge 
■of jiroviding all vessels with their equipments, as sails, 
anchors, water tanks, etc., also, charge of the recruiting 
service. The chief of this bureau has the rank of Com- 
modore, navy pay. ^ 

The Bureau of flteam Engrineerine: has charge of the 
construction, rej>air, etc., of the iHachinery of steam ves- 
sels of war. The Engineer-in-Chief .superintends the 
construction of all marine steam engines for the navy, 
and, with the approval of the Secretary, decides upon 
plans for their construction. Chief of Bureau, Engineer- 
m-Chief , with rank of Commodore, navy pay. 

The Bureau of Provisions and Clothing contracts for 
all provisions and clothing for the us.- of the navy. Chief 



of Bureau, Paymaster-General, with the rank of Commo- 
dore, navy l)ay 

The Bureau of Medicine and Surgery manages every- 
thing relating to medicine and medical stores, treatment 
of sick and wounded, and management of hospitiils. 
Chief of Bureau, .Surgeon-General, with rank of Com- 
modore, navy pay. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES OF THE 
NAVY DEPARTMENT 

Chief clerk, $2,500; disbursing clerk and superintend- 
ent, $2,200; 15 chief clerks of bureaus, $i,Soo; 4 draughts- 
men, $i,Sof); 25 clerks from $1,000 to $1,600; stenographer 
and draughtsman, $1,600; i engineer, $1,200: i assistant 
engineer, $i,0(X); 11 messengers from $660 to $840; 3 fire- 
men and 9 watchmen, $720; 14 laborers, $66j; S char- 
women, $180. 

NAVAL OBSERVATORY. 

I Clerk, $1,600; 3 civilian astronomers, i instrument 
maker, $1,500; keeper of grounds, per month, $So; 3 
watchmen, per month, $60; i messenger, i porter, per 
month, $53.22. 

HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. 

I Clerk, per month, $120; 12 draughtsmen, per month, 
from $50 to $191.66; 2 writers, i painter of charts, per 
month, $75; I file clerk, per month, $60; 6 laborers, per 
month, from $40 to $55; 2 printers, per day, $4 ; 5 en- 
gravers, per day, from $^ to $4. 

NAUTICAL ALMANAC OFFICE. 

7 computers, $1,200 to $1,600; messenger, $720. 

The remaining civil force of the Navy Department con- 
sists of a large number of clerks, draughtsmen, mech n- 
ical foremen, and skilled and unskilled operatives at thf 
several yards and stations of the navy. Admissions of 
civilians to the commissioned force are restricted to naval 
cadets, cadet-engineers, assistant engineers, second lieu- 
tenants of marines, assistant surgeons, assistant pay- 
masters, chaplains, and naval constructors, and to pro- 
fessors of mathematics, for the scientific branches or the 
service. Boatswains, gunners, sailinakers and carpen- 
ters, are also taken from civil life. 

APPOINTMENTS BY THE SECRETARY OF THIS 
NAVY. 
Fcr an Unlimited Term, or durinif his pleasure. 
Assistant astronomers. Naval Observatory. 
Chief clerk of the Department. 
Chief clerks of the bureaus. 
Clerks of the several grades. 



210 

Computed in Hydrographic Office. 

Disbursing- clerk. 

Draughlsitien. 

Engravers. 

Instrument-makers, Nautical Almanac Office 

Laborers. 

Messengers and assistant messengers 

Porters. 

Printers, Hydrographic Office. 

Stenographer. 

Watchmen. 

Writers, Hydrographic Office. 

NAVAIi ACADEMY, ANNAPOLIS, MARTLAND. 

Professors of drawing, languages, physics, chemistry, 
etc., the secretary, boxing-masters, clerks, and other offi- 
cers, servants, and employes, by the Secretary of the Navy, 
on the recommendation of the superintendent thereof. 
PAT TABLE OF THE NAVY. 



THE AMEHICAA' MANUAL. 



Admiral 

Vice- Admiral 

Rear-Adniiral 

Commodores 

Captains 

Commanders 

Lieutenant-Commander — 

First four years after date of 
commission 

After four years from date of 

commission 

Lieutenants — 

First five years 

After five years 

Masters — 

First five years • • ■ * 

Afterfive years 

Ensigns — 

First five years 

After five years 

Midshipmen 

Cadet Midshipmen 

Mates 

Medical and Pay Directors and 

Medical and Pay Inspectors 
Ifand Chief Engineers, naving 

the same rank at sea 

Fleet !?urgeons, Fleet Paymas- 
ters, and Fleet Engineers.... 
Surgeons, Paymasters, and 
Chief Engineers — .-•' 



At Sea. 



513,000 
9,000 
6,000 
5,000 
4.S00 
3.500 



2,SoO 

3,000 

2,400 
2,600 

i.Soo 
2,000 

1,200 

1,400 

1,000 

500 

900 



4,400 
4,400 



On 

Shore 
Duty. 



$13,000 
8,000 
S.ooo 
4,000 

3.500 
3.000 



2,400 
2,600 
2,00 

2,200 

1,500 
1,700 

1,000 

1,200 
Soo 

500 

700 



On 
leave or 
waiting 
Orders. 



$13,000 
6,000 
4,000 
3,000 

2,S0O 

2,300 



2,000 

2,200 

1,600 
1,800 

1,200 
1,400 

800 
1,000 

6co 

500 
500 



First five years after date of 


2,800 
3,200 
3.500 
3.700 
4,200 

2,0iX< 
2,200 

1,700 
1,900 

2,500 
2,800 

1,200 
1,300 
1,400 
1,600 

i.Soo 
1,000 


2,400 

2,S00 

3,200 
3,600 
4,000 

2,0C» 

1,400 
1,600 

2,000 
2,300 

8co 
1,000 
1,300 
1,300 
1,600 

Soo 




Second five years 


2,400 




Fourth five years 


2,800 


After twenty years 


3,000 

1,500 
1,700 

.,000 


Passed Assistant Surgeons, 
Passed Assistant Paymas- 
ters, and Passed Assistant 
Engineefs— 
First five years after date of 
appointnient 




Assistant Surgeons, Assistant 

Paymasters, and Assistant 

Engineers — 

Eirst five years after date of 

appointnient 


Chaplains — 




After five years 


1,900 

700 

Soo 


Boatswr.ins, Gunners, Carpen- 
ters and Sailmakers — 






900 


Fourth three years 






Cadet Engineers (after examin- 


• 
foo 







$2,200 
2,400 
2,700 
3.000 
3,200 

1,500 
1,700 
1,900 



On On leave or 

shore duty, waiting orders. 
Naval Constructors 

First five years $3,200 

Secoqd five yeai s 3.4oo 

Thir / five years 3.700 

Fourth five years 4,000 

After twenty years 4,200 

Assistant Naval Constructors — 

First four years 2,000 

Second four years 2,200 

After eight years 2,600 

Secretary to Admiral and Vice- Admiral $2,500 

SecreUirics to Commanders of Squadrons 2,000 

Secretary to Naval Academy i ,Soo 

Clerks to Commanders of Squadrons and Vessels.. 750 

First Clerks to Commandants of Navy Yards 1,500 

Second Clerks to Commandants of Navy Yards 1,200 

Clerk, Mare Island Navy Yard ". i,Soo 

Clerk to Commandants Naval Stations 1,500 

Clerks to Paymasters at Navy Yards — 

Boston, New York, Philadelphia and Wash- 
ington 1 ,600 

Mare Island i ,Soo 

Kittery, Norfolk, and Pensacola i.^oo 

At other Stations , 1.300 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



211 



The ]i;iy of seamen is $23 >, and of ordinary seamen $210 
per annum. 

XoTE — The navv ration is commuted at jo cents per 
(lav. The navy spirit ration \.'as toUiUy abohshed July 1, 
1S70. 

Navy officers are retired after forty years' service, on 
their own api)lication; and they are retired in any case 
after <■ 2 yc„rs of ayje, with some exceptions. The compen- 
sation of retired officers is 75 per cent, of the active pay 
of the same rank, or 50 per cent, (according- to the causes 
of retirement.) 

THE "7NITED STATES NAVAL ACADEMY AT 
ANNAPOLIS. 

The United States Naval Academy was opened Octo- 
ber 10, 1S45, ""'^' ^''*^ credit of its foundation is attributed 
to Hon. Oeorfje Uancroft, the Secretary of the Ntivy 
under President Polk. The course of instruction, de- 
signed to train midshipmen for the navy, at first occu- 
pied Jive years, of which three were passed at sea. Va- 
rious changes have been made in the course of instruc- 
tion, which was made seven years in iSjo, four years in 
1S51, and six years (the two last of which are spent at 
sea) March 3, 187.?, where it now remains. The Naval 
Academy, first located at Annapolis, Maryland, was re- 
moved to Newport, R. I., in May, 1S61, but re-established 
at Annapolis in September, 1S65, where it now is, occu- 
pyinjc lands formerly known as Fort Severn. The acad- 
emy is under the direct care and supervision of the Navy 
Department. There are In be allowed in the academy 
one cadet-inidshipman for every member or delegate in the 



House of Representatives, appointed at Lis nomination, 
one for the District of Col^umbia, and ten appointed at 
large by the President. ihe number of appointments 
which can be made is limited by law to twenty-five cack 
year, named by the Secretary of the Navy after competi- 
tive examination, the cadets beinjj from 14 to iS years of 
age. The successful candidates Decome students of the 
academy, and receive the pay of cadet-midshipmen, $500 
per annum. Besides the caclet-midshipmen, 25 cadet en- 
gineers may be appointed each year, from 16 to 20 years 
of age, on competitive examination involvini^ a higher 
standard of knowledge. The course for cadet-engineers 
is four years at the academy, and two additional years at 
sea. All cadets who grad.uate are appointed assistant 
engineers in the navv as f.ist as vacancies occur. The 
course of instruction Is thorough, involving a c'ose pur- 
suit of mathematics, ;-.teain engineering, physics, me- 
chanics, seamanship, ordnance, history, l.iw, etc. The 
whole number of students in iSSi was: Cadet-midshin- 
men, 161 ; cadet-engineers, 100; total, 261. The graduat- 
ing classes of iSSi numbered 72 cadet-nudshipmen, and 
24 cadet-engineers. 

UNITED STATES NAVAL HOSPITALS. 

The sum of $50,000 is appropriated yearly for Naval 
Hospitals at Portsmouth, New Hampshire; Chelsea, 
Massachusetts; Brooklyn, New York; Philadelphia, 
Pennsylvania; Annapolis, Maryland; Washington, Dis- 
trict of Columbia; Norfolk, Virginia: Pensacola, Florida; 
Mare Island, California; Yokohama, Japan. 




212 



THE AMERICA.y .VJA'-['^AL 



*nEPRHTMEHT HF THE TNTEHmH.<4 



This department was establislied l\v an act cf Congress, 
«pprove<l March 3, 1849. To its supervision and man- 
agement are committed the followinfj branches of the 
public service : 

1st. The Public Lands. — Its head is the Commissioner 
of the (renLral I.anil Othce. The Land Hureau i.scharijed 
witb. the ;urvev, mana-jement, and sale of the public do- 
main, the revision of \'irj;-inia military bounty-land 
claims, and the issuinj^ of scrip in lieu thereof. 

2d. Fensioas. — The Comnussioner of this bureau is 
charjrcid with the examination and adjudication of all 
claims arising' under the various and numerous laws 
passed by Cong'ress, grantinir bounty land or pensions for 
the luilitarv or navalservice in the revolutionary or sub- 
sequent wars. 

3d. The Indian Office has charg-e of all matters con- 
nected with the Indians. 

4th. The Patent Office is charsred witli the perform- 
ance of all " acts and thing^s touching and respecting the 
grantiiiij and issuing of patents for new and useful dis- 
coveries, inventions, and improvements." 

The Dei)artment of the Interior has, besides, the super- 
vision of the accounts of the United States mar- 
shals and attorneys, and of the clerks of the 
United States Courts, and the management of the 
lead and other mines of the ITnited States, the duty of 
taking and returning the censuses of the United States, 
and the management of the affairs of public institutions 
in the District of Columbia. 

OTTR PTJBIilC LAND SYSTEM. 

The public lands of the United States which are still 
undisposed of and open to settlement, lie in nineteen 
States and eight Territories. In each case, except Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, the Indian Territory and Alaska, land 
offices are established, in charge of an officer known as 
Kegister of the Land Office, where the records of all sur- 
veyed lands are kept, and all applications cimcerning 
lands in each district are tiled, and inqviiries answered 
The pulilic lands are divided into two great classes. The 
one claso have a dollar and a quarter an acre designated 
as ths minimum irice, and the other, two dollars and a 
half an acre, the latter being the alternate sections, re- 
served bv the United States in land grants to railroads, 
etc. Titles to these lands may be acquired by private en- 
trv o: location under the homestead, pre-emption, and 
timber culture laws, or, as to some classes, by purchase 
for cash, in the case of lands which may be purchased at 
private sale, or such as have not been reserved under any 
law. Such tracts are sold on application to the Land 
Register, who issues a certificate of purchase, the receiver 
•fiving a receipt for the money paid, subject to the issue 
of a patent, or complete title if the proceedings are 
found regular, bv the Commissioner of the General Land 



Office, at Washington. 

Entries under land warrants (given mostly for military 
services under acts of Congress) have fallen off very 
Largely by the absorption of such warrants, there having 
been no military bounty land warrants provided for on 
account of services in the late war. 

Entries under the pre-emption law are restricted to 
heads of families, or citizens over twenty-one, who may 
settle upon any quarter -section (or 160 acres), and have 
the right of prior claim to purchase on complying with 
certain regulations. 

_ The homestead laws give the right to one hundred and 
sixty acres of a doUar-and-a-quarter lands, or to eighty 
acres of two-doUar-and-a-half lands, to any citizen or ap- 
plicant for citizenship over twenty-one who will r.ctually 
settle upon and cultivate the land. This privilege ex- 
tends only to the surveyed lands, and the title is perfected 
by the issue of a jiatent after live ye;irs of actual settle- 
ment. The only charges in the case of homestead entries 
are fees and commissions, varying from a minimum of 
$7 to a maximum of $34 for the whole tract entered, ae- 
cordins' to the size, value, or place of record. 

Anotiier larjje class of free entries of public lands is 
that provided for under the timber culture acts of 1S73- 
'7S. The purpose of these laws is to promote the growth 
of forest trees on the public lands. They give the right 
,0 any settler who has cultivated for two years as miich 
a« five acres in trees to an eighty-acre homestead, or, if 
ten acres, to a homestead of one hundred and sixty acreSj 
and a free patent for his land is given him at the end 01 
three years, instead of five. The limitation of the home- 
stead laws to one hundred ^nd sixty acres for each set- 
tler is extended in the case of timber culture, so as to 
grant as many quarter sections of one hundred and sixty 
acres each as have been improved by the culture, for ten 
years, of forty acres of timli^r thereon; but the quarter- 
sections must not lie immediately contiguous. The fees 
and commissions in timber culture entries vary from $13 
to $iS for the tract 

UNITED STATES LAND OFFICES. 

Alabama — I luntsville, Montsromerv. 

Arkansas — Little Rock, Camden, Harrison, Dardanelle. 

Arizona Territory — Prescott, Florence. 

California- San Francisco, Marysville, Humboldt, 
Stockton, Visalia, Sacramento, Los Angeles, Shasta, 
Susanville, Bodie. 

Colorado— Denver City, Leadville, Central City, 
Pueblo, Del Norte, Lake City. 

Dakota Territory — Mitchell, \Vatertown, Fargo, Yank- 
ton, Bismarck, Dead wood, Grand Forks; Aberdeen. 

Florida— Gainesville. 

Idaho Territory — Boise City, Lewiston, O.xford. 

Iowa — Des Moines. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



21 H 



Kans:is— Tnpcka, Salina, Inclcpcmlcncc-, AVichita, Kir 
'.vin, Concordia, Larncil, ^Va-Ki-cnv. 

Louisiana — New Orleans, Natchitoches. 

Michigan— Detroit, Kast Saginaw, Heed City, Mar- 
quette. 

Minnesota — Taylor's Falls, St. Cloud, Duluth, Ferifus 
Falls, Worthington, Crookston, Benson, Tracy, KeJ- 
wood Falls. 

Mississippi— Jackson. 

Missouri — Hoonville, Tronton, Springfield. 

Montana Territory — Helena, Bozeiiian, Miles Citv. 

Nebraska — Norfolk, Beatrice, Lincoln, Niobrara, 
Grand Island, North Platte, Bloomington, Neligh. 

Nevada --Carson City, Eureka. 

New Mexico Territory — Santa Fe, La Mesilla. 

Oregon — Oregon City, Koseburg, Le Grand, Lake 
View, The Dalles. 

Utah Territory— Salt Lake City. 

Washington Territory — Olympia, Vancouver, Walla 
Walla, Colfax, Yakima. 

Wisconsin — Menasha, Falls of St. Croix, Wausau, La 
Crosse, Bayfield, Kau Claire. 

Wyoming Territory — Cheyenne, Evanston. 

BUREAU OF INDIAN AFFAIRS. 

Congress, by act of July 9, 1832, authorized the Presi- 
dent to appoint a Commissioner of Indian Affairs, to 
have the direction and management of all matters arising 
out of Indian relations, subject to the Revision of the 
Secretary of War (now Secretary of the Interior). 

The duties of the Bureau arc administered by the Com- 
missioner, Chief Clerk, and assistants at \V;ishington, 
and by a number of superintendents, agents, farmers, 
schoolteachers, and other appointees in the Indian 
country. 

The estimated numher of Indians is about three hun- 
dred thousand, spreading from Lake Superior to the 
Pacific Ocean. Those east of the Slississippi, with few 
exceptions, are on reservations; so also are the tribes in 
Kansas north of the Arkansas, and those located between 
the western border of Arkansas and the country known 
as the "leased lands." 

PATENT OFFIOB. 

The Constitution, Art. i, Sec. 8, confers upon Con- 
gress the power to promote the progress of science and 
useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors nnd 
inventors the exclusive riL'ht to their writings and dis- 
coveries. The rights of the latter class are secured by 
letters patent issued from the Patent Office in accordance 
with acts of ( ongress. The office as now organized was 
established by act of July ^, iS?6. 

The building erecied under the authority of that act it 
one of the most imposing in the citv of Washington. la 
extends over two entire blocks, and is used for stcjring 
and preservin;r iiukUIs. as well as for offices for the Com- 
missioner, cl'--rk'i, an 1 examiners. 



PATENT OFFICE LIBRARY. 



The library of the Patent Ollice has vastly grown in 
importance within the last few years. It is not only 
.'.ecdeel and used as an absolute necessity by the examiners 
•n the perfonn.ance of theii duties, but it is now much 
consulted by inventors and those engaged in their inter- 
est. It is not an uncommon thing for persons to come 
from distant parts of the United States to consult books 
which can only be found in the Patent Office. The col- 
lection is now one of the best technical libraries in the 
world. 

PAY OF OFFICERS, EMPLOYES, ETC., IN THE 
DIFFERENT DIVISIONS OF THE INTERIOR 
DEPARTMENT. 

Assistant secretary, $.^,500; chief clerk, .$2,700; law 
clerk, $2,250; 6 chie"fs of division, 32,ooo; -5 law clerks, 
$2,ooo; superintendent of documents, l.rX)o; stenographer, 
$1,800; captain of watch, $1,000; 5 government directors 
Union Pacific Railroad, honorary; elirector of geological 
survey, $'(,000; superintendent of census, $5,000; chief 
clerk of census, $2,000. 

Patent Office.— Commissioner of patents, $4,500; as- 
uistant commissioner of patents, $,},ooo; chief clerk of 
patents, $2,25;); 3 chief examiners, $3,000; examiner of in- 
V.rferences, $2,500; examiner of trademarks, $2,400; 88 
examiners of jiatents, from $1,400 to $2,400; finance clerk 
of patents, librarian of patents, $2,00: ; machinist of 
patents, $ I, fioo; 3 draughtsmen of patents, $1 200; com- 
missioner of land office, $4,000; chief clerk, recorder, law 
clerk, $2,000; 3 principal clerks, public lands, $i,Soo; 
draughtsman, lanil office, $i,C)Of); assistant, $1,400; secre- 
tary, to sign land patents, $1,500. 

Pension Office. — Commissioner of pensions, $4,000; 
deputy commissioner of pensions, $2,400; medical referee 
of pensions, $2,250; chief clerk of pensions, $2, 00; 
auditor of railroad accounts $5,600: bookkeeper of rail- 
road accounts, $2,400; assistant, $2,000; railroad engineer, 
$2,000. 

Bureau of Indian Affairs. — Commissioner of Indian 
affiiirs, 53,600; chief clerk of Indian affairs, $2,000; sten- 
ographer, $I,(^KX) 

Bureau of Education. — Commissioner of education, 
$^ ocxj; cliiet'clerk of education, $1,800; statistician of ed- 
ucatir)n, $r,So(); translator of education, $1,600. 

Employes, etc.. In General.— 6h department clerks, 
from $900 to $i,Soo; messenger, $840; 10 attendants in 
model-room, $Soo; 76 laborers, from $480 to $060; 2 en- 
gineers, skilled workmen, $i,2co; 2 assistant engineers, 
$1,000; 6 firemen, 42 watchmen; 34 messengers, $720. 

This department emnlovs a consider ible force of tem- 
porary clerks, draughfsaien, etc.; also three Indian in- 
spectors at $3,000, two special agents for Indian service 
at $2,00"), three entomologists at $5,000, temporarilv, and 
a considerable number of'geologists and other skilled anil 
unskilled persons on the geo.'ogical surveys, at varying- 
•rates of pay. 



314 



THE AMERICAX MAXUAL. 



DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 

The Dep.irtinent of AsT'Culture was established bv an 
aclofCong^ress, approved Mav 15, 1S62. The act pro- 
vides that the departir.ent shalfbe located at the seat of 
jrovernment of the United Stales, and that its designs and 
duties shall be to acquire and to dift'use among- the people 
of the Untied States, useful information on subjects con- 
nected with agriculture, in the most general and compre- 
hensive sense" of that word, and t;> procure, propagate, 
and distribute among the people new and valuable seeds 
and plants. 

The chief executive ofHeer is the "Commissioner of 
Agriculture," who holds his office by a tenure similar to 
that of other civil officers appointed by the President. 
The Corfimissioner is to acquire and preserve in his de- 
partment all information concerning agriculture which he 
can obtain bv means of books and correspondence, and by 
practical and scienti'^c experiments (accurate records of 
which experiments shall be kept in his office); by the col- 
lection of stiiisUcs, and by any other appropriate means 
within his power; to collect, as' he mav be able, new seeds 
and plants; to test, by cullivaticm, the value of such ut 
them as mav require such tests; to propagate such as 
may be worthv of propagation, and to distribute tlicm 
among agriculturists. Ho annually makes a gener:;l re- 



port in writing of his acts to the President and to Con> 
gress, and he also makes special reports on particular 
subjects whenever required to do so by the President or 
either hou>e of Congress, or whenever he thinks the sub- 
ject in his charge requires it. He directs and superintends 
the expenditure of all money appropriated by Congress to 
the department, and rendirs accounts thereof. 

The chief clerk, in the necess.iry absence of the Com- 
missioner, or whenever the office becomes vacant, per- 
forms the duties of the office. The Commissioner, under 
the provisions of Congress, appoints and employs chein- 
ists, botanists, entomologists, and other persons skilled in 
the natural sciences pertaining to agriculture. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES IN THE 
DEPARTMENT OF AQRICULTITRE. 

Commissioner of agriculture, $,?, ^00; chief clerk, super- 
intendent of gardens, entomologist, statistician, $2,000; 
chemist, $^,000; 2 assistants, $r, 200 and $1,600; superin- 
tendent of seed division, botanist, microscopist, $i,Soo; 
jy clerks. iroMi $i,ixx) to $i,Soo; superintendent folding- 
i-o Mil, enginec:', $1,200; lady superintendent seed-room, 
$000. 

A small number of extra clerks, and of copyists, mechan- 
ics, laborers, and occasional experts are employed. 




PATENT Ol'FlCE. 



77/A a:jkricaiV manual. 



215 



^PnST-nFFlCE nEPflHTMENT,*4^ 



THE P08TUAST£K-a£N£ILAX. 

The Postmaster-General has the direction and manage- 
ment of ttie Postoffice Department. He appoints all 
officers and employes of the Department, except the three 
Assistants Postmaster-General, who arc appointed by 
the President, by and with the advice and consent of the 
Senate; appoints all postmasters whose compensation 
docs not exceed one thousand dollars; makes postal 
treaties with foreign governments, by and with the advice 
and consent ot the President; awards and executes con- 
tracts, and direcfs the management of the domestic and 
loreign mail service. 

THE FIRST ASSISTANT POSTMASTEB-GEN- 
ERAIi. 

The First Assistant Postmaster-General has charge of 
the Appointment Office, which includes five divisions, 
viz. : 

Appointment Division. — The duty of preparing all 
cases for the establishment, discontinuance, and change 
of name or site of postoffices, and for the appointment of 
all ])Ostmasters, agents, ])ostal clerks, mail messengers, 
and department employes, and attending to all cor- 
respondence Consequent thereto. 

Bond Division.— The duty of receiving and recording 
appointments; sundinj^ out papers for postmasters and 
ttieir assistants to quaiif)'; receiving, entering, and fihng 
their bonds and oaths, and issuing the commissions for 
postmasters. 



Salary and Allowance uivision.— The outy of re- 
adjusting the salaries of postmasters, and the considera- 
tion of allowances for rent, fuel, light, clerk-hire, and 
other expenditures. 

Free Delivery.— The duty of preparing cases for the in- 
auguration of the system m cities, the appointment of 
letter-carriers, and the general supervision of the system. 

Blank Agency Division.— The duty of sending out the 
blanks, wrapping-paper and twine, letter-balances, and 
cancelirvg-stamps to offices entitled to receive the same. 



THE SECOND ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GEN- 
ERAL,. 

The Second Assistant Postmaster-General has charge 
of the Contract Office, mail equipments, etc., includmg 
the following three divisions: 

Contract Division. — The arrangement of the mail ser- 
vice of the United States, and placing the same under con- 
tract, embracing all correspondence and proceedings 
respecting the frequency of trips, mode of conveyance, 
and times of departures and arrivals on all the routes, the 
courseof the mails between the different sections of the 
country, the points of mail distribution, and the regula- 
tionsforthe government of the domestic mail service. It 
prepares the advertisements for mail proposals, receives 
the bids, and has charge of the annual and occasional 
mail letlings, and the adjustnienland execution of thecon- 
Iracts. All applications for the establishment or alteration 




UXITED STATES I'OST OFFICE. 



216 



THE AMERICAN' MANUAL. 



of mair arrangements, and tor mail mef senders, sliould be 
sent to this office. All claims should be submitted to it 
for transportation service not under contract. From this 
office all postmasters at the end of routes receive the 
statement of mail arra ig^ements prescribed for the 
respective routes. It reports weekly to the Auditor all 
contracts executed, and all orders affecting' the accounts 
for mail transportation ; prepares the statistical exhibits 
of the mail serviee, and the reports to Congress of the 
mail lettings, giving a statement of each bid ; also of the 
contracts made, the new service originated, the curtail- 
ments ordered, and the additional allowances granted 
within the year. 

Inspection Division. — The duty of receiving and ex- 
amining the registers of the arrivals and deparluris of the 
mails, ccrtific.ites of the service of route agents, and re- 
ports of mail failures; noting the delinquencies of con- 
tractors, and preparing cases then on for the action of the 
Postmaster -General; furnishing blanks for mail registers, 
reports of mail failures, anl other duties which may be 
necessary to secure a faithful and exact performance ot all 
mail servicf'. 

Mail Equipment Division. — The issuing of mail locks 
and kevs, mail pouches and sacks, and the construction of 
mail-bag catchers. 

THE THIRD ASSISTANT POSTMASTER GEN- 
ERAL. 

The Third Assistant Postmaster-General has charge of 
the Finance Office, etc., embracing the following four 
divisions' 

Divisionof Finance.— The duty of issuing drafts and 
warrants in payment of balances reported bv the Auditor 
to be due to ma"il contractors or other personj; the super- 
intendence of the collection of revenue at depository, 
draft, and depositing offices, and the accounts between 
the Department and the Treasurer and Assistant Treas- 
urers and special designated depositories of the United 
States. This division receives all accounts, monthly or 
quarterly, of the depository and draft; offices, and certifi- 
cates of "deposit from depositing offices. 
» Division of Postage Stamps and Stamped Envelopes, 
—The issuing of postage-stamps, stamped envelopes, 
newspaper-wrappers and postal cards; also the sunplying 
of postmasters with envelopes for their official use, and 
registered -package envelopes and seals. 

Dl'vision of Registered liCtters.— The duty of prepar- 
ing instructions for the guidance of postmasters relative 
to registered letters, and all correspondence connected 
therewith; also the compilation of statistics as to the 
transactions of the business. 

Division of Dead Ijetters.— The examination and re- 
turn to the writers of dead letters and all correspondence 
relating thereto. 

The Superintendent of Foreign Mails has charge ot 
all foreign postal arrangements, and the supervision oi 
the ocean mail steamship service. 



The Superintendent of the Money Order System has 

the general supervision and conlrt)! of the postal money 
order system throuiihout the United btates, and the S'.iper- 
vision ot the international money order correspondence 
with foreign countries. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES OF THE POST 
OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

Postoffice Department. — 3 assistant postmasters-gen- 
eral, $.5,500; chi.f ile.k, 4 chiefs of bureaus, cliief of 
division, $2,0^0; 3 chief clerkaof division, law clerk, to- 
pographer, $2,250; 20 clerks, I stenographer, $i,Soo; 65 
clerks, $1,600; 5 J clerks, $1,^00; 7S clerks, i carpenter, 
$1,200; 14 clerks, $1,0 o; 61 clerks, $900; superintendent 
of free deli very, disbursing clerk, $2,100; superintendent of 
foreignm iils,% uperiiittndentof money order service, $3,- 
000; enaineer, $1,401; assistant, $<>oo; fireman and black- 
smith, $QOo; fireman and s'eam-fitter, $720; assistant 
carpenter, cip'ain of watch $1,000; 15 watchmen, 11 mes- 
sengers, $720; 3S laborers, $6'3o; 3 female laborers, $480. 

Inspection Service. — 9 inspectors, $2,500; 9 inspectors, 
$1,600 and $5 per dav for expenses; 6 inspectors, $1,600 
and $4 per day for expenses; iS inspectors, $1,500 and $4 
per day for expensts; 7 inspectors, $1,200 and $4 per day 
for expenses; 4 inspectors, $1,400 and $4 per day for ex- 
penses; inspector, $1,400; inspector, $1,200. 

Rail'way Mail Service. — General superintendent, $3,- 
500; 9 assistants, $2,500; assistant super. ntendent, $1,600 
and $5 per day for expenses; assistant superintendent, 
$1,600 and $4 per day lor expenses; assistant superintend- 
ent, $1,500 and $4 per day for expenses; assistant superin- 
tendent, $1,200 and $5 per day for expenses; assistant 
superintendent, $1,200 and $4 per dav for expenses; 72 route 
agents, $i,fOo; 3 route agents, $950; 49 route agents, 
$960; 85 route agents, $940; 26 route agents, $920; S94 
route agents, $900; 41 railway postal clerks, $1,400; 356 
raiUvav postal clerks, $1,300; 443 postal clerks, $1,150; i'7S 
railway postal clerks, $1,000; 69 railway postal clerks, 
$900. 

Supply Service. — 3 distributing agents for stamped en- 
velo])es, postage st4mps, and postal cards, $2,500; ig 
clerks,, $1,000 to $i,Soo; delete clerk, $i,Soo. 

Inaddi'ion to the above there are at present some 130 
local miil agents, with salaries from $100 to $i,Soo per 
vear, and a laryer amount of mail route messengers, with 
salaries from $100 to $SSo per year. Besides these are the 
mail contractors, 5,600 or 5,700 in number. 

UNITED STATES POSTAL REGXTLATIONS. 

Flrst-Class Mail Matter. — I.,etteks. — This class in- 
cludes letters and anything of which the Postmaster can- 
not ascertain the contents without destroying the wrapper, 
or anything unsealed which may be wholly or partly in 
writing, except manuscript for publication accompanied 
by proof-sheets. Postage, 3 cents each half ounce, or for 



THE AMERICAN MAXUAL. 



;i7 



eacTi fraction above half an ounce. On local ordron. 
letters, at free delivery offices, 2 cents. At offices Avhere 
no free delivery by carriers, i cent. 

Postal cards, i cent. Postal cards and letters go to 
Canada same as in United States. 

Registered letters, lo cents in addition to the proper 
postage. 

The Postoffice Department or its revenue is not by law 
liable for the loss of any registered or other mail matter. 

Second Class. — Regular Publications. — This class 
inclivJes all newspapers, periodicals, or matter exclusively 
in j)rint and regularly issued at stated perioils from a 
known office of publication or news agency. Postage, 2 
cents a pound or fraction thereof. 

Third Class. — Miscellaneous Printed Matter. — 
Mailable matter of the third class includes books, tran- 
sient newspapers and periodicals, circulars, and other 
matter wholly in print (not of the second class), proof- 
sheets, corrected proof-sheets, and manuscript copy ac- 
companying the same; and postage shall be paid at the 
rate of i cent for each two ounces or fractional part 
thereof, and shall fully be prepaid by postage stamps 
affixed to said matter. 

Upon matter of the third class, or upon the wrapper 
inclosing the same, the sender may write his own name 
or address thereon, with the word " from " above and 
preceding the same, and in either case may make simple 
marks intended to design a word or passage of the text to 
which it is desired to call attention. There may be placed 
upon the cover or blank leaves of any book, or of any 
printed matter of the third class, a simple m.anuscript 
dedication or inscription that does not partake of the na- 
ture of a personal correspondence. Address, date, and 
signature may be written in printed circulars; but bills, 
statements, and other commercial papers, partly in 
writing, must be prepaid at letter rates. 

All pack.ages of matter of the third class must be so 
wrapped or enveloped that their contents may be readily 
and thoroughly examined by postmasters without destroy- 
ing the wrappers. 

Matter of the third class inclosed in sealed envelopes, 
notched at the ends or sides, or with the corners cut off, 
cannot be mailed except at letter postage rates. 

Packages of matter of this class may weigh not exceed- 
ing four pounds, except in case of single books weighing 
in excess of that amount. 

"Printed matter" is defined to be the reproduction 
upo.T paper, by any process except that of handwriting, of 
any words, letters, ch.aracters, figures, or images, or of 
any combmation tliereof, not having the character of an 
actual and personal correspondence. This includes pho- 
tographs and matter produced by the hektograph or 
electric pen. 

Fourth Class.— Merchandise, Samples, etc. — Mail- 
able matter of the fourth class includes all matter not cm- 
braced in the first, second, or third cl.ass, which is not in 
its form or nature liable to destroy, deface, or otherwise 



damage the contents of the mail-bag, or harm the person 
of any one engaged in the pustal service. 

All matter of the fourtli class is subject to a postage 
charge at the rate < f i cent an ounce or fraction thereof, to 
be prepaid by stamps affixed. 

Upon any package of matter of the fourth class the 
sender may write or nrint his own name and address, pre- 
ceded by the word '-from," and there may also be 
written or printed the number and names of the articles 
inclosed; and the sender thereof may write upon, or at- 
tach to any such article, by tag or label, a single mark, 
number, name, or letter, for purpose of identification 
only. 

All packages of matter of the fourth class must be so 
wrapped or enveloped that their contents may be readily 
and thoroughly examined by postmasters without de- 
stroying the wrappers; but seeds or other articles li.able, 
from their form or nature, to loss or damage unless 
specially protected, may be inclosed in unsealed bags or 
boxes which can readily be opened for examination of the 
contents, and re-closed; or seale 1 bags made of material 
sufficiently transparent to show the contents clearly with- 
out opening, may be used for such matters. 

Packages of matter of this class may weigh not ex- 
ceeding four pounds. 

Miscellaneous. — Newspapers to persons not subscrib- 
ers from office of publication, or from one persom to an- 
other, to be prepaid by stamps — one cent for two ounces 
or fraction thereof. 

One or more newspapers may be inclosed in the same 
package and sent at the same rate. 

Letters can be forwarded frrm one postoffice to another 
(as in the case of removal, etc.) at the request of the party 
addressed, without extra charge. "Return letters" are 
also sent back to the writers, free, on expiration of days 
named in request. 

All letters not claimed in one month from their receipt, 
or returned to writer, are forwarded to the Dead Letter 
Office. 

No packages forwarded in mails weighing over four 
pounds, except single books weighing in excess thereof. 

To inclose or conceal a letter or written matter in a 
newspaper, magazine, or other print, subjects the entire 
package to letter postage, and the sender to a fine of $io. 

All communicat.ons from private citizens to Govern- 
ment offi ers, and to members of Congress, are required to 
be prepaid by stamps. 

Foreign Poste«e. — Letters at 5 cents per half ounce, 
prepayment optional (postil cards, 2 cents each), and 
printed matter and samples, i cent per 2 ounces to all 
countries belonging to the "Universal Postal Union," 
which embraces all parts of Europe and the colonies cf 
the principal European powers; also Mexico, Cuba, 
Ecuador, Braz'l, Uratruay, Venezuela, Argentine Repub- 
lic, Chili, Peru, Japan, Hong Kong, Egypt, Liberia, 
Hayti, Newfoundland, Canada, and other places of less 
importance (Postage to Canada is 3 cens per half 
ounce for letters, and i cent per 2 ounces for printed i-at- 
ter.) 



218 



THE A.^fERICAX ,VAXi\4I.. 



APPOINTMENTS BY THE POSTMASTER 
OENERAL. 

For an Unlimilfci Term. 

Appointment Clerk, Assist;\nt Attorney -General for 
Postotficc Department, carpenters, rhief clerk to the 
Poslniaster-General, chief clerks to Assistant Postmas- 
ters-General, chief clerk to Supermteniient of Foreign 
Mails, chief clerk to Superintendent of Money Order 
System, Chief of Division of Dead Letters, Chief of 
Division of Inspection, Chief of Division of Mail Depre- 
dations, Chief of Div.sion of Postage Stamps, Chief of 
Special Aijents, clerks (fourth, third,"second, first classes 
— $ I, coo and $000 classes), disbursinar clerk and superin- 
tenilent of the building-, engineers, firemen, fireman and 
blacksmith, fireman and steam-fitter, laborers (male and 
femalo\ 1 I'sv clerk. 

Letter-Carriers. — Letter-carriers are appointed by the 
Postmaster-General, on the nomination and recommenda- 
tion of ihe local postmaster. 

liOcalMail Agents. — Bv the Postmaster -General, on 
the nomination ot the local postmaster: Messengers, post- 
masters of the fourth class, railway postal clerks, route 
agents, special agents, stenographer to the Postmaster- 
General, superintendent of the Blank Agency, assistant 
superintendents of the Bl.irk Agency, superintendent of 
free deliverv, superintendent o( money order system, 
superintendent of railway mail service, topographer, 
wa'climen. Clerks and o:^er employes in postoflices are 
appointed by the postmasters. 

Superintendents of Mails. — Clerks in Postoffices of 
the tirst and socon.l elasses to superintend the distribution 
of the mail, are appointed by the Postmaster -General, on 
Ih • nomination of the General Superintendent of the 
RaiUvav Mail Service. 



THE JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. 

UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT. 

The Supreme Court consists of a Chief-Justice and 
eight Associate Justices. 

A Clerk and a Marsha' are appointed by the Court. 

The Clerk receives fees for the performance of the 
du'.i s of his office, and, unlike other court clerks, there is 
no maximum fixed of the amount of fees to be retained by 
hiin. 

'I'he Supreme Court must hold one regular term a year, 
coiumencingon the second Monday in October, and such 
special terms as may be necessary, 

JURISDICTION OF THE SUPREME COXTRT. 

Exclusive jurisdiction f)t ail controversies of a civil 
nature where a St:,t-,' is a par-- cxr between a State 



and its citizens, or between a State and citizens o* other 
States, or aliens, in which latter cases it shall have 
original, but not exclusive jurisdiction. 

Bxclusivclv of suits or proceedino-sag-ainst ambassadors 
or other public ministers, or theii domestic servants; and 
original but not exclusive jurisdiction of all suits brought 
by ambass;idors or other public ministers, or in which a 
consul or vice-consul is a party. 

It has powerto issue writs of prohibition in the District 
Courts when proceeding as courts of admiralty and m.iri- 
time jurisdiction, and writs of mandamus in cases war- 
ranted by the principles and usages of law, to any I'nited 
States courts, or to persons holding office under the 
United States, where a State or an a nbassador or other 
public minister or consul or vice-consul is a party. 

Appeals from the Circuit and District Courts. 

UNITED STATES CIRCUIT COURTS. 

The judicial districts ot the United States are divided 
into nine circuits, as follows: 

The first circuit includes the districts of Rhode Island, 
Massachusetts, New Hami>shire, and Maine. 

The second, Vermont, Connecticut, and New York 

The third, l^ennsylvania^ New Jersey and Delaware. 

The fourth, Maryland, \ irginia. West Virginia, North 
Carolina, and Soutli Carolina. 

The fifth, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, 
Louisiana, and Texas. 

The sixth, Ohio, Michigan, Kentucky, and Tennessee. 

The seventh, Indiana, Illinois, and \Visconsin. 

The eighth, Nebraska, Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, 
Kansas, and Arkansas. 

The ninth, California, Oregon and Nevada. 

ALIiOTMENTS. 

The Chief-Justice and Associate Justices of the Supreme 
Court are allotted among the circuits by an order of the 
Court. 

For each circuit a circuit judge is appointed, with a Hil- 
ary of $6,000 a \ ear. 

Circuit courts are held by the circuit justice or by the 
circuit judge of the circuit, or by the district judge sitting 
alone, or bv any two of the said judges sitting together. 

The Chiif Justice and each Justice of the Supreme C<iurt 
must attend at least one term of the Circuit Court in each 
district of the Circuit to which he is allotted during every 
two years. 

A clerk is appointed for each Circuit Court bv the Cir- 
cuit Judge. 

SALARIES OF OFFICERS, ETC., OF THE JUDICIAL 
DEPARTMENT. 

Supreme Court. — Chiel"■ju^ti^;e, $10,500; eight associ- 
ates, $10,000; clerk (estimated emoluments), $25,000; re- 
jjo'-ter, about $4.oo<.>; marshal, $3,500; clerks, me-ssengers, 
tailifts, etc., at varying r te<. 



THE AMKRICAN^ 

Court of Claims. — Chief-Justice, $4,500; ^ associates, 
$4,500; clerk, $3,000; assistant, $2,000; bailiffs, inesser- 
j(ers, etc. 

Supreme Court of District of Columbia. — Chicf-jus> 
ice, $4,500; 5 associates, $4,000; clerk, district attorney, 
marshal, rci;istcr of wills, fees; deputy clerks and mar- 
shals, bailiffs, attendants, etc., in varyinjf number and 
rate, from $2,500 to $5fxj i)er year. 



DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

The ordinary business of this office may be classified 
under the followinjj heads : 

1. Official opinions on the current business of the g'ov- 
ernment, as called for by the President, by any head of 
department, or by the Solicitor of the Treasury. 

2. Ex.imination of the titles of all land purchased, as 
the sites of arsenals, custom-houses, lighthouses, and all 
other public works of the United States. 

3. Applications for p irdons in all cases of conviction in 
the courts of the United States. 

4. Application for .-ippointment in all the judicial and 
lejfal business of the ijovernment. 

5. The conduct and arjfument of all suits in the Supreme 
Court of the United States in which the government is 
concerned. 

6. The supervision of all other suits arising^ in any of 
the departments, when referred by the head thereof to the 
Attorney General. 

To these ordinary heads of the business of the office is 
added at the present time the direction of all appeals on 
land claims in California. 

PAY OF OFFICERS AND EMPLOYES IN THE 
DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. 

Solicitor-general, $7,000; 3 assistant allorneys-gfeneral, 
$5,000; solicitor of the treasury, solicitor of internal rev- 
enue, $4,500; assistant attornev-gfeneral for postofRce de- 



lerKs, irtJiii ^Jii^eRj Lu .p^,u<jij, »ieiiuKi.i|iiicr, .pi,3 ^ ; tele- 
graph operator, $1,000 ; 5 copyists, $900; 2 messengers, a 
ivatchmen, $720; 2 laborers, $660. 

UNITED STATES MINT, 

The Constitution {.article i, section S^) gives Congress 
the sole power to coin money, and regulate the value 
thereof. The act of April 2, 1792, provided that a mint 
for the purpose of national coinage should be established 
and tarried on at the seat of government of the United 
Slates, which was then at Philadelphia. Subsequent 
acts continued the mint at the same place temporarily, 
until by act of May 19. 1S2S, its location was permanently 
fixed in that city. 

The officers of the mint are — a Director, a Treasurer, an 
Assa\cr, a Meller and Refiner, a Chief Coiner, and an 



MANUAL. -19 

Kngraver. These officers are aiipoinled l>y tlie I'resident 
of the United States, by and with the advice and consent 

of the Senate. 

The Director has the control and management of the 
mint, the superintendence of the officers and persons em- 
ployed, and the general regulation and supervision of the 
several branches. 

The Treasurer receives all moneys for the use or sup- 
port of the mint, and all bullion brought to the mint for 
coinage; he has the custody of the same, except while 
legally in the hands of other officers; and on the warrant 
of the director, he pays all moneys due by the mint, and 
delivers all coins struck at the mint to the persons to 
whom they are legally payable. 

The Assayer assays all metals used in coinage, and all 
coins, whenever required by the operations of the mint, or 
instructed by the Director. 

The Melter and Refiner conducts the operations neces- 
sary to form ingots ofstandard silver and gold suitablefor 
the Chief Coiner. 

The Chief Coiner conducts the operations necessary to 
form coins from the ingots, etc., delivered to him lor the 
purpose. 

The Engraver prepares and engraves with the legal 
device and inscription all the dies used in the coinage of 
the mint and its branches. 

Besides the mint at Philadelphia, Congress has, from 
time to time, established branches and an Assay Office at 
th ; following places: 
At N'ew Orleans, for the coinage of gold 

and silver March 3,1835 

At Charlotte, North Carolina, for the coin- 
age of gold only March 3, 1835 

At Dahloneea, Georgia, for gold only March 3, 1835 

At San Francisco, California, for gold and 

silver July 3,185* 

At Denver, Colorado Territory, for gold 

and silver April 21,1862 

At Carson City, Nevada, for gold and 

silver March 3,1803 

At New York City, an Assay Office for 

the receipt, melting, refining, parting, 

and assaying of gold and silver bullion 

and foreign coin, and for casting the 

same into bars, ingots, or disks March 3,1853 

AtDallasCitv Oregon, for gold and siver. July 4,1864 



UNITED STATES COAST SURVEY. 

The coast survey has for its object the production of 
accurate charts of the coasts and harbors of the United 
States. With a shore line, including bays and islands, 
and exclusive of Alaska, of more than 21,000 miles in 
length, and with a commerce extending to all parts of the 
world, ;ind rapidly increasing, the importance to the coun- 
try of this branch of the public service will be readilv ap- 
preciated. 

The work was commenced on the Eastern or Atlantic 



220 



THE AMERICAX MAX I' A I.. 



coast in iSj3, unJcr ihc superintendence of Professor F. 
R. Hassler, and after his death in 1S4;?, was continued 
under the superintendence of late Professor Alexander D. 
Bache, and extended to the Gvilf of Mexico. On the ac- 
quisition of California, the Pacific coast was included in 
Uie survey, and since the treaty with Russia, hy which 
Alaska was brought under the tjovernment of tlie United 
States, the survev has been extended to that Territory. 
The whole work is under the administrative direction of 
the Treasury Department. Upon the superintendent de- 
volves the duty or planning- its operations, for the scientific 
ncc'iracy of wliich he is responsible. The corps of assist- 
ants is composed of three classes — civilians, and army and 
nn.vy officers. The work is divided into three branches 
—the. gec'detic survey accurately determines the relative 
posit- ons ou the surface of the earth of a great number of 
prominent points, by a system of triang^ulation and ob- 
servation of the true meridian lines, and of latitude and 
long-itude." The positions fixed by the triansrulation form 
the groundwork of the topographic survey, which deline- 
ates the shore-line of the coasts, bays, and rivers; the 
shape and heights of the hills; the position of the roads, 
houses, woods, marshes, and fields— in short, all note- 
worthy features of the country. The hyjrogr.iphic 
survey, b;ised upon the points and shore-lines furnished 
by the triangulation and topography, delineates the hid- 
den configuration of the sea bottom, discovers channels, 
shoals, and rocks, assigns their true position, and shows 
the depth of water and character of the bottom over the 
whole extent of the chart. 

The observations made in the progress of the survey are 
arranged and published with illustrative plates, topo- 
graphic maps, and hydrotrraphic charts. 



FREEDMAN'S BUREAU. 

The Bureau of Refugees, FreeJinen. and Abandoned 
Lands w^as established -March 3, 1S05, and attached to the 
War Department. By its terms the law was limited to 
one year after the close of the rebellion. On the 16th day 
ofjuly, A. D. 1S66, the law was amended and continued 
in force for two years, and as-ain, on the 25lh of 'uly, 
1S6S, an act was p;issed Continuing the educati nal d»;>art- 
mentof the Bureau, and the collections and paymei ts of 
money due soldiers and sailors or their heirs, until other- 
wise ordered h\ Congress, but the other operations of the 
Bureau were to be withdrawn from the reconstructed 
Stales on the ist of January, 1S6S. 

Alajor-Gcneral O. O. Howard was appointed Commis- 
sioner of the Bureau on the 12th of May, 1S65, and en- 
tered upon his duties on the 15th. Ten assistant commis- 
sioners were appointed in the different .State ■; embraced 
under the Bureau. With one exception, these were 
officers in the army, who were changed from time to time 
as changes were made in the different military- depart- 
ments. 

The Bureau was org-anized with four departments, em- 
bracing that of Lauds, Records, Financial Affairs, and 



the Mi-dical Department. The Claim Division was subse- 
quently organized under the head of the Land Department. 

The Bureau at first had supervision of farming property 
only, but the orders issued under the act by the President 
on the 2d day of July, iSfij, and by the Secretary ot the 
Treasury soon after, placed the Bureau in charge of all 
real property which bad been abandoned, captured, or 
confiscated, including building lots in cities and towns, as 
well as plantations and farms. 

As soon as possible alter its organization, the Land 
Division proceeded to ascertain as accurately as possible 
the amount and character of the property committed to its 
charge 



DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR OFFICERS. 

Diplomatic and consular officers must not be absent 
from their posts more than ten days in one year, without 
leave obtained from the President, and then only for sixty 
days, not including the time spent in the round journey if 
the officer visits his home. 

ITie pay of a diplomatic or consular officer is calculated 
from the time when he begins to receive his instructions; 
but not more than thirty ilavs time is allowed to this 
business, and he must take the most direct route to his 
station, tin his return home, time is allowed for the 
return journey by the most direct route, unless he has 
re-signed, or been recalled, because of official misconduct. 

.Xllowances for clerical service are made to a consider- 
able number of the larger consulates. 

The thirteen consular clerks hold office during good 
behavior after appointment. 

The consular offices compensated only by fees, are 
usually sought and filh d by persons who desire to hold 
the offices and live at the stations for purposes of business, 
health, or pleasure, and not for the emoluments of the 
offices themselves. 

DIPLOMATIC SEHVICE. 

Ministers to France, Germany, Great Britain and 

Russia 1 $17,500 

Ministers to Austria, Brazil, China, Italy, ^V'pan, 

Mexico, and Spain 12,000 

Ministers to Central America. Chili and Ppni :o,ooc 

Ministers to Argentine Confederation, Belgium, 
Colombia, Hawaiian Islands, Hayti. Nether- 
lands, Sweden, Turkey, and Venezuel.a $7,500 

Ministt rsto Bolivia, Denmark, Paragu.ay, Portugal, 

and Switzerland SiO°° 

Minister to Libtria 4,000 

Secretary and Interpreter of Legation at Pekin 5,000 

Secretary of Legation at Constantinople 3,ooo 

Secretaries of Legation at Paris, Berlin, London, 

and St. Petersburg 2,625 

Secretary of Leiration at Yeddo 2,500 

Interpreter at Ycddo 2,500 

Second Secret iries .at Paris Berlin, and London .. 2,000 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



221 



Secretaries oCT^sralion at Madrid, Mexico, Rio de 

Janeiro, Il< me. and A'ienna i.Soo 

CONSULAR SERVICE. 

CON ULS XOT I'tKMITTED TO TKADE. 

Havana, L'verpool, J;ondon, Paris, Ilio do Janeiro $6,000 

Calcutta and Shanghai S.OfO 

Melhoiirne \i-f^> 

Berlin, Bucharest, Cairo, Hon^f-Kong-, Honolulu, 

Montreal 4,000 

Amoy, Callao, Canton, Chin-Kiang, Foo-Chow, 

liunkow, N'infjpo, and 'lien- ! sin 3iS0O 

Aspinwail, Uanjrkok, Brad ''ord, Buenos Ayrcs, De- 
merara, p'rankfort, Glasgow, Havre, Hiogo, 
Manchester, MaUmzus, Nagasaki, Os:ika, 
Panama, Hoxe, Tantfiers, Tripoli, Tunis, Val- 
paraiso, Verii Cruz, Vienna 3.000 

Antwerp, Belfast, Birminjiham, Bordeaux, Kromen, 
Brussels, Cienfuegos, Dresden, Hamburg, 
Lyons, Marseilles, Santiago de Ciil>a, Saint 

Tfiomas. Sheftield, Singapore, Tunstall 2,500 

Acapulco, Barmen, Basle, Beirut, Cardiff, Chcm- 
nit;;, Coalicook, Co'ogne, Cork, Dublin, Dun- 
dee, Halifax, Hamilton, Kingston, l^-ed>, Leip- 
sic, Leilh, Lisbon, Matainoras, Mexico City, 
Montevideo, Nassau, Nuremberg, Odessa, Per- 
nambiic>, Port Louis, Pr.igue, Kotterdam, St. 
John, St. Petersburg, San Juan, Smyrna, Sonne- 

berg, Tamatave, T oronto, Trieste, Zurich 2,000 

Amsterdam, Auckland, Barbadoes, Barcelona, 
Bahia, Bermuda, Bristol, Cadiz, Capetown, 
Charlottetown, Chiton, Copenhagen, Fayal, 
Florence, Fort Erie, Funchal. (jeneva, Genoa, 
Gibraltiir, (ioderich, Jerusalem, Kingston 
(Canada), Laguavra, Leghorn, Liege, Mahc, 
Malaga, Mannheim, Martinique, Messina, Mu- 
nich, Naples, Newcastle, Nice, Palermo, Pic- 
tou. Port Sarnia, Port Stanley, Prescoit, Que- 
bec, St. Helena, St. John's (Canada), San 
Domingo, Stuttgart, Tampico, Verviers, Wind- 
sor, Winnipeg i>300 

CONSULS PERMITTED TO TRADE. 

Apia, Batavia, CapeHiylien, Ceylon, Gaspi-Basin, 
Guayaquil, Guaymas, Honduras, Nantes, Para, 
Rio Grande de Sul, Sabanilla, Santiago, Tahiti, 
Talcahuana, Utilla, Venice, W ndsor (Nova 
Scotia), Zanzibar 1,000 

CONSULS ANH COMMERCIAL AGENTS PERMITTED TO 

TRADE, AND COMPENSATED O.VLY BY 

FEES COLLECTED. 

Algiers, Alicante, Amapala, Antigua, Archangel, 
Baracoa, Bathurst, Belize, Bergen, IJogota, 
Bombay, Bresl m, Jlrunswick, Buena Ventura, 
Cam ir:'0, Carrara, Castelamar". Cartharrcna, 



Chihuahua, Christiana, Ciudad, Bolivar, Lolo- 
nia, Coquimbo, Cordoba, Corunna, Crefeld, 
Curacoa, D_nia, Falmouth, Galatz, Garrucha, 
Gccsteinund, Ghent, Gottenburg, Grand Basso, 
Guerr>To, ( /uidainune, Guatemala, Helsing- 
<ors, Hohart-Town, Iloilo, Laguna, Lambaye- 
que, La Paz, La Rochelle, Li Union, London- 
derry, Malta, Manila, Manzanillo, Mazatlan, 
Maracaibo, Medellin, Merida, Mier, Milan, 
Minatitlan, Monterey, Moscow, New Chwang, 
Nottingham, Nuevo Laredo, Oaiaca, Ottawa, 
Pudang, Pago-Pago, Panimaribo, Paso del 
Norte, Patras. Pesth, Piedras Nigras, PJ3- 
mouth. Ponce Port Stanley, Presidio del Norte, 
Puerto Cabello, Rheims, Rio Hacha, R< sario, 
Rouen, Sagua la Grande, St. Bartholomew, 
St. Christopher, St. GTille, St. George's, St. 
Helen's, St. John's, St. Marc, St. Martin, St. 
Pierre, Samana, San Andres, San Bias, San 
Jose, San Juan del Sur, Santa Martha, ^antand- 
er, Santos, Sierra Ix-one, Sonsonate, Stan- 
bridge, Stockholm, Sydney, Tenerif?e, Tetuan, 
Trinidad, Victoria, ^V'■arsaw, Zacatecas. 

MISCEIjLANEOUS. 

13 Consular Clerks $1,000 

Interpreter at Shanghai 2,000 

Interpreter at FoO-Chow, Kanagawa, and Tien- 

Tsin 1,500 

Interpreters at Amoy, Canton, Hankow, and 

Hong-Kong 750 

12 Interpreters in China, Japan, Siam, and Turkey 500 
8 Marshals of Consular Courts in China, Japan, 

and Turkey Fees Rnd 1,000 

Dispatch Agent at New York 1,000 

Dispatch Agent at London 2,000 

Statistics of Religious Denominations in the 
United States. 

Roman Catholic 6,174,204 

Baptist 2,1.^5,049 

Methodist i/>5o,773 

M. E. South S2S.010 

Lutheran '>S4,S77 

Presbyterian 573.37^ 

Christian S'i7.44S 

Congregational 381,606 

Protestant Episcopal 32^377 

Un ted Brethren '55.433 

Reformed Churc h in U. S "S4.740 

United Evangelical 144,000 

Presbyterian South 119,970 

Protestant Methodist i 'S, 175 

Cumberland Presbyterian "'.^57 

Mormon 1 10,377 

Evangelical Association 99.'>oo 



222 



THE AMERICAX MAXCAL. 



The Brethren 00,006 

United Presbyterian 80,237 

Reformed Church in America 7S,9i'> 

Freewill Baptists 76,703 

Frienils 67,640 

Second Adventist 63,500 

Anti-Mission Baptist 40,000 

Universalist 37.945 

Church of God 20,324 

Weslevan Methodist 17,847 

Moravian 16,115 

Seventh Day Adventist "4,733 

lews J3.6S3 



Free Methodist )2,:."j 

Adventist 11,100 

Reformed Episcopal 10,459 

Seventh D;iv Baptist 8,606 

Reformed Presbyterian 6,020 

New Jerusalem 45734 

Primitive Methodist 3»370 

New Mennonite 2,990 

American Communities 3,838 

Shaker ... 3,4C0 

Independent Methodist 2,103 

Six Principle Baptist 3i07C 



LOSSES OF THE GOVERNMENT FOR EVERY ADMINISTRATION FROM 1 789 TO 1876. 

The following table exhibit;: the losses of the Government through frauds, carelessness, and from all causes, and 
the iiinountof loss on each thousand dollars, for everv administration from the beginning- of the government till the end 
of President Grant's administration, as follows: 



Washington 

Adams 

Jefferson 

Madison 

Monroe 

Adams 

Jackson 

van Buren 

Harrison ? 

Tvler S 



Period 
of ser- 
vice. 



S years. 
+ " " 



Total 


Loss on 


Losses. 


$1,000. 


250,970 


$ 2.22 


235.41' 


2.59 


603,467 


2.7^ 


2,101,660 


4.10 


3.-'^9.787 


S.5S 


8S5.374 


4-3" 


3.761.1 11 


7-5- 


3.343.792 


II .71 


1.S&S.003 


40 



Polk 

Taylor ) 

Fillmore J 

Pierce 

Buchanan 

Lincoln 

Johnson 

Grant 

Tot;\l 



PerTocl 
of ser- 



4 vears. 
\ " 

4 " 

4 " 

4 " 

I- " 



Total 
Losses. 



$1,732,851 

1,514,409 

2,167,982 
2,659,107 
7,20o,9&4 
4,619,599 
2,S-jCm92 



$39,108,605 



Loss on 
$1,000. 



4.0S 
4.19 

3-<;6 
3.81 

76 

57 



$1.29 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES. 



223 





Chief-Justices. 




Associate Justices. 




1 




* 




• 






I 


John Rutli-tiget 








2 


William Cushimg.... 








■^ 


James Wilson 








4 


John Blart 










Robert H. Harrison.. 








6 


James Iredell 


S 






I 


Thomas Johnsonf 


I 






William Patterson... 


7 


1, 


John Uulledg«4 













Salmon P. Chase 


4 


% 


Oliver Ellswortht. . 


10 








Bushrod Washington. 


3 






II 


Alfred Moored 


6 


4 


John Marshall 


13 








William Johnson 


II 






n 


Brockh't Livingston.. 


S 






'4 


Thomas Todd 


^ 






IS 


Jose ph Story , 


2 






lO 


Gabriel Duvalt 

Smith Thompson 

Robert Trimble 


9 
13 

14 






IQ 


John MrLonn 


iS 






20 


Henry Baldwyn 


10 




1 


21 


James M. Wayneg .... 


12 


5 


Roger B. Taney 












22 


Philip P. Barbour.... 


16 






2^ 


John Catron 


t 






24 


John McKinlev 


^ 






25 


Peter V. Daniel 


22 






26 


Samuel Nelson. + . ... 


17 






27 
28 


Levi Woodbury 


IS 






Robert C. Griert 


20 






20 


Benjamin R. Curtist. 


27 






^0 


John A. Campbellt. . . 


24 






V 


-Vathan Clifford 


2g 






32 


Noah H. Swayne 


IQ 






S^ 


Samuel F.Miller 


2S 






34 
35 




v> 




Stephen J. Field 




(i 


Salmon'P. Chase.... 










36 
38 


William Stronci- 

Josenh P. Bradley 


28 






Ward Hunt 


26 


7 


Mo»rison R. Waite. . 










30 


lohn M. Harlan 


34 






40 


William B.Woods... 


36 



State Whence 
Appointed. 



Newr York 

South Carolina. 
Massachusetts.., 
Pennsylvania .. . 

Virginia 

Maryland 

North Carolina. 

Maryland 

New Jersey 

South Carolina.. 

Maryland 

Connecticut 

Virgini.i 

North Carolina . 

Virginia 

South Carolina. . 

New York 

Kentucky 

Massachusetts . 

Maryland 

New York 

Kentucky . . 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Georgia 

Maryland 

Virginia 

Tennessee 

Alabama 

Virginia 

New York 

New Hampshire 
Pennsylvania . .. 
Massachusetts... 

Alabama 

Maine 

Ohio 

Iowa 

Illinois 

California 

Ohio 

Pennsylvania. . . . 

New Jersey 

New York 

Ohio 

Kentucky 

Georgia 



Term of 
Service. 



Born. 



Died. 



'759-179? 
1780-179' 
17S9-18JO 
1 780- 1 798 
1 789-179') 
1789-1790 
'V90-1799 
'79'-'793 
1 793- 1 806 

'795-'79S 

1796-1811 

1796-1801 

I 798- I 829 

1799-1804 

i%oi-.835 

1804-1834 

1806-1823 

1 807-1 826 

181 1-1845 

1811-1836 

1S23-1845 

1826- I 82S 

1829-1861 

18^0-1846 

1835-1867 

1836-1864 

1836- 1841 

1837-1865 

•837- ''^52 

1841-1860 

1845-1872 

1845-1851 

1846-18^9 

1851-1857 

185^-1.861 

I858-. . . . 

1861-..., 

1862-.... 

1862- 1877 

1866-.... 

1864-187^ 

1870-1880 

1870-.... 

1872- 

1874-.... 
1877-.... 
1880-1882 



H 



'745 
'7.39 
'733 
'74' 
I732 
'715 
'75' 
'732 
'745 
'739 
'74' 
'745 
1762 

1755 
'755 
1771 
'757 
'765 
'779 
1752 
1767 
1777 
■785 
'779 
1790 

1777 

'A 

177S 

1780 
'78s 
1792 
1789 

1794 
1S09 
181 1 
1803 
1805 
1816 
1815 
1816 
1808 
1S08 
1813 
1811 
1816 
'833 
1S26 



1829 
1800 
1810 
1798 
1800 
1790 

1799 
1819 
1806 
1800 
1811 
1807 
1829 
1810 
1835 
'834 
1823 
1826 
1845 
1844 

1828 
1861 
1846 
1867 
1864 
1S41 
1S6S 
185a 
i860 

'S73 
1851 
1870 

1874 



'S73 



1887 



324 



THE AMERICAX MAXCAL. 



SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.-Concluded. 



Melville W. Fuller. 



Stanley Matthews 


32 


Ohio 


Horace Gray 


31 


Massachusetts.. 


Samuel Blatchford 


-,8 


New York . ... 


Lucius Q. C.Lamar 


40 
1 ..;. 


Mississippi 

1 Tll!noi<; 



iSSi- 

I8S2- 



tSSS-. 





1824 






1828 






IS20 






1825 




1 .. 


1 iS.^3 


.... 



• The figures before the names of the Associate Justices indicate the order of their appointment. The numbers fol- 
lowing refer to the same numbers in the first column, and show the vacancy filled by eacii appointment. 

+ Kcsisfned. 

± Presided one term of the Court; appointment not confirmed by the Senate. 

I The Supreme Court, at its first session in 1700, consisted of a Chief Justice and five Associates. The number of 
. Associatejustices was increased to six in 1S07. by the appointnunt of Thomas Todd; increased to eiirht in 1S37, by the 
appointment of John Catron and John McKinley; iucreased to nine in iS6_^, by the appointment of '.?te;-'hcn J. Field; 
decreased to eio:hi 0:1 the death of John Catronin 1855; decreased to seven on the death ofjames M. Wayne, in 1S67; 
And ag^-ain increased to eight in 1S70. 



THE CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 



St.ate or Territory. 


Place of Observation. 


Mean 

annual 1 

temper- State or Territory 

ature. | 
degrees | 


1 Mean' 

j annual 
Place of Observation, itemper- 
1 ature. 
degrees 


Alabama 


Mobile 

Sitka 

Tucson 

Little Rock 


46 

63 
55 
4S 
50 
47 
SI 
55 
69 

ss 

5-> 
;o 
SI 

lO 

4'^ 

t^ 
45 
5+ 

4'^ 


Mississippi 




04 
SS 
43 
19 


Ahiska 






















Nevada 

New Hampshire 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 


Cape Winrield Scott 




Denver 




Connecticut 


I lartf ord 

Fort Randall 




53 
SI 
<>< 


Dakota 




Delaware 




Albany 


District Columbia 

Florida 


Washmgton 


North Carolina 

Ohio 


Raleig'h 59 


Georgia 


-Vtlanta 




Portland 


S3 

54 


Idaho 


PennsvlAania 

Rhode' Island 


Harrisburg 


Illinois 










Columbia 


63 


Indian Territory 




Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 


67 

S2 
43 
57 
SI 
S^ 
45 
41 








Kansas 




Salt Lake Citv 


Kentucky 


Louisville 






Louisiana 












Washington Ter 








Romney 




Boston 

Detroit 




Michigan 






Minnesota 


St. Paul 








THE I,ATi; CHIEF JUSTICE MORRISON R. WAIT5., 



S26 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



SEcr^Eii^Ar^iES OP State. 



Term 


No. 


1 


I 


2 






2 




3 


3 






4 


4 


s 


6 




6 


6 




7 


7 




8 


8 


9 




10 


P 


11 


10 




11 


13 


12 




13 


13 




Xi 


14' 



Appointed. 



Thomas Jefferson 
Thomas Jefferson 
Edmund Randolph 
Timothy Pickering 
Timothy Pickering 
John Marshall . . 
James Madison . 
James Madison . 
Robert Smith . . 
James Monroe . . 
James Monroe . . 
John Quinc'y Adams 
John Quincy Adams 
Henry Clay .... 
Martin Van Buren . 
Edward Livingston 
Louis McLane . . . 
John Forsyth , . . 
John Forsyth . . . 
Daniel Webster . . 



Sept. 26, 
[jNIarch 4, 
I January 2, 
jt)ec. 10, 

March 4, 

May 13, 
'March 5, 

March 4, 

March 6, 
JApril 
j March 
I March 
1 March 
i March 
; March 

May 

May 

June 

March 4, 

March 5, 



Term 



14a 



15 

le 
lOa 

17 
18 

19 
20 
20a 

21 

23 

23 

24 

24a 

25 



Name. 



Daniel Webster . 
Hugh S. Legare . 
Abel P. Upshur . . 
John C. Ciilhoun . 
James Buchanan 
John M. Clayton . 
"Daniel Webster . 
Edward Everett . 
William L. Marcy 
Lewis Cass .... 
Jeremiah S. Black 
William H. Seward 
William H. Seward 
William H. Seward 
E'.ihu B. Washburne 
Hamilton Fish . . . 
Hamilton Fish . . . 
William M. Evarts . 
James G. Blaine . . 
F. T. Frelinghuysen 
Thomas F. Bayard . 



Appointed. 



April 

May 

July 

March 

March 

March 

July 

Nov. 

March 

March 

Dec. 

March 

March 

April 

March 

March 

March 

March 

March 

Dec. 

March 



6. 1841 

9. 1843 

24, 1843 

6, 1844 

6. 1845 

7. 1849 
22, 1850 

6, 1852 

7, 1853 
6, 1857 

17, i860 

5. i86l 

4, 1865 

15. 1865 

5> 1869 

11, 1869 

4, 1873 

12, 1877 

5, i88l 
12, i88i 

6, 1885 



The larger figures mark the Presidential term in which each Cabinet Officer held his appoint- 
ment. 







THE AMERICAX MAXUAL. 



227 




JAMES G. BLAINE. 



228 



IHE .J^rF.RICA.V MANUAL. 
SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY. 



R 




u 

H 





1 


I 


2 






2 


3 






S 


4 


4 


5 




6 




7 


S 




6 




<- 


fi 




9 




10 


S 


11 


9 




10 


12 


II 




12 




I.^ 


13 




14 


H 



Alexander Hamilton. 



Oliver Wolcott. 



Samuel De.xter. , 
Albert Gallatin , 



Georg'e \V. Campbell. 
Alexander J. Dallas . . . 
William H. Crawford. 



Richard Rush 

Samuel D. Injjfham 

Louis iVlcLane 

William J. l)u;ine . 

Roger 15. Taney 

Levi Woodbury,... 



Thomas- Ewing^. 



-Vjipointed. 



Sept. II, 17S9 
March 4, 1795 
Feb. 2, 1795 
March 4, 1797 
J;in. I, 1801 
May 14, iSoi 
March 4, 1S09 
March 4, 1S13 
Feb. 9, 1S14 
Oct. 6, 1S1 + 
Oct. 22, 1816 
March 5, 1S17 
March J, 182 1 
March 7, 1S25 
jNiarch 6, iS2iy 
Au^. 2, 1S31 
May 29. 1S33 
Sept. 23, 1S33 
June 27, 1S34 
M;irch 4, 1837 
March 5. 1S41 







y~. 


A 


H 


Z 


14a 






!■; 




16 




'7 


n 


18 


16 


IQ 


16:! 


iO 


17 


21 


18 


22 




23 




2 + 


1<J 


2'? 




26 


£0 


27 


20. 




21 


2S 


22 


29 




30 




31 


23 


32 



Thomas Ewing 

Walter Forward 

John C. Speacer 

George M. Bibb 

Robert J. Walker 

William M. Meredith... 

Thomas Cor win 

James Guth ie 

Howell Cobb 

Philip F. Thomas , 

John A. Dix 

Salmon P. Chase 

William Pitt Fcssenden. 
Hug^h McCullough 



George S. Botitwell 

William A, Richardson. 
Benjamin H. hristow. ... 

Lot M. Morrill 

John Sherman 



Appointed 



April 2, 
Sept. 13, 
March 3, 
June 15, 
March o, 
March 8, 
July 23, 
March 7, 
March 6, 
Dec. . 12, 
Jan. II, 
March 7, 
Julv I, 
MaVch 7, 
April ij, 
March 1 1, 
March 17.. 
June 4, 
July 7. 
March 8, 



.84 1 
1S41 

■S43 
1844. 

1S49 
1850 
1853 
'S57 
i860 
i?6i 

i8.^i 
1864 
1S6S 

i'S63 
1869 
.S73 
1S74 
1876 
1877 



Secretaries of the Treasury.— Term 24, No. 33, William Windom, appointed March 5, 1881 ; Term 243, No. 34, Charles 
J. Folger, appointed October 27, 1881 ; No. 3s, Walter Q. Gresham, appointed September 24, 1884; No. 36, Hugh 
McCuUo/h. appointed October 28, 1884 ; Terra 25, No. 37, Daniel Manning, appointed March 6, 1885; No. 38, 
Charles S. Fairchild, April i, 1887. 




GSNKRAL MEADF.'S HF ADQUARTERS AT GETTYSBURG. 



THE AMERICA:: maxcal 



229 




HOK. JOHN SHERMAN. 



230 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 
SECRETARIES OF WAR. 



1 

2 


I 




2 




^ 


3 






4 




■> 


4 


6 


5 




6 


I 


7 






9 




10 


8 


1 1 


9 




10 


i.^ 




H 


11 


"; 




l6 


12 




13 


17 


14 


iS 



Henry Knox 

Timothy Pickering. 
James McHenry ... 



SamueUDexter. . . 
Roger Griswold . . 
Henry Dearborn. 

William Eiistis. . 
John Armstrong. 



James Monroe 

William H. Crawford. 

George Gr.hain 

John C. Ca houn 



J.ames Barbour . . 
Peter B. Porlir. 
John H. Katon.. 
Lewis Cass 



Joe R. Poin.selt. 
John Bell 



Sept. a, 17S9 
M.irch 4, 1793 
J. in. 2, 1795 
Jan. 37, 179ft 
March 4, 1797 
May 13, iSco 
Feb. 3, I So I 
March 5, iSoi 
March 4, 1S05 
March 7, 1809 
Jan. I?, IS 3 
.Miirch 4, iSij 
Sept. 27, 1S14 
Auirust I, 1815 
ad interim. 
Oct. 8, 18 1 7 
March 5, IS21 
March 7, 1825 
May 26, iS:8 
March 9, 1829 
August 1, 183T 
March 4, 1S3? 
March 7, 1S37 
March 5, iS^i 



14.. 






'9 




20 




21 


l.i 


22 


11) 


25 


16a 


24 


17 


2^ 


18 


s6 




27 


19 


28 




29 


i>0 




30a 






30 


ai 


,V 




\i 


-ii 






3? 




31 


Z-6 


3i 




3'' 



j.,11.1 B^.i 

John ».'. Spencer 

J imes M. I'orter 

William Wilkin.s 

William L. Marcy 

George W . Cra w tor il 

Charles M. Conrad 

Jefferson Davis 

John H. Floyd 

Joseph Holt 

Simon Cameron 

Edwin M. Stanton 



U. S. G ant, act interim. 
L. Thomas, " 

John M. Schofield 

Jolin A. Rawlins 

William W. Belknap... 



AlphonsoTaft 

James D. Cameron . . . 
George \V. McCrary. 
AlexaiuliT Ramsey 



April 6, 
Oct. 12, 
March 8, 
Feb. IS, 
March 6, 
March 8, 
Aug. IS, 
March 5, 
March 6, 
Jan. iS, 
March 5. 
Jan. 15. 
March 4, 
April IS, 
Aug. 12, 
Feb. ii. 
May 28, 
March 11, 
Oct. 25, 
March 4, 
March 8, 
.May 22, 
March 12, 
Dec. 10, 



841 
84t 
S43 
844 
84s 
S49 
8so 

S.S7 
86i 
S6[ 

8fl2 

865 
86s 
867 
868 
S68 
»g 
S69 

876 
870 
S77 
S-9 



Secretaries of War .—Term 24, No. 38, Robert T. Lincoln, appointed March 5, i 
Endicott, appointed March 6, 1885. 

NOTE.— William T. Sherman was Secretary of War from September 9, 18 



Term 25, No. 39, William C 
to October 25, 1869. 



SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY. 



3 

4 


I 




2 


5 


3 


6 


4 




^ 


7 






6 


8 






- 7 


9 






s 


10 




11 


9 




10 


12 






11 


13 




14 


'3 



Benj.tinia Sioddert. 



Robert Smith 

J. Crowninshield. 
Paul Hamilton . , 
William Jones. . . 



B. W. Crowninshield 

Smith Thompson 

Samuel L, Southard.. 



John Branch 

Levi Woodbu y . 



Mahlon Dickerson. 



J imes K. Paulding. 
I icorsr ■ 1'- Badsrt r. . 



M.iv 21, 179S 
March 4, 'Soi 
July I , iSoi 
M irch 3, 1^05 
M.irch 7, 1809 
Jan. 12, iSi.i 
March 4, 1813 
Di c. 19, 181 1. 
March 4, 18I7 
Nov. 9, iSiS 
March 5, 1821 
Se|)t. 16, 1823 
March 4, iS^s 
M:irch 9, 18^9 
M ly 23, I'^ti 
M irch 4, iSv? 
June 30, 183, 
March 4, i8<7 
June 25, i83'> 
M.irch s, 1S41 



14a 






14 




i> 




16 




'7 


15 


li 


Ifi 


"'7 


Itiu 


20 




21 


17 


22 


18 


2? 


1!» 


21 


20 




2i). 


* 


21 


2i 




2J 










2» 


27 




2-! 



George E. Ha^lger... 

Aliel r. Up>hur 

David I lensha w 

Th.mis W. Gilmer.-. 

John Y. Ma-on 

(jeorge Bancroft.... 

lohn V. Mason 

"Williaiii B. Preston 
William A. Graham. 
J hn P. Kennedy.... 
J inies C. Dobbin..., 

Isaac Toucey 

Gid on Welles 



Ailolph E. Borie. . . . 
George M. Robeson. 



Richard W. Thompson. 
Nalhan G..ft Jr., 



April 6, 1841 
Sept. 13, 1S41 
July 24, 1843 
Fib. 15^-1^44 
March 14, 1814 
March ro, 1845 
Sept. o, 184^) 
M irch S, 1849 
July 22, 185-1 
July 23, 1850 
March 7, 1853 
March 6, 1S57 
March 5, 1S6: 
March 4, \'^i, 
Ai)ril IS, iS6s 
March 5, 1S69 
June 2S, 1869 
March 4, 1873 
March 12, 1877 
Jan. 6, 1881 



Secretaries of the Navy.— Term 24, No. 2: 
\handler, appointed April i, 1882 ; Term 2 



!, William H. Hunt, appointed March 5, 1881 ; Term 24a, No. 29, William E. 
;, No. ao. William C. Whitney, appointed March 6, 18S5. 



THE AM ERIC AX ArAXCLAL. 
fVTTOKNEVS-GEXERAL. 



231 



14 

14a 



Kdmund Randolph. 

William Bradford.. 
Charles I..ee 



Theophilus Parsons 

Levi Lincoln 

Robert Smith. . . . 
John Breckinndg-e. 
Caear A. Rodney.. 



William Pincknej', 

Richard Rush 

William Wirt 



John M. Berrien.... 
Roffcr B. Taney. 

Benjamin V. Butler. 



Felix Grundv 

Henry D. Gilpin . . . 
John J. Crittenden. 



.-■ept. 26 
March 4 
Jan. 27 
Dec. 10 
March 4 
Feb 
March 5 
March t, 
Au^. 7 
Jan. 2S 
March 4 
Dec. 1 1 
March 4 
Feb. 10 
March 4 
Nov. 13 
March "5 
March 4 
March 9, 
July 20 
.March 4 
Nov. IS 
March 4 

July S 
Jan. II 
March 5 
April 6, 



1^-) 
793 
794 
795 

Soi 
Sos 
Sos 
S07 
^09 
3ii 

1'^ 
S'4 

o'7 
S17 

S21 
829 

l^' 
S33 
833 

1^7 
S3S 
840 
841 



15 



20 



23 



Hiig^h S. Legare 

John Nelson 

John V. Mason 

Nathan Clifford 

Isaac Toucey 

Reverdy Johnson 

John J. Crittenden 

Caleb Cushing- 

Jeremiah S. Black 

Edwin M. Stanton 

Edward Bates 

T. J. Coffey, adinterim. 
James Speed 



Henry Stanberry 

William M. Evarts.. 
E. Rockwood Hoar.. 
Amos T Akerman 
George H. Williams. 



Edwards Pierrepont 

Alphonso Taft 

Charles Devens 

Wavne Mc Veagh 

Benjamin H. Brewster. 



Attorney-General.— Term 25, No. 39, Augustus H. Garland, appointed March 6, \i 



Sept. XT, 
July 
March 6, 
Oct. i7i 
June 
March 8, 
July 
March 7 
March 6, 
Dec 

March 5 
June 22 
Dec. 
March 4 
April 15 
July 2S 
July 
March 
June 23 
Dec. 14 
March 4 
April 26 
May 22 
March 12 
March j 
Dec. 19; 



, 1S41 

. 1S43 
, 1S4S 
, 1846 
. 184S 
, 1840 
, 1850 
.'85s 
• '^57 
i860 
, 1861 
,1863 
. 1864 
, 1865 
, "865 
, 1S66 
, iS6» 
, 1S69 
, 1870 
.187: 
,1873 
,187s 
. >87& 
•■^77 
, 18S1 
, 18S1 




233 



THE 'AMERICA:: jrAXCAL. 
SECRETARIES OF THE INTERIOR. 





No. 


Name. 


Appointed. 


S 


No. 


Name. 


Appointed. 


16 


I 
2 
3 
4 
5 
6 

7 

8 


Thomas Ewing 

Alexander H. H. Stewart. . ; . . 
Robert McClelland 


March 8, 1849 
Sept. 12, 1850 
March 7, iSs3 
March 6, 1867 
March 5, 1861 
Jan. 8, 1863 
March 4, 1865 
April 15, 1865 
May 15, 1865 
July ,27, 1866 


21 
22 

23 

24a 
25 


9 
10 

II 
12 
13 
14 
15 
16 


Jacob D. Cox 


March 5, 1860 
Nov. 1, 1870 
March 4, 1873 
Oct. 19, 1875 
March 12, 1877 
March 5, 1881 
April 6, 1882 
March 6, 1885 
Jan 16 1888 


17 

j8 






39 


Caleb B. Smith 

John P. Usher 




Samuel I. Kirkvvood 




Henry M. Teller 

Lucius Q. C. Lamar 


goa 


James Harlan 





















POST^LASTEKS-GEXERAL. 



i 


I 
3 


3 






^ 


8 




4 






4 


5 




7 




7 


S 


8 




9 






6 


10 




11 




U 






s 


13 






Q 


14 


10 


14a 






It 



Siam'i Osgood 

Timoth\ Pickering. 



Joseph Habersham.. 

Gideon Granger 

Return J. Meigs, Jr. 



John McLean 

William T. Barry. 
Amos Kendall.... 



John M. Niles.. . 
Francis Granger. 



Charles A. Wickliflfe. 



Postmasters-General.— No. 31, Walter 
tober 14, 1SS4 ; Term 25, No. 33, William 
January 16, 1SS8. 



bcpt. 2(-, 

Aug. a, 
/.Lirch 4, 
Feb. 25, 
March 4, 
March 4, 
Nov. 2S, 
March 4, 
March 4, 
March 17, 
INIarch 4, 
March 5, 
June 26, 
March 4, 
March 9, 
INLirch 4, 
Mav I, 
March 4, 
AL.y S. 
JLirch 6, 
April 6, 
Sept. 13, 

Q. Gresham, appointed April 5, 1883 ; No. 
F. Vilas, appointed March t, 1885 ; No. 



i7>9 


]5 


ij 1 


1791 


lO 


'.^ 


1793 


Itia 


■I- 


179s 




I,'? 


1707 


IV 


10 


li-'oi 


13 


17 


iSoi 




iS 


iSos 




n 


1S09 


19 


20 


1S14 




21 


iSi/ 


20 




I'^2I 


20-a 




IC523 




23 


.ii2^ 


ai 


n 


1S2Q 


22 




'Sl^ 




24 


'^35 




2^ 


>S37 


23 


20 


1S40 




27 


.S4. 


24 


2 


.S4' 


24a 


29 


1 541 







Cave Johnson 

Jacob CoUamer 

Nathan K. Hall 

Samuel D. Hubbard 

James Campbell 

Aaron V. IJrown 

Joseph Holt 

Horatio King 

Montgomery Blair 

William Dennison. ... 

Alexander W. Randall 
John A. J. Creswell 

Marshall Jewell 

James N. Tyner 

David McK. Kev. .... 

Horace Mavn rd 

'ill. mas L J inics 

Timolhv O. Howe 



March 6, 1S4S 
March S, 1S49 
July 23, 1850 
Aug. 31, 1853 
March' 5, '853 
IVLarch 6, 1S57 
March 14, 1859 
P>b. 13, 1S61 
March 5, 1*61 
Sept. 24, 1S64 
March 4, 1865 
April ly, 1865 
July 25, 1866 
March 5, 1S69 
March 4, 1S73 
Aug. 34, 1S74 
July 12, 1S76 
iSIarch 13, 1S77 
June 3, iSSo 
March 5. iSSi 
Dec. 30, iSSi 



52, Frank Hation, appointed Oc- 
, 4, Don M. Dickinson, appointed 



\^a 










THF. AMERICAN MANUAL. 

LENGTH OF SESSIONS OF CONGRESS, 1789-1888. 



233 



No. of 
Congress. 

ist 

2d 

3d 

4th 

5th-. ■ 

6th 

7th 

Sth 

9th 

lOth 

nth 

I2lh 

13th 

14th , 

15th.: 

i6Ui...'. ... 

!7lh 

iSlh 

19th 

20lh 

2ISt 



No. of 
Session. 



Time of Session. 



ist March 4 



2d. 
I 3d. 
j 1st. 
I 2d.. 



Jan. 
.Dec. 
Oct. 

. Nov. 



]i 



J ist Dec. 

I 2d Nov. 

( 1st Dec. 

1 2d Dec. 

St M.iy 

2d Nov. 

3d Dec. 

I ist Dec. 

1 2d Nov. 

j 1st Dec. 

I 2d Dec. 

J 1st... Oct. 

I 2d Nov. 

...Dec. 
. . Dec. 
, . . Oct. 
..Nov. 
. . May 

2d Xov. 

3d Dec. 

j 1st Nov. 

I 2d Nov. 

I ist May 24 



J 1st 
Izd. 
1 1st. 
]2d. 



]i 



-^2d. 

hd.. 
1 1st. 
(■2d., 
\ ist., 

l2d . 
J ISt. 
1 2d., 
j ISt. 
I 2d . . 
I ISt. 

lad.. 

\'i 



ISt. 
2d.. 
ISt. 

2d.. 

ISt. 
2d . 



.Dec. 
.Sept. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
. Nov. 

.Dec. 
. Nov. 

.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 



17S9-! 
790— 
790- 

79'- 

r9^ 

79S 
794 

I79S- 
1796 

:79 

79: 



79S- 

'799— 
Soo- 



■Sept. 29, 

■Aug-. 12, 

■March 3, 

May S, 

■March 2, 

;— J'lne 9, 

-March 3, 

, — June I, 

I — March 3, 

r — July 10, 

■—July 16, 

I — March 3, 

I — May 14, 

1 — March 3, 

I So I — May 3, 
[So2 — March 3, 
;So3 — March 27, 
1S04— March 3, 
[Sot; — April 21, 
:.So6 — March 3, 
1S07— April 25, 
.SoS-March3, 
iSoq — June 28, 
1S09— May I, 
iSio — March 3, 
iSii— July 6, 
jSi2 — March 3, 
1S13 — Aug-. 2, 
1S13— April iS, 
1S14 — March 3, 
[Sij — April 30, 
jSiO— March3, 
1S17— April 20, 
1818— March 3, 
r8i9— May 15, 
1820 — March 3, 
1S21— May 8, 
1S22 — March 3, 
1S23 — May 27, 
1S24 — .March 3, 
1S25 — May 2i, 
iSiS— March 3, 
1S27 -May 26, 
[S2S— March 3, 
1829 — May 31, 
1S30— March 3, 



7S9 
790 
791 
792 
793 
79+ 
795 
796 
797 

797 
790 
799 
800 
801 
S02 
S03 

S04 
So? 

S06 
807 
S08 
S09 
809 
Sio 
Sii 

Sl3 

S>3 

813 
814 
^■5 
S16 
S17 
SiS" 

819 
S20 
821 

S22 
823 
824 

825 

826 
S27 

828 
829 

S^o 

83' 



No. of 
Congress. 

22d 

23d 

24lh 

2Sth ... . 



No. of 
Session, 



Time of Session. 



26th. 

:?7th. 

2Sth. 
2glh. 
30th. 
3'st. 



32d.. 
33d . 
3tlh. 

35tli. 
36th. 

37tli'. 
3Slh. 
39th. 

40th. 



j ISt.. 
•l2d.. 
j ISt.. 
124.. 
j ISt.. 

•lad.. 
( 1st.. 
-<2d.. 
<.3d . 
( 1st. 

■ 1 2d . . 
I "St, 
-^2d. 

I 3d. 

j ISt. 
•"I 2d. 



. . Dec. 

. . Dec. 

..Dec. 

. . Dec. 

..Dec. 

, . Dec. 

..Sept. 

..Dec. 

. Dec. 

..Dec. 

, Dec. 
1st, May 31, 

. Dec. 6, 
Dec. S, 

. . Dec. 4, 

. . Dec. 2, 

..Dec. 

. . Dec. 

/ ISt ,. . . .Dec. 

■■ i 2d Dec. 

J ISt Dec. 

■''I 2d Dec. 

( ISt Dec. 

• • ) 2d Dec. 

t ISt Dec. 

• • 1 2d . ." Dec. 



1 1st Dec, 3, 

-< 2d Aug. 21, 

13d Dec. I, 

j ist Dec. 7, 

■j 2d Dec. 6, 

) 1st Dec. 

2d Dec, 

..July 
. .Dec. 
. . Dec. 

j ISt Dec. 

( 2d Dec. 

j ISt Dec. 

j 2d Dec. 

ISt March 4, 

" July 3. 

" Nov. 21, 

2d Dec. 2, 

i3d Dec. 7, 



1 ISt. 
.-^2d. 

3d. 



Sv-July xCr 
S32 — March 3 
8^3— June 30, 
S34 — March 3 

S3.';-Julv 4 
S36— March 3 

S37-Oct. 16. 

s.^7-J>>iy . 

83S— March 3 
839— July 21 
840 — March 3 
S41— Sept. 13 
Sm— Aug, 31 
842 — March 3 

843— June 17 
S44 — March 3 

S45 — Aug. 10, 
S47— March 3 
847— Aug. 14, 
S4S -March 3 
849— Sept. 30, 
850— March 3 
85'— Aug. 31 
SS2 -March 5 

SS3-Aus. 7 
b;4 — March 3 

SSS-Aug. iS, 
S56^Aug. 30. 
856— March' 3' 
S57 — June 14 
SsS-March 3, 
8i;9— June 25 
S60 — March 4 
S61 — Aug. 6, 
Sr,i— July 17, 
852 — March 4 

S63— July 4 
864- March 4 
S6s— July 28 
866 -March 4 
867 — March 30, 
S67— July 20. 
S67— Dec. 
S67— July 27, 
b6S — March 4 



S32 
S33 
834 
835 
836 
S37 

S38 
839 
S40 
S41 

841 

842 
84s 
844 
845 
846 
S47 
S4S 
849 

850 

85' 
852 
853 
854 
85s 
8.56 
856 
857 
858 
859 
S60 
S6i. 
S61 
862 
865 
S64 
865 
866 
867 
S67 
S67 
I867 
868 
S69 



284 



THE AMERICA X MAXl'AL. 



41st. 



42d. 



43d ■• 
44th. 

4Sth. 
46th. 



( I St 

.j; 

I 3d 
J ist 

•••l2d. 

, 1st. 

• l2d. 

1 1st. 

...i2d. 

I 3d. 

( 1st 

...-{2d 

J 3d 



March 4, 1S69— Apiil 25, 
Dec. 6, 1S60— July 15, 
Dec. s> 1S70— Miirch 4, 

St M.irch 4, 1S71 — April 20, 

2d.. Dec. 4. iSyi^une 10, 



Dec. 

.Dec. 
. Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 
.Oct. 
.Dec. 
.Dec. 



2. 



S72 — March 4, 
I. 1S73— June 2.5, 
7, 1S74— xVIarch 4, 
6, 1S71;— Aug-. 15, 
4, 1S76— March 4, 
'S. 1S77— Dec. 3, 
.3. 1S77— June 2°> 
2, 187S— March 4, 

1st March iS, 1S79— July i, 

Dec. I, 1S79— June 16, 
Dec. A, iSSo— March 4, 



1S69 
1S70 
1S71 
1S71 
.S72 
>^73 
1S74 
■S/S 
1S76 
1S77 

% 

1S79 
1S79 
iSSo 
1S83 



47th. 

48th. 

49th. 
50th. 



' ist Dec. 5, j88i— Aug. 8, 1882 

■ f ad Dec. 4, 1882— Mar. 4, 1883 

\ ist Dec. 3, 18S3— July 7, 1884 

■ I 2d Dec. I, 1884— Mar. 4, 1885 

\ 'St Dec. 7, 1885-Aug. 5, 1886 

I 2d Dec. 6, 18S6— Mar. 4, 1887 

.\ ist Dec. 5, 1887 .... 



Note. — To determine the years covered bv a g-iven Congress, double the number of the Congress and add the prod- 
uct to 17S9; the result will be the year in wliich the Congress closed. Thus the ,3Sta Congress=7o* 1780=1850, that 
being the year which tern inated the 35th Congress on the 4th of March. To find the number of a Congress sitting in 
any given vear, subtract 17S9 from thtj year; if the result is an even number, half that number will give the Congress, 
6f which the year in question will be the closing year. If the result is an odd number, add one to it, and half the result 
will give the Congress, of which the year in question will be the first year. 




^^^^^5^' "^ 




THE REV. FRANK HARDIN, D. P. 



336 



THE AM ERICA X J/AXL'AA. 

SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. 





Name. 


Slate. 


Congress. 


Term of Service. 


Born. 


Died. 


1 


F. A. Muhlenberg-... 


Pennsylvania . . 


1st 


Congress 


April 1, 17^910 March 4, 


1701 


'75° 


1801 


2 


Jonathan Trumbull. . . 


Connecticut. . . . 


2d 


Congress 


Oct. 24, 1791, to March 4, 


'793 


1740 


1S09 




F. A. Muhlenberg... 


Pennsylvania .. 


.3d 


Congress 


Dec. 2, 1793, to March 4, 


179s 






3 


Jonathan Dayton 


New Jersey. .. 


4th 


Congress 
Congress 


Dec. 7, 1795. to March 4, 
May 15, 1797, to March 3, 


■797 
'799 


1760 


1824 


4 


Theodore Sedgwick.. 


Massachusetts.. 


6th 


Congress 


Dec. 2, 1799, to March 4, 


iSoi 


1746 


iSi3 


5 


Nathaniel Macon 


North Carolina. 


7th 
Sth 


Congress 
Congress 


Dec. 7, iSoi.lo March 4, 
Oct. 17, 1S03, :o ]\Iarch 4, 


1803 

1801; 


1757 


183T 




" " 


>> IC 


Qtti 


Congress 


Dec 2, 1S05, to March 4, 


I ^^07 






6 


Joseph B. Varnum... 


Massachusetts 


loth 
nth 


Congress' 
Congress 


Oct. 36, 1S07, to March 4, 
May 22, 1S09, to March 4, 


1809 

iSi'i 


"75° 


l'S2I 


7 


Henry Clay '.'.'.'. 


Kentucky 


12th 
13th 


Congress 
Congress 


Nov. 4, iSi I. to March 4, 
May 24, 1S13, tojan. 19, 


1813 
:Si4 


'777 


1853 


6 


Langdon Cheves ... -5 


S. Carolina,' ( 

3d Session. J 

Kentucky 


nth 


Congress 


Jan. 10, I?I4, to ^Larch 4, 


iS.S 


1776 


iSs7 




Henry Clay 


14th 


Congress 


Dec. 4, 1S15, to March 4, 


1S17 








"" " 


•' " 


15th 


Congress 


Dec I, 1S17. to Marcli 4, 


1819 








" " 


'• 


i6th 


Congress 


Dec. 6, 1S19, to May 15, 


1S20 






9 

10 


John "W. Taylor.... j 


New York.. . I 
2d Session, f 


16th 


Congress 


Nov. 15, 1S20, to March 4, 


1S21 


i7&t 


i8S4 


Philip P. Barbour.... 


Virginia 


17th 


Congress 


Dec. 4, iS2i^ to March 4, 


1823 


1783 


1S41 




Henrv Clay 


Kentucky 


iSth 


Congress 


Dec. 1, 1823,10 March 4, 


1825 . 








John W. Taylor 


New York. .... 


19th 


Congress 


Dec. 5, iS25,,to March 4, 


1S27 






11 


Andrew Stevenson. . . 


Yirginia 


20lh 
2ISt 


Congres- 
Congress 


Dec. 3, 1827. to March 4, 
Dec, "7, 1S29, to March 4, 


1829 
1S31 


^784 


»8S7 










• ' "< 


" 


22d 


Congress 


Dec. 5, 1^31, to Alarch 4, 


1S33 








" " 


" 


23d 


Congress 


Dec. 2, 1S33, to June 2, 


1S34 




.... 


12 


John Bell -j 


Tennessee... | 
2d Session. ( 


2:,d 


Congress 


June 2, IS3^, to March 4, 


1S3S 


'797 


JS69 


13 


James K. Polk 


Tennessee 


24th 

2Sth 


Congress 
Congress 


Dec, 7, 1S35, to March 4, 
Sept. 5, 1S37, to March 4, 


■^■37 


'795 


1S49 


14 


Robt M. T. Hunter.. 


Virtrinia 


26th 


Congress 


Dec. 16, 1S39, to March 4, 


i&ti 


iSo9 




15 


John White 


Kentucky 


27th 


Congress 


May 31, 1-841,10 March 4, 


iS4( 


iSoj 


'i^i 


16 


John AV. Jones 


Virginia^ 


2Sth 


Congress 


Dec. 4, 1S43, to March 4, 


'S45 


1805 


1848 


17 


John W. Davis 

Robert C. Wmthrop.. 


Indiana 


29th 
30th 


Congress 


Dec. 1, 1845, to March 4, 
Dec. '', 1847, to March 4, 


1S47 


1709 
1S09 


1850 


18 


Massachusetts . 


Congress 


1849 


•^,0 


19 


Howell Cobb......... 


Georgia 


31st 


Congress 


Dec. 22, 1849, to March 4, 


1 85 1 


iSis; 


186S 


20 


Linn Bovd 

(1 ■'■ 


Kentucky 


32d 

33d 


Congress 
Congress 


Dec. 1, 1 85 1, to ]March 4, 
Dec. 5, i8s3, to March 4, 


.85, 


iSoo 


1S59 


21 


Nathaniel P. Banks.. 


Massachusetts.. 


34th 


Congress 


Feb. 2, iS?6, to March 4, 


i8s7 


is*i6 




22 


James L. Orr 


South Carolina. 
New Jersey 


35th 
36th 


Congress 
Congress 


Dec. 7, iSs7, to March 4, 
Feb. I, i860, to March 4, 


iSS9 
1861 


1S22 
1796 


1873 


23 


\Vm. Pennington.... 


1S62 


24 


Galusha A. Grow 


Pennsylvania... 


37th 


Congress 


July 4, 1S61, to March 4, 


•S63 


1S23 


.... 


25 


Schuyler Colfax 


Indiana 


3Mh 
39th 
40th 


Congress 
Congress 
Congress 


Dec. 7, 1S63, to March 4, 
Dec. 4, 1865, to March 4, 
March 4, 1867,10 March 4, 


186s 
1S67 
1S69 


1S23 


•"•" 


26 


James G. Blaine . . 


Elaine 


41st 
42d 


Cougress 
Congress 


March 4, 1S69, to March 4, 
March 4, 1871,10 March 4, 


.S71 
1S73 


isio 


• ■ • • 






.... 




" " 


" .... 


43d 


Congreso 


Dec. I, 1873, to ^larch 4, 


.87^ 







ay 
ao 



THE J MI- RICA X MAXrAf. 

SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRjSENUimS^^^Cojitinued. 



23-; 



Michael C. Korr. 
Samuel J. UandiiU 



I- Warren Keifer 
JohnG. Carlisle,. 



1 



Indiana .. 

Pennsylvania 

zA Session. 

Pennsylvania 



Ohio 

Kentucky. 



4^th Congress 
44th Congress 
4Sth Congress 

46th Congress 
47th Congress 
48th Congress 
49th Congress 
50th Congress 



Dec. 6, 1S75, to Aug. 20, \ii-fi 
Dec. 4, 1876, to March 4, 1S77 
Oct. IS, 1877, to March 4, 1879 

March 18, 1879, to 

Dec. S, iSSi. *-^ 

Dec. 3, 1883, to March 4, 1885. 
Dec. 7' 1885, to March 4, iSS/, 
Dec. 5, 1887, to 



1S27 

1828 



1836 
183s 



NoiK.— SpcaKcrs eieclc^ pro ttiu/) '^<- 



of Speakers, not the sequence of their otticial tcraja'. 



^ad-iJi m Ifae ituovc taui«. lUv; ngurci j-rciiAcu .uuicalc ine aumba 




238 



TIIK AMERICA y MANUAL. 



History of Presidential Elections, Giving a Summary of Popular and Electoral Votes for President and 
Vice-Presdent of the United States, 1789-1884. 



4) O 

MM (/ 

C 1> 



73 



1792 
13s 



7796 F. 
i6R. 

13SF- 
R. 



800 
16 



* Pkesidlnts 



Candidates. 



Geo. Washing^ton 

John Adams 

Johnjav 

R. II. Harrison. . 
John Rutledge. 
John Hancock. . 
Georji^i; Clinton. 
S. llunting-don 
John Milton. ... 
James Armstron 
Benj. Lincoln. . 
Edward Telfair . 
Vacancies 



Geo. Washington 
John Adams. , 
George Clinton 
Thos. JetVerson 
Aaron Burr .... 
Vacancies .... 



John Adams 

Thos. Jefferson. . , 
Thos. Pinckney., 
Aaron Burr.. . . ., 
Samuel Adams. . , 
Oliver Ellsworth 
George Clinton. . 

John Jay 

lames Iredell 

Geo. Washington 

John Henry 

§. Johnson 

C. C. Pinckney... 



Thos. Jefterst.., 
Aaron Burr.. .. 
John Adams. 
C. C. Pinckney. 
John Jay 



Popular. 



69 



173 



*\'. -Presidents. 



Candidates. 



-I 

4) O 



1804 

'7 

iSoS 

'7 
176 



1812 

iS 
21S 



1S16 

321 



1S2O 
24 



1S24 

-4 

261 



Presidents. 



Candidates. 



Thos. JetTerson . . . 
C. C. Pinckney... 

James Madison.. 
C. C. Pinckney... 
George Clinton . . 



Vacancy ; 



James Madison. 

DeWitt Clinton. 

Vacancy 



James Monroe. 
Rufus King. . . 



Vacancies 

James Monroe. . 
John Q. Adams . 



Vacancies 

Andrew J.ickson 
John Q. Adams., 
"W. H. Crawford 
Henry Clay , 



Vacancy 

Andrew Jackson..} ii; 
John Q. Adams. 



Popular, 



1S.S.S72 
«0S,32 
44,2S2 
46,5^7 



647.23' 
.';o9.097 



ViCE-PuESIDE.,' S 



Candidates. 



Georgre Clinton|i62 
Rufus King... , 14 



George Clinton 
Rufus King 
John Langdon 
James Madison 
Jauies Monroe. 



Elbridge Gerrv 
Jared Ingersoll 



D. D.Tompkins 
Jno.K. Howard 
James Ross.. . . 
John Marshall. 
Robt.G. Harper 



D. D.Tomnkins 
Rich. Stockton. 
D;uiiel Rodney. 
Roht.G. Harper 
Richard Rush. 



JohnC.Calhoun 
Nath. Sanford. 
Nath. Macon, . 
K. Jackson . . . 
M . Van Buren 
Henry Clay... 



17*^ J C. Calhoun.. 
S3 Richard Rush. . 
Wm. Smith..,. 



■S.3 
22 
5 
4 
3 
4 

ai8 

8 

4 



X 



7 7//; . / . MKKJCA X MA N L 'A L . 



239 



History of Presidential Elections, giving a Summary of Popular and Electoral Votes for President nnd 
Vice-President of the United States, 1789- 1884.— Continued- 



0> 
C u 

w 



O C 

EH 



o v 



>ir. 



Presidents. 



Cantlithites. 



Popular. 



Vice- Presidents. ■« ► 



Candidates. 



jSS ■ . . 
AM 



1S36 



26 
294 



1844 

26 

27s 

184S 
290 



1852 D. 
29()PD 



1856 

3' 
296 



iSTioR 

ID 

I 



Aiulrew jacKson. 

llcnrv day 

John' Floyd.... / 
William Wirt.. J 



Vacancies. 



M. Van n\ircn.. 
W II Harrison 
llu-h L. White 
Daniel Wc-b.stcr 
W. P. Manji^uni 

W. H. Harrison . . 
M. Van Buren .. 
James G. Birney, 



James k. Polk. ., 

Henry Clav 

James G. Birney 



Zachary Taylor. 

Lewis ^ass 

.Ni. Van Buren. . 

Franklin Pierce. 
Winfiekl Scott. . 
lohn P. Hale.... 



James Buchanan, 
Jno. C. Fremont. 
Millard F'lUniore. 

Abraham I-incoln 
J. (".Breckinridj^e 
John Bell... 
S. A. Douglas. 



687,502 
530. 'S9 
33. 'oS 



761,549 

73<5/'.=;f' 



27S.o'7 
128,702 

7:".';j 



.337.243 

,299,' 68 
62,300 

,360,101 
,220,544 
291,263 

,601,474 
,380,i 
156,149 

.838.169 

,341,26 

874,534 

.WA3.';^ 

S4S.7<''3 
5^9,5^' 
,.375. '57 



219 M. Van Buren. 
4iy Jno. Serjjeant. . 

1 1 Henry Lee 

7 A. EUmaker. .. 
Wm Wilkins.. 



""^^ 



'^R. M. Johnson 

F. Granjjfer 

John Tyler 

Wm. Smith. . . . 



John Tyler 

R. M.Johnson. 



L. W. Tazewell 
James K. Polk. 

Geo. M. Dallas. 
T.Frclinjjhuy'n 



M. Fillmore. . 
Wm. O. Butler 
C. F. Adams 



Wm. R. Kinjr. , 
W. A. vjraham. 
Geo. W.Julian, 

J. C.Breckin'g-c 
W. L. Dayton. 
A.J. Donelson 



174 
114 

8 

iSo 
7-' 
39 
12 H. V. Johnson 



H. Hamlin... 
Joseiih Lane. 
Kd liverett.. 



18(14 
836 

3 '4 

186S 



3'7 

1S72 

37 
366 



1876 

38 

369 



1880 

3S 

369 



PKKSIDb-.VTS. 



Candidates. 



Abraham Lincoln 
Geo. B. McClellan 

Vacancies 

Ulysses S. Grant 
Horatio Seymour. 

Vacancies. . . 
Ulysses S. Grant. 
Horace Greeley. 
Charles O'Connor 
James Black, 
r. .\. Hendricks 
B. Gratz Brown. . 
Chas. J. Jenkins.. 
David Davis 



'■Not Counted.. 
Ruth. B. Hayes . . 
Samuel J. Tilden. 
Peter Cooper. . . . 
G. Clay Smith .. 
Scatterinjj. ... 
J. A. Garfield.... 
W. S. Hancock.. 
J. B. Weaver.... 
Scattering 



Vote. 



Popular. 



2,216. 
1,808, 



3.0 > 5. 
2,709i 

3,597, 

2.834 i 

29, 

S. 



4.033, 

4.2S4, 

Si, 

9, 

2, 

4.442, 

4.442, 

306, 



9-0 

,885 
740 

'V'... 

95UJ214 

935 "55 

,867 .. 

.574- 



Vice-Pkesidents- 



Candidates. 



A. Johnson. .. . 
G.H.Pendleton. 



S. Colfax 

F. P. Blair, Jr. 

Henry Wilson 
B. Gratz Brown 
Geo. W. Julian. 
A. H. Colquitt. 
J. M. Palmer.. 
T. E. Bramlettt: 
W.S. Groesbe'k 
W. B. Machen 
N. P. Banks.. 



W. A. Wheelei 
T.A. Hendrick> 



214 
So 

23 

186 

47 
5 
5 
3 



C. A. Artnur..)2i4 
W. H. English. 15s 
B.J. Chambers. . .. 



IGrover Cleveland 
James G. Blaine. . 
John P. St. John. 
Benj. K. Butler 
iScaitering 



4,911,017 

4,848,334 

151,809 

1331825 

II, 36-^ 



T. A. Hendricks 
John A. Logan. 
Wm. Daniel . . 
A. M. West 



219 
182 



240 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Abbreviations — A., American; A. M., Anti-Mason; C. (J., Constitutional Union; D., Democrat; D. L., Democrat Lib- 
eral; F., Federalist; F. D., Free Democrat; F. S., Free Soil; G., Greenback; I. D., Independent Democrat; L., Liberty; 
N. R., National Republican; O., Opposition; P., Prohibition; R., Republican; T. Temperance; W., Whig. 

* Previous to the election of 1S04 each elector voted for two candidates for President; the one receiving- the highest 
number of votes, if a majoritv, was declared elected President; and the next highest Vice-President. 

t Three States out of thirteen did not vote, viz: New York, which had not passed an electoral law; and North Car- 
olina and Rhode Island, which had not adopted the Constitution. 

X There having been a tie vote, the choice devolved upon the House of Representatives. A choice was made an the 
thirty-sixth ballotr which was as follows: Jefferson— Georgia, Kentucky, Marylund, New Jersey, New York. North 
Carolina. Pennsylvania, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia — 10 States. Biirr— Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hamp' 
shire and RIukIl Island — \ States. Blank— Delaware and South Carolina— i States. '. 

1) 4 No choice having been made bv the Electoral College, the choice devolved upon the House of Representatives. A 
choice was made on the first ballot, which was as follows: Adams— Connecticut, Illinois, Kentucky, I^ouisiana, Maine, 
Maryland, Massachusetts, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, Ohio, Rhode Island, and Vermont — i,^ States. Jack- 
son— Alabama, Indiana, Mississippi, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Tennessee — 7 States. Crawford- 
Delaware, Georgia, Nortli Carolina, and Virginia — 4 States. 

2) No candidate having received a majority of the votes of the Electoral College, the Senate elected R.M.Johnson 
Vice-President, who received 3? votes; Francis Granger received 16. 

a) Eleven States did not vote, viz : Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. 

V) Three States did not vote, viz: Mississippi, Texas, and Virginia. 

c) Three electoral votes of Georgia cast for Horace Greeley, and the votes of Arkansas, 6, and Louisiana, 8, cast for 
U. S. Grant, were rejected. If all had been included in the count, the electoral vote would have been 300 for U. S. Grant 
and 66 for opposing candidate. 




THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



24 J 



THE DATES OF THE BIRTH AND DEATH OF OUR PRESIDENTS. 



Presidents. Born. Died. 

Washingfton.... ...... .Feb. 22, 1732 Dec. 14, 1799 

Adams Oct. 30, 1735 July 4) 1^26 

Jefferson April 2, 1743 July 4, 1S26 

Madison March 16, 1751 June 2S, 1S36 

Monroe April 2\ 1758 July +, 1S31 

Adams .July n. «7t7 Feb. 23, 1S4S 

Jackson March 15, 1767 June S, 1S4S 

Van Buren Dec. 5, 17S2 July 24, 1S62 

Harrison... Feb. 9, 1773 April 4, 1S41 

Tyler March 29, 1790 Jan. 17, 1862 

Polk Nov. 2, 1795 June 15, 1849 

LEGISLATURES, ELECTORAL VOTE, RATES OF IN- 
TEREST, ETC , OF STATES AND TERRITORIES. 





>, 






w 




•j; 


(U 


^ 




„• 




c! 






n 






C 


3 





a> 


STATES. 


. 3 
w C 




'Ji 


c 

.2 


G 
a. a; 





F 




e 



c 






c 


s 

Bie. 


c t; 
2 




ti 
4 


7) 


6.5 
8 


3 



d 
10 


a? 

Il 

6 


3 


c 
8 


Is 




Alabama 


8 


Arkansas 


Bie. 


2 


4 


60 


4 


6 


■? 


3 


10 


6 


California 


Bie. 


4 


4 


e.o 


4 


6 


4 


2 


* 




Colorado 


Bie. 


2 


4 


40 


I 


3 


6 


6 


* 


10 


Connecticut 


An. 


I 


3 


N 


4 


6 


6 


6 


* 


6 


Delaware 


Bie. 


2 


4- 


N 


I 


3 


6 


3 


6 


6 


Florida 


Bie. 
Bie. 


2 
2 


4 
4 


60 
40 


2 
9 


4 
II 


S 
6 


4 
4 


* 

8 


S 


Georgia 


7 


Illinois 


Bie. 


2 


4 


N 


10 


21 


10 


■; 


8 


6 




Bie. 
Rip 


2 


4 
4 
4 


60 

N 


13 
9 


■S 


20 


6 

s 

3 


8 


6 


Iowa 


6 


Kansas 


Bie. 


2 


■^o 


<; 


<; 


12 


7 


Kentucky 


Bie. 


2 


4 


60 


10 


12 


i^ 


2 


6 


6 


Louisiana 


Bie. 


4 


4 


go 


6 


8 


<, 


3 


8 


■; 




Bie. 
Bie. 


2 
2 


2 
4 


N 
00 


i 


I 


20 
3 


6 
3 


* 
6 


6 


Maryland 


6 


Massachusetts.. . 


An. 


I 


I 


N 


11 


13 


20 


6 


* 


6 


Michi{»-an 


Bie. 


2 


2 


N 


9 


II 


6 


6 


10 


7 


Minnesota .. . . 


Bie. 


I 


2 


fio 


3 


^ 


6 


6 


10 




Mississippi 


Bie. 


2 


4 


N 


6 


6 


3 


10 


6 


Missouri 


Bie. 


2 


4 


70 


13 


i^ 


10 


<, 


10 


6 


Nebraska 


Bie. 


2 


2 


40 


I 


3 


e 


4 


10 


7 


Nevada 


Bie. 


2 


4 


(X) 


I 


3 


6 


4 


* 


10 


New Hampshire 


Bie. 


2 


2 


N 


3 


1; 


6 


6 


6 


6 


New Jersey 


An. 


I 


^ 


N 


7 


fi 


6 


6 


6 


6 


New York 


An. 


I 


2 


N 


•'3 


35 


6 


6 


6 


6 



Presidents. 



Born 



Died. 

Taylor Nov. 34, 17S4 June 9, 

Fillmore Jan 7, iSoo March 8, 

Pierce Nov. 23, 1S04 Oct 8, 

Buchanan •^'''' ^3> '79' June i, 

Lincoln Feb. 12, i8og April 15, 

Johnson Dec. 29, 1S08 July 31, 

Grant April 27, 1822 July 23, 

Hayes Oct. 4, 1822 

Garfield Nov. 19, 1831 Sept. 19, 

Arthur Oct. 15, 1830 Nov. 15, 

Cleveland 1837 



iSgo 
1S74 
1869 
186S 
186c 
187s 



ELECTION LAWS OF THE DIFFERENT STATES. 

Length of time required in State, county and town 
voter. 



to be £ 



Colorado 

Connecticut. . 
Delaware .. . . 

Florida 

Georgia 

Illiijois 



Indiana . 
Iowa . . . 



Kansas 

Kentucky I 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachus'ts > 

Michigan 

Minnesota . . . . 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska... . y 

Nevada 

N. Hampshire. 
Ne\v Jersey 

New York. .. (■ 

North Carolina 



State, I year; county, 3 months; ward or 

precinct, 30 days. /. 
State, I year ; county, 6 months ; precinct o» 

ward, 30 days. /. 
State, I 3'ear; county, 90 days; precinct, TiO 

days. /i. 
State, 6 months. Women vote at school 

elections, j. 
State, 1 year; town, 6 months, b e /i. 
State, I year ; county, i month, a d h. 
.State, I year; count}', 6 months. /. 
State, I year ; county, 6 months, cj. 
State, I year; county, 90 days; election dis- 
trict, 30 da3's. II. 
State, 6 months ; town, 60 days ; ward or 

precinct, 30 days, id J. 
State, 6 months ; county, 60 days; town or 

ward, 10 days. /. 
State 6 months, town or \vard, 30 days. /. 
State, two years; county, town or city, i 

year'; precinct, 60 days, h d. 
State, I year; parish, 10 da)'s. li. 
.State, 3 months. // a. 

State, I year; city or county, 6 months. //. 
State, I j'ear; town, 6 months; ■women vote 

at school elections, h e a c. 
State, 3 mos. ; town or ward, 10 days, ff dj. 
State, 4 mos. ; election dist., 10 days. / ;'. 
State, 6 months, county, i month.' h. 
State, I yr. ; county, city or town, 60 days. / 
State, 6 months ; county, 40 days ; ^vard or 

precinct, 10 days. /. 
State, 6 months; county or district, 30 dys.A 
Town, 6 months, b li. 
State, I year; count}-, 5 months. //. 
.State, I year; county, 4 months; district.. 

town or ward, 30 days. h. 
State, I year; countv, 30 davs. b j. 



242 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



LEGISLATURES, ELECTORAL VOTE, Etc. 11 

CONCLUDED. l| 



ELECTION LAWS OF THE DIFFERENT STATES. 

CONCLUDED. 



iMorlh Carolina. 

Ohio 

Oreg^on 

Pennsylvania .. . 
Rhode Island. .. 
South Carolina. . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia. . 

Wisconsin 

Territories. 

Arizona 

Dakota 

Idaho .. 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Washington 

Wyoming 



1 


2 


00 


S 


10 


s 


^ 


2 


2 


N 


20 


22 


i<. 


6 


2 


4 


40 


I 


S 


6 


6 


2 


4 


N 


27 


2Q 


6 


6 


I 


I 


N 


2 


4 


6 


6 


2 


4 


>J 


■; 


7 


6 


6 


2 


a 


7'^ 


10 


12 


6 


6 


2 


4 


(0 


6 


S 


4 


2' 


2 


2 


N 


3 


.S 


H 


6 


2 


4 


90 


9 


II 


.■! 


% 


2 


4 


^ 


3 


■; 


10 


<. 


I 


3 


i> 


10 


6 






Bie. 
Rip 




bo 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 
60 


2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 


2 
2 
2 
2 

2 
2 
2 
2 


J- 






Bie. 
Bie. 








. 


Bie. 
Bie. 
Bie. 
Bie. 













J $4 a day and 20< 
mileage. 



(Bie., An.) Biennially or Annually. (N.) None. (* 
Any rate. 

liach State has two Senators. 



AMOUNT EXPENDED FOR PENSIONS. 

The amount o£ money expended each year since 1S56 
pensions is as follows : 



for 



1856 $ 1,296,229 

1S57 1,310,380 

iSsS 1,219,76s 

1S59 1,222,222 

ISOO I,I0O,S02 

1S61 1,034,599 

1S62 852,170 

1863 1,078,51? 

iS6"^ 4.9§S.47? 

1865 16,347,621 

>866 15.^05-549 

1S67 -20,936,551 

186S ^ " 

1SS9 



'S72 28,533,40^1 

1^7,? 29>359.42'3 

1S74 29,03S,4i4| 

1S75 29,456,2161 

■S76 28,257.395' 

'J77 27,963,752 

■S78 27,137,019 

■S79 35,121,482 

'^•;o 56,777,174 

'f^' 50.059,276 

'°°^ 61,345,194 

1003 66,012,574 

23.782,386 1884 55,429,228 

28,476,621 1885 56,102,267 

JS70 $28,340, 202 1 1886 63,404,864 

J^7' 34.443,894 "JS?. 75,029,102 

lotal ... 974,714,106 



Ohio ^ 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania.. . 
Rhode Island.. 
South Carolina. 
Tennessee 



Texas > 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia. 
Wisconsin 



s>tate, I ye.ir; county, 30 days; town, vil- 
lage or ward, 20 days. A. 

State, 6 mos. ; county or district, 90 days. j. 

State, I year; election district, 2 mos. c li. 

State, I year; town or city, 6 months, h h 

State, J year; county, 60 days. Ji, 

State, I year; county, 6 months, f h d. 

State, I year; county or election district, 6 
montiis. a dj. 

State, I year; town, 5 months, h d. 

State, I yr; county, city or town, 6 mos. //a 

State, I year; county, 30 days, h a. 

State, I year, a f. 



{a) Paupers not allowed to vote, (i) Property qualifi- 
cations required, (c) Voters must have paid their taxes, 
(rf) No registration required. {e) Must be able to rend 
and write. (/ ) Must pay poll-tax. {g^) Foreigners must 
be residents of tbe State two years and six months. (//) 
Foreigners must have lived in the U. S. five years and be 
naturalized. (?) Foreigners must be residents of the U. 
S. one year, {j) Foreigners can vote if they have de- 
clared their intention to become citizens. 



Federal Vessels Captured or Destroyed by Confed- 
federate " Cruisers." 

Ships.... 8olSteamboats 4 

Brigs 46 Gunboats 3 

Barks 8^ Cutter i 

Schooners 67lTug 1 

Vessels Captured or Destroyed for Violation of the 
Blockade, or in Battle, from May, 1861, to May, 
1865. 

Schooners, 735; sloops, 155; steamers, 262; barks, 27; 
brigs, 30; ships, 13; ironclads and rams, 16; brigantines, 2; 
gunboats, 3; propellers, 4; pilot boats, 2; boats, 8; yachts, 
2; tugs, 3;barkatine, i pungy, i; miscellaneous, 86. 



THE AMEKICAX MANUAL. 



243 



United States Patent Office Business. 

Comparative Statement of tbe business of tlie office from 

1837 to 18S6, inclusive. 
From the Report of the Commissioner of Patents, Jan. 31 

iSSi. 



Calendar Year. Applica. ^.^^^ 



«^S7 • 
183S. 

1839. 
1840. 
1841. 
1842. 

1843. 
1844. 

>84S. 
1846. 
1847. 
1848. 
1849. 
1S50. 
iSs.. 

1852. 

1853. 

>SS4. 

jSs.=;- 

,85>. 

>8S7. 
i8sS. 

>8S9. 
i860. 
1861. 
1S62. 

1863- 
1864. 
1865. 
1866. 
1867. 
iSC>S. 

1869. 
IS70. 
IS7I. 
1S72. 

JS73. 

IS74., 

1875. 

IS76. 

1877. 

I87S 
IS70. 

iS-'o. 



1884. 



Total 



73S 
S47 
761 
S19 

.04."; 
,246 
,272 

.531 

,62s 

.955 
,193 
.258 
.639 
.^3 
.324 
.435 
960 

i77i 
i3f'4 

i225 

''S3 
6t3 
03S 
014 

932 
664 
1269 
,270 
,420 
271 
171 
472 
246 
414 
602 

425 
308 
260 

059 
012 

osg 
522 
577 
,600 
717 



Caveats Patents 
Issued. 



228 
312 
39' 
3'S 
3S0 

448 

553 
607 

595 
602 
760 
996 
901 
86S 
906 
1,024 
1,010 

934 
1,097 
1,084 

700 

S24 

787 
1,063 

1.937 
2.723 
3,597 
3,705 
3,624 
3,273 
3.366 
3,090 
3.248 
3,>Si 
3,094 

2,fe7 

2,809 

2-755 
2,630 
2,490 
2,406 
2,553 
2,741 
2,582 

2,552 

2,513 
81,393 



435 
520 

425 
475 
495 
517 
.531 
502 
502 
619 

572 

660 

1,070 

995 

809 

1,020 

958 

1,902 

2,024 

2,502 

2,910 

3.710 

4,538 

4,819 

3,340 

3,521 

4,170 

5.020 

6,616 

9. 45 J 

13,015 

13,375 

13,980 

13,321 

13,033 

13,590 

12,864 

13,599 
10,288 
17,026 
13 619 
12,9^5 
12,725 
13-947 
16,584 
19,267 
22,383 
20,413 
24,233 
22,508 

384,399 



Public Debt of the United States, 1 791-87. 


Statement o 


I Outstantlina- Principal of Pu 


-)lic Debt of the 


United States on the ist of 


January of 


each year from 


1791 to 1 84 


2, inclusive; and or 


the ist of Julv of each vear 


from 1843 


to 1S81, inclusive. 






From the Annual Report of tl 


e Secretary 


of the Treasury 




on r inances. 




' 1791 


175,463,470.5' 


1S41 


i3,S94,4S'o.73 


1792 


77,227,924.66 


1842 


20,601,226.28 


1793 


80,352,634.04 


1843 


32,742.922,00 


1794 


78,427,404.77 


1844 


23,461,652.50 


1795 


80,747,587.39 


1845 


15,925,303.01 


■79& 


83,762,172.07 


18-16 


15.550,202.97 


1797 


82,064,479.33 


1S47 


38,826,534.77 


1798 


79,228,529.12 


1848 


47,044.8^2.23 


1799 


78,408,069.77 


1849 


63,061 858.69 


1.800 


82,976,294.35 


1S50 


63,452,773.55 


iSoi 


83.038.050.80 


■851 


68,304,796.02 


1802 


86,712,632,25 


1852 


66,199,341.71 


1803 


77,054,686.30 


1853 


59.803,117.70 


iSot 


86,427, 120..8S 


1854 


42,242 222.42 


1805 


82,312, 150.S0 


1855 


35,586'858.s6 


1800 


75,723,270.66 


1856 


3i,972'5.37.90 

28,699\S3 . .85 


1S07 


69,218,398.64 


■857 


1808 


65.196.317.97 


1858 


44,911,881,03 


I S09 


57.023,192.09 


1859 


58,496.837.88 


1810 


53.173,217.52 


i860 


64,842,287.88 


1811 


48,005,587.76 


1861 


90,580,873.72 


1S12 


45,209,737.90 


1862 


524,176,412.13 


1S13 


55.962,827.57 


1S03 


1,119,772,138.63 


1S14 


81,487,846.24 


1864 


I SiS-784.370.57 
2,680,647,869.74 


1S15 


99,833,660.1s 


1865 


1S16 


127,334,933.74 


1866 


2,775,236,175.69 


'8"7 


123,491,965.16 


18^17 


2,678. 1 26, 103.87 


1S18 ... 


103,466,633.83 


1868. 


2,611,687,851.19 


1S19 


95.529.64S.28 


1S69 


2,588.452,214.94 
2,480,672,427.81 


1S20 


91,015,566.15 


1870 


1S21 


89,987,427.66 


1871 


2,.353,2 1 1,3.32.32 


1822 


93,546 676.9S 


1872 


2,253,251,328.78 


'1S23 


90,5.75,877.28 


1873 


2,234,482,994.20 


:i824 


90,269,777.77 


1S74 


2 251,690,468.43 


^1825 


83.788,432.71 


■875 


2,232,284,531.95 


1S26 


81,054,059.99 


1876 


2,180,395,0(7.15 


1S27 


73-987,357.20 


1877 


2,20^,301,392.10 


1S2S 


67,475-045.87 

58,421,413.67 


1S78 


2,256.205,892.5^ 


1829 


1879 


2,349,567,232 04 


1830 


48,565,20^1.50 


1880 


2,128,791,05.) 63 


■831 


39,123.191.68 


1881 


2,077,389,25;, 58 


1832 


24,322,235.18 


1882 


1,926,688,678 03 


1.833 


7,001,698.83 


1883 


1,892,547,412 07 


■834 


4,760,082.0s 


1884 


1,838,904,607 57 


1S.35 


37,513.05 


1885 


1,872,340,557 14 


1836 


336,957.83 


1886 


1,783,438,697 78 


18.57 


3,308,121.07 


1887 


1,700,771,948 68 


-iC 


10,434,221.14 






1S39 


$3,573,343.82 






1S40 


5-2500^75.54 







244 



Tin-: 



AMFh'IC.W M.I.YCA r.. 



Aggregate Banking Capital and Deposits in the United States, June, 1882. 

COMPARItD WITH iSyfi, 1S77, 1S7S, 1S79 AND iSSo. 
From the Report of the Comptroller of the Currency, December, iSSi. 









State Banks, private 


SavinffS Banks 


Saving Banks 








t/ 


Nat 


lonal Banks. 


bankers, etc. 


with capital. 


WI 


hout 




Total. 














Capitiil. 






> 


No. 


Capital. 
Mill. 


De- 
posits. 

Mill. 


• No. 


Capital 
Mill. 


De- 
posits. 
Mill. 


No. 


Capi- 
tal. 
Mill. 


De- 
posits 
Mill. 


No. 


De- 
posits. 
Mill. 


No. 


Capital. 
Mill. 


De 

posits. 

Mill. 


1876 


2,051 


500.4 


7'.VS 


.S.S03 


214 


4S0.0 


26 


5-0 


.37-2 


69. 


S44.6 


6,611 


719.4 


2,075-3 


'Ml 


3,07a 


481.0 


76S.2 


3.799 


21S.6 


470 -S 


26 


4 9 


3S.2 


076 


84,3.2 


6,579 


704-5 


2,120.1 


2,01,6 


470.4 


677.2 


3.709 


202.2 


4'3.3 


23 


3 2 


26.2 


66S 


803.3 


6,456 


675.8 


1,920.0 


1879 


2,04.8 


4SS-3 


7'3-4 


3,639 


197.0 


397.0 


29 


4.2 


.30.1 


644 


747.' 


6,360 


656.5 


■.893. 5 


1880 


2, ''ye 


4i;6.o 


900.8 


3.708 


igo I 


.•loi .4 


20 


4.0 


31-6 


629 


7S3.0 


6,529 


650.0 


2,219.9 


1881 


2,115 


460.2 


i,i39.Q 


4,016 


206. ■; 


627.5 


36 


4.2 


37-6 


620 


862.3 


6,796 


670.9' 2,667.3 


1882* 


2,308 


484-9 


i,iic).8 


4.473 


223 . 4 


77g.o 


42 


4.0 


43 -S 


625 


950.2 


7,448 


7 1 7. 31 2,902.6 



*To November 30, 1882 ; after which date, the tax on bank capital and deposits being repealed, the Coinptrollev.bas 
no returns furnishing data for continuing this table. 



-'Ul;2Jlfi/^i^'*--*->'-^^-'Sy3'SI'2'^^ 



HISTORY, POPULATION, ETC., OF THE STATES AND TERRITORIES. 



Alabama . . 
Arkansas. . 
California . 
Colorado . . 
Connecticut 
Delaware . . 
Florida .... 
Georj^ia ... 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

.Kansas . . . . 



171) 
1685 
1769 
1S5S 

1633 
1627 

■565 
'733 
1720 
1690 

■S33 
1850 



By Whom First 
Settled. 



French . . .... 

French 

Spaniards .... 

Americans 

Americans. . . . 
Swedes and Finns 
Spaniards... o . 

English 

French 

French 

Americans.. . . 
Americans. .. . 



Where Each 

State was First 

Settled. 



Mobile 

Arkansas Post. 
San Diego. ... 

Denver 

Windsor 

Cape Henlopen 
St. Augustine. . 

Savannah 

Kaskaskia 

Vincennes... . 

Burlington 

Ft. Leavcnw'th 



50,722 
52,198 
188,981 
104,500 

4.674 
2,120 
59,268 
58,000 
55.410 
33.809 
55.04s 
81,318 



1814 
1836 
1850 
1S76 
17SS 
■78; 
■8iS 
178? 
1S18 
1816 
1846 
1S61 



Capital of Each 
State. 



Montgomery 
Little Rock' 
Sacramento 
Denver . . . 
Hartford... 

Dover 

Tallahassee 

Atlanta 

Springfield 
Indianajiolis 
Des Moines 
Topeka 






1,262,505 

802,525 
864,694 

194.327 
622,700 
146,608 
269,493 

1,542,180 

3,077.871 
1,975.301 

1,624,615 
906,096 



OS 

0) 
O o 



2 yrs. 

2 

4 



$3,000 
3..S00 
6,000 
3,000 
2,000 
2,000 
3,500 
4,000 
6,000 
6,000 
3.000 
3,000 



E£.2 
11 be 






$4 pr. day 
6 " 

8 " 

4 

300 pr scs 

3 pr. day. 

6 " 

4 

6 " 
550 pr. ses 
3 pr. day. 



TJU: AMKKfCAX MANUAL. 



Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts.. . 

Michigan ' 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Xevada 

New Hampshire 
New Jersey. ..".. 

New York 

North Carolina. 

Ohio 

Oreg^on 

Pennsylvania .. . 
Rhode Island . . . 
South Carolina. . 

Tennessee 

Texas .*.... 

Vermont 

Virginia 

AVest Virginia. . 

Wisconsin 

Territoriiis. 

Arizona 

Dakota 

Idaho 

Montana 

New Mexico 

Utah 

Washington 

Wyoming 

Dist. Columbia. 
Indian Ter . . 
Alaska 



Americans 


Boonsboro 




Bristol 


English 


St. Mary's 


French 


Detroit 


Americans 

French 

French 


St. Paul 

Natchez 

St. Louis 


Americans 

English 

Dutch and Danes 
Dutch 


Washoe 

Dover 

Bergen 






Americans 

Americans 


Marietta 

Astoria 

Philadelphia. . . 






Port Royal 

Ft. London 

St. Antonio 

Ft. Dummer . . . 
Jamestown. . . . 
See Virginia. .. 
Green Bav 


Americans 

Spaniards 

Americans 

English 

Americans 

French 



Spaniards. . 
Americans. 
Americans. 
.\mericans. 
Spaniards . 
.Vmericans. 
Americans. 
Americans. 
English ... 



37,600 
41.346 
31.776 
ii,ib4 

7,800 
515,4s ' 
S3.S31 
47.' 56 
^•5.35° 
75.995 
112,090 

9. -2 So 

8,320 
47,000 
50.704 
39 9'34 
95.^44 
46,000 

1 ,306 

39.3S5; 

■ 45,600 

274.35'^ I 
10,212 
40,904 
23,000 
53.924 

113,916 

150.932 
83,294 

143.77^ 
121,201 
84,476 
69,994 
97.SS3 
64 
6S,99i 
577.390 



F"rankf ort 

Baton Rouge. . . 

Augusta 

Annapolis 

Boston 

Lansing 

St. Paul 

Jackson 

Jefferson City.. 

Lincoln 

Carson City 

Concord ....... 

Trenton 

Albanv 

Raleig'h 

Columbus 

Salem 

Harrisburg . ... 

Prov. &• N'port 

Columbia 

Nashville 

1S45I Austin 

i79i!Montpelier 

1 7SS, Richmond 

1862 Charleston 

iS+s! Madison 

(*) 
S63]Tucson 



1792 
1812 
1S20 

17SS 

17SS 

'S37 

1S57 

18 1 7 

1S21 

1S67 

iS(H 

1788 

17S7 

.7S8 

17S9 

iSo 

1S59 

17S7 

1790 

178.8 

1796 



1S61 
1S63 
1S64 
1850 
1850 
185? 
1S6S 
1790 

1S34 
iS6SlSitka 



Yankton 

Boise City 

Helena.. 

Santa Fe 

Salt Lake City.. 

Olynipia 

Cheyenne 



1, 648, 690 [4 
939.9464 

648,9362 

934.9434 
1.783.085 I 
1.636.9372 

7S0.7732 
I. 131-597 4 
2,168,3804 

452,402 2 
62,266 4 

346,991 2 
1,131,1163 
5.<^2,S7i 3 
1.399.750 4 
3,198,062 2 

174,768 4 
4,282,891 • 

276,531 

995.577 
1.542,359 
1.591 749 

332, 2S6 

1.512.565 

618,457 

1.315.497 



40,441; 4 
134.500 



32.64 
39.157 
1 18,430 

143.907 
75. ' 20 
20,788 

•77.683 



5.000 
4,000 
1,500 
4,.Soo 
5.000 
1,000 
3,000 
4,or'o 
5,000 
2,500 
6,000 
1,000 
5,000 

10 000 
.7, 000 
4,000 
1,500 

10,000 
4,000 
4.500 
4,000 
4,000 
1,000 
5 000 
2,700 
5,000 

2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 
2,600 



245 

5 

4 

150 pr. scs 

5 pr. day. 

050 pr. ses 

\ pr. day. 

5 

300 jir. ses 

5 pi . day. 

3 

S 

3 

500 pr. ses 

1500 " 

4 pr. day. 

5 " 
3 

looopr ses 

I pr. day. 

5 " 

4 

5 

3 

S40 pr ses. 

4pr. day. 

350 pr ses 



♦Indicates the j'ear organized. 




fl0=2£^ 



^-fm^^sf 



% 



246 



■/■///■: AMKKICAh' MANUAf.. 




Population of the United States, by Races, in 1870 and 1880. 

From the Official Returns of the Ninth and Tenth Census. 



States and Terri 

TORIES. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Dist. of Columbia 

Florida 

Georg-ia 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. . . . 

Michisjan 

Minnisota 

Mississiji])! 

Missouri : 

Montana 

Nebraska ....... 



Total 
Populat'n 

iSSo. 



,262, 

40. 
80.', 

864, 

■94. 
622, 

■35- 
146, 

■77. 
2^9 

.542. 

.077, 
.97^. 
,624, 

9^, 
,64s, 
9?9, 
648, 
9«. 
.78?, 
,6^6, 
7S0 

.13'. 
,168, 

39, 
452' 



White 
18S0. 



662,185 
3S.'«' 
59'. 53" 
767,181 
194,126 
6io,7('9 

■33. '47 

120,160 

118,906 

i43.'^:os 

8i6,QOb 

29.013 

3.93 i.'S' 

'.93S.798 

1,614,600 

QS^.'SS 

■.377.'79 

454.954 

(546,852 

721.'''93 

i.763.7''!i 

1,614,560 

776,884 

479..?98 

2,922,826 

.35,^85 

419.761 







Indians 


Colored 


Chinese 


CIV. or 


1880. 


1880. 


taxed, 

18S0. 


600,103 


4 


2'3 


■ss 


■,632 


3.493 


210,660 


133 


'95 


6,0 1 8 


75.2-8 


16,277 


2.435 


612 


■54 


".547 


129 


255 


401 


238 


■.39' 


26,442 


11 


5 


59,596 


'7 


S 


126,693 


18 


180 


7a5,'33 


17 


124 


S3 


3.379 


165 


46,368 


212 


140 


.39.2i*> 


29 


246 


9.5 '6 


ii 


466 


45.'07 


■9 


8'S 


27'.45' 


10 


50 


483.655 


489 


848 


1,45' 


s 


62s 


210,230 


5 


■5 


16,697 


237 


369 


15,100 


28 


7.249 


■.564 


25 


2.^00 


650,291 


5' 


■.S57 


■45.350 


91 


"3 


346 


'.765 


1,663 


2,385 


18 


235 



White. 
1S70. 



521,384 

9.58' 

362,1 15 

499.4*4 

39221 
527,549 

12,887 
102,221 

88,278 

96,057 
638,926 

io,6iS 
2,511,096 

■.655.S37 

1.188,207 

346,377 

1,0^,692 

362,065 

624,809 

605,197 

'.443. '56 

1,167,282 

4.38,257 

382,896 

1,603,146 

18,306 

122,1 17 



Colored. 
1870. 



475.5 ■o 

26 

122,169 

4,272 

456 

9 668 

94 

22,794 

43.401 

91,689 

545.^42 

60 

28,762 

24.560 

S.762 

17,108 

222,210 

364,210 

I 6ofi 

■75.391 

■3.947 

11,849 

759 
444,201 
118,071 

■83 

-780 



Chinese 
1870. 



98 

49310 

7 



Indians 

civ. or 

taxed. 

1870. 



3 

4.274 
I 

3 

I 

71 

2 

97 

21 



16 

3 

■.949 



98 

7,24t 
180 

235 
1,200 



3 

40 

47 

32 

340 

748 

914 

108 

569 

499 

4 

■51 

4,292 

690 

809 

75 

87 



THK A.VKRrCAN MANUAL. 



247 



Nevada 

New Hampshire 

Now Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virg-inia 

Washington 

W. Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total United States i;o."^S.7^3 4'. 402.9/0 



62,26) 
346,99! 
,131,1,6 

>i9,5'''S 
,oS2,S7i 
.390,750 
, 198,062 

,282 801 

27'''.53' 
995.577 
.54'2.359 
,591,749 
i43.9'''3 
332,280 
,512,561; 

7c;, 116 
6iS,4S7 
.3 1 5-497 

20,789 



53,506 
346,229 

i,092,ei7 
108,721 

5,016,022 
867,242 

3,"7.9^o 

163,075 
4,197,016 

2"9.939 
391,105 

1,138,851 

1,197,^37 
i4^,42( 
33'-2r8 

880,858 
67,199 

592,^37 
1,309,618 

19,437 



+88 


5.4 19 


2,8oi 


685 


14 


63 


3S,S53 


172 


74 


1.015 


57 


0,772 


65.104 


926 


819 


531,277 


I 


1,230 


79,<)oo 


112 


MO 


487 


9,512 


1,694 


85,535 


156 


184 


6,488 


27 


77 


604,332 


9 


131 


403,1.51 
393. 3M 


25 


.352 


■36 


992 


232 


SOI 


807 


1,057 




II 


6^1,616 


6 


85 


325 


3,187 


4.405 


25,,886 


5 


29 


2,702 


16 


3,161 


29S 


914 


140 
66,407 


6,cSo,793 


105,61s 



.:8-959 

3:7.^7 

875.407 

90.393 

4,330.210 

678,470 

2,601,946 

86,920 

3,456,609 

212,219 

289,667 

936,119 

564,700 

86,044 

3^9,613 

7 12,'- 89 

22,195 

424.0.33 

1,051,351 

8,726 



357 

580 
36,658 

172 

52,081 

.391,650 

63.213 

346 

65.294 

4,980 

415,814 

322.331 

253,475 

118 

924 

512,841 

207 

17,980 

2,' 13 

183 



J. 1 52 
15 
29 



3.3.30 
14 



25 
445 



4 
234 



143 



^,886,387! 63.254 



23 
23 

16 

'.309 

439 

1,241 

100 

318 

34 
'Sf 
124 

70 
379 
'79 

14 
229 

.319 

I 

1,206 

66 



25,731 



PER CENT. OF INCREASE FROM 1S70 TO 1S80. 

Total Population 30.08 per cent. I Colored Population 34-67 per cent 

White Population 29.26 " " | Chinese Population 66.73 " " 

Note.— The inhabitants of Alaska and the Indian Territory (both unorganized as yet) are not included in the 
above total. The census of Alaska in 18S0 showed : White, 392'; Creoles (issue of intermarriage between the whites 
and natives), 1,653; Aleuts, 1,960; Innuits, 17,188; Indians, 8,655; total, 30,178. 

The Indian Territory is estimated to contain 60,000 to 75,000 inhabitants. 

The Indians included in the census in each State and Territory are those reckoned.as civilized, or outside of tribal 
organizations. Indians, not taxed, are by law excluded froin the census. Estimates of their number vary widely — 
from 2O0,oo) to 350,011 (the latter as estimated in the census of 1870), while the latest census or estimate of the Indian 
ao-encies, as reported in 1881 to the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, gives 246,417 Indians, excluding Alaska. The 
whole population of the United States exceeds 50,000,000, including Indians and Alaskans. 

In the Chinese column are included 1,148 Japanese. 



POPULATION OF PRINCIPAL CITIES OF THE UNITED STATES, 

Having 10,000 Inhabitants and over, as Gathered from the Latest Census Returns. 



Akron, Ohio ,., 16,512 

Albany, N. Y 90,903 

Allegheny, Pa 78,681 

AUentown, Pa 18,063 

Alexandria, Va .... 13,658 



Elizabeth, N. J 28,229 

Erie, Pa 27,730 

Elmira, N.Y 20,541 

East Saginaw, Mich. 19,016 
Easton, Pa 11,924 



Memphis, Tenn. . . 
Manchester, N. II. 

Mobile, Ala 

Meriden, Conn . . 
Montgomery, Ala. 



3?. 593 ' Richmond, Ind '2,74^ 

32,6301 Rutland, Vt 12,149 

31,205 j Rome. N. Y 12,045 

18,3 (O I Rock Island, III 11,660 

■''.711 ' St. I.ouis, Mo... . -•50 f» 



•J48 

Allooiiii, l';i 'Oi/K' 

Aiiistciil;ini, N. ^'... 11,711 

Atchison, Kan ■S.'"'' 

All;int;i, G;i 34.3"^ 

AtlKlioro, M;iss 11,111 

Aiihinn, N. V 1.2,9-ii 

Aufjuslu, C>;i ^3.0-? 

Aurora, HI u.^-^S 

Austin, 'I'uxris , io,c/:o 

liMltiniorc, Mil 332, iyo 

li;iriu;or, Maine ^('>y^S7 

HayCitv, Mich 20,<vi)5 

licllcvillc, ill \o/>^2 

liidilcforil, Maine. 12,6,^ 
liinyhanitnn, N. V .. 17,315 

Hlooniinfflon, 111 i7,i"<l 

Boston, Mass 3^>2,535; 

Hridyfcpnrt, t'onn.... 29,1 t'^ 

IJrockton, Mass i ?,(«S 

IJrooklvn, X. V e,(^V)S:.j 

Buiralo, N. V 'S.S.i-!? 

Burlin)4:ton, \'l i',3'^'4 

Binlinfjton, la "9.15" 

Brooklia\cn, X. V.. ii,sV( 
C'aniliridfjc, Mass... S'2>740 

Canulcn, X. J 4"/i5'^ 

t anion, Ohio 12>2S^ 

CaslL-ton, X. Y 12,679 

Cedar Uapiils, Iowa. io,iC) 
Charleston, S C... 49,999 
C'hattanooira,Tenn. . i2,Sy2 

Chelsea, Mass 21,785 

Chester, Pa 14.99'' 

Chica^'O, 111 50,5, ,^oj 

Cinciiniati,() -5.5.70'^ 

Cleveland, O lOo, i.|2 

Columbia, S. C lo.ojo 

Cohunbus, C) .Si,*'."; 

Coviiiffton, Ky 29,720 

Cohoes, N. Y 19,417 

Conncil Blufls, la 18,059 

Concord, X. II 13,838 

Cortland, X. Y i2,r/)4 

Chico])ce, Mass >'>32'; 

Chillicothe, 10,938 

Detroit, Mich "'',342 

Dayton, O .3V'77 

Denver, Col 35/\5o 

Des Moines, la 22, (o8 

Du'\ique,Ia 22,254 

Dover, N. H 11,687 

Danbury, Conn 11,6^19 

Derby, "Conn 11 ,649 

Dallas, Texas 10,358 

Davenport, la 21,834 

Evansville, Ind 29,280 



yy/y; ami.ricax mani'al. 



Kan L laire, \\ is 10,118 

Kail Uiver, Alass 49,006 

Fort Wayne, Ind .... 26,880 

Flushing, X. Y iS,9>9 

Fond du Lac, Wis... 13,091 
Fitchhury-, Mass.... 12,405 

Fishkill.X. Y 10,732 

Georf^etown, 1). C. . . 12,578 
(irand Kapids, Mich. 32,015 
(jnlveston, Texas. . . . 22,253 

(jloucester. Mass 19,329 

Galesliurif, HI i i,.f46 

llemnsted, N. Y.... iS,ico 

I lartford, Con-i 42,553 

lloboken, N.J ,^0,999 

1 larrisburL:, Fa 30,762 

llolyoke, Mass 21,851 

1 louston, Texas. . . . 18,646 

Haverhill, Mass 18,475 

Ilydc I'ark, 111 15,716 

Hamilton, 12,122 

Hamulial, Mo 1 1,074 

Indianapolis, Ind.... 75,074 

Jersey City , X . J 1 20,728 

Johnstown, X . Y I6,'i26 

Joliet, 111 "i,"45 

Jackson, Mich ''','05 

laek.sonville. III 10,927 

JefFiTsonville, Ind... 10,422 

Jamaica, X. \' 10,086 

Kansa.s City, Mo 55,Si3 

Kinfrston, N. V 18,342 

Keokuk, la . . '2,117 

Kalamazoo, Mich. . . . 11,937 

I>o isville, Ky 123,645 

Lowell, Mass'... ... 59,485 

Lawrence, Mass .39,178 

Lynn, Mass 3S,2Sf 

Lancaster, Pa 25,765 

Lewislon, Me 19,083 

Loni^ Island City,X. Yi7,i 17 

Loxington, Ky 16,650 

Leavenworth, Kan.. 16,550 

Lynchburjf, Va 15,959 

Lafayette, Ind 14,860 

Leadville, Col 14,820 

La Crosse, Wis 14,505 

Lincoln, R. I I3.7''5 

Locki)ort, X. 'S' n 522 

Little Uock, Ark.... 13,185 

Lincoln, Xeb 13,004 

Los Ansjeles, Cal.. . . 11,311 

Lojjansport, Ind 11,198 

I-enox, N. Y 10,249 

Milwaukee, Wis 1 15,578 

Minneapolis, Minn.. 46,887 



Macon, (Ja 12,748 

Maiden, Mass 12,017 

Middletown, Conn . 11,731 
Muskejron, Mich.. .. 11,262 

Mailisim, Wis 10,325 

Marlboro, Mass 10,126 

Newburynort, Mass. 13,537 
New York, N. Y.. 1,200,590 

New Orleans, I-a 216,140 

Newark, X. J 136,400 

Xew Haven, Conn.. 02,882 
Xew Bedford, Mass. 26,875 

Norfolk, Va 21,966 

Norwich, Conn 21,141 

Newport, Kv 20,433 

Newburjj;h, Sj. Y... . 18,050 
New Iirunswick,N.J. 17,167 

Newton, Mass i^'i9f)S 

New Albany, Ind 16,422 

Newport, K. 1 15,693 

New Britain, t onn.. 13,978 

Norwalk, Conn •3,95'^ 

New Lots, N. Y 13,681 

Nashua, N. II 13, .W7 

Norristown, Pa 13)0^4 

Northampton. Mass. 12,172 
Xew London, Conn. 10,529 
North Adams, Mass. 10,192 

Nashville, Tenn 4'?,4"i 

Oakland, Cal .34,S.5'> 

Omaha, Neb 30,518 

Oswego, N. Y 21,117 

Oshkosh, Wis iS 749 

Oian<;;-e, N. J '3, 200 

Oyster I?ay, X. Y... ii,9:!3 
Oi>;deidniri;f, N. Y... 10,34.0 

Pittsburfj, Pa 15^.381 

Providence, R. 1 104,850 

Paterson, N.J 50,887 

Portland. Me 33,Sio 

IV'oria, 111 29,315 

I'etCrsburfT, V'a 21,656 

PouL'hkeepsie, N. Y. 20,207 

Pawtucket, R.I 19,030 

Pittsfield, Mass i3,.V'7 

Pottsville, Pa 13,253 

Portsmouth, Va 1 1,388 

Portsmouth, O i',3'4 

Philadelphia, Pa .... 846,98 j 

Quincy, 111 27,275 

Qiiincv, Mass io,i;29 

Rochester, N. Y 89,363 

Richmond, Va . . . . 63,803 

Readinjr, Pa 43>28o 

Racine, Wis i6,ov 

Rockford, 111 1.^,1.16 



San Francisco, Cal.. 232,955 

Syracuse, N. Y S',79i 

Scranton, Pa 45,850 

St. Paul, Minn 4'i'l98 

Springfield, Mass... 33,340 

St.Joseph, Mo 32,484 

Savannah, Ga 3O,08i 

Salem, Mass 27,598 

Somerville, Mass 24,985 

Sacramento, Cal 21,420 

Salt Lake City, Utah 20,7.8 

Springfield, 20729 

San Antonio, Texas. 10,561 

S])ringlield, 111 19,749 

Sandusky, 15,838 

Schenectady, N. Y.. 13,675 

South Bend, Ind 13,279 

San Jose, Cal 12.567 

Steubenville, 12,093 

Stamford, Conn 1 1,298 

Shrevcport, La 11,017 

Saratogas prings.N.Y 1 0,8:2 
Sauirerties, N. Y.... 10375 

Saginaw, Mich 10,525 

Stockton, Cal 10,287 

Shenandoah, Pa 10,148 

Trov. N. Y .5''', 7 17 

Toledo, O 50, 1 43 

Trenton, N.J 29,910 

Terrc Haute, Ind .... 26,040 

Taunton, Mass 21,21} 

Tojieka, Kan iS,45i 

Utica, N. Y ■^3,913 

Virginia Citv, Xev.. 13,705 
^'icKsburg, Miss.... 11,8 4 
Washington, I). C... 147,307 

Warwick, R.I 12,163 

AV'orcester, Mass 58,295 

Wilmington, Del 4", 499 

Wheeling, W. Va. .. 31, 66 

Wilkesbarre, Pa 23,339 

Watervliet, N. Y 22,220 

Waterbury, Conn. . . . 202,(9 
Williamsport, Pa.... 18,934 
Wilmington, N. C... 17,361 

Woon.socket, R. I 16,053 

Wallkill, N. Y 11,183 

Woburn, Mass .. 10,938 
Watertown, N. Y... 10,^97 
Weymouth, Mass... 10,571 

Winona, ^IiIul io,2oS 

AValtham, Mass i',7ii 

Yonkers, X. Y i8,>'"92 

Youngstown, O. .. . 15,431 

York, Pa i3i94o 

Zanesville. O 18, i2o 



■JJIK JMI'NUAX jf.t.vr.u.. 



a49 



EDUCATIONAL 

Tables, Showing, According to Report of 1880, School Population, School Age, Enrollment, Attend' 
ance, Salaries of Teachers, etc., of Public Schools. 



StatI'.s and Tkrki- 

TOKIES. 



Alabama '. . 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Delaware 

Florida 

Oeorjria 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa . . 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Ixjuisiana 

Maine . . . 

Maryland 

Massachusetts . . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississippi 

Missouri 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire. 

New Jersey 

New York 

North Carolina. . . 

Ohio 

Oregon 

I'enn.sylvania 

Uhodc Island 

South Carolina. . . 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Vermont 

Virginia 

West Virginia... 
Wisconsin 



Total 



School 
Age. 



•j-ii 

6-21 

5-'7 

6-21 

4-16 

6-21 
4-21 

6-iS 

6-21 
6-21 

S-2I 

*6-20 

6-i8 
4-21 

S-20 

S-'S 

5-20 
S-2' 

5-2' 

6-20 

5-2' 
6-i8 

5-2 1 
S-I8 
5-2' 

6-21 
6-21 

4-20 

6-21 

5-- 5 
6-16 
6-21 
S-14 
5-20 
S-21 
6-21 
4-20 



School 
Population, 



353.003 
2')7,547 
215.97S 

35,5')'' 
'40.235 

35.459 

''4.W,444 
1,010,851 

703.558 
SS6,5S6 

340,647 

545. '61 
273.^5 
214,666 
♦276, 120 
.307.321 

S0'>,221 

•-571, .(28 

426,689 

7^?.4S4 
'42,34'^ 

, "J.sy2 

7'''P 

330.6SS 

'.641,173 

., 459.324 

■''.04?>320 

59.615 

'1,200,000 

, 52,.?74 
"228,128 
544,862 

230,^7 
'92,831 

5S5.S07 
210,113 
483,229 

'.5,127.505 



Number 

Enrolled in 

Public 

Schools. 



179,490 
70,972 
'5S.765 

22.IIQ 
I 19,694 
27.823 

39.3'5 
23^.533 
704.041 
51 ',283 
426,057 

23i.4.?4 
265,581 

68,440 
149,827 
162,4^1 
306,777 
.362,556 
180,248 
236,704 
47^'.37''' 

92,.549 
9.04s 

64,^41 
204,9<')i 

'.031.593 
225,606 
747. '38 

37,533 
937.310 

44.780 
'34.072 
290,141 
186,786 

75.238 
220,736 
142,850 
299.25'5 

f,,6'^,403 



Average 

Daily' 

Attendance 



1 17,978 



100,906 

12,618 

278,421 



27,046 
145,190 
431.638 
321.659 
259.8,/: 
137.^)67 
''93,874 

45,626 

'03,"3 

85,778 
2,33, '27 

»2 13,898 

'^I 17, 161 

156,761 

'219,132 

loo, 1 5') 

5,401 

"5.194 
573,'^>89 
147,802 
476,279 

27.4 « 

601,627 

29,065 



191,461 



48,606 
128,401 

91.704 
'97,5'o 

.5.744. '8.S 



Average 

Scliool 

Days in 

the Year. 



.80 



146.6 

179.02 
J. 58 



150 
1.36 

148 

'07 
102 

118 
120 

I'll 76 

177 
141 

91 
77-5 

3l0O 
109 

142. 8 

105.3 
192 

179 

54 

'50 

89. 0-3 

147 

18, 

77 
68 

'•■'73 
■25 
113 
</J 
162. t 



Salaries of 
Teachers. 



$3'52.593 
192,6^.5 

2,207,044 
1.86,426 

1,011,730 
'38..819 
97."5 



4.587.015 
,3..3''5,04''> 
i2,9<j 1 ,948 

1,088,504 
736,^90 



948,090 

',■4 ',753 

-4,491.225 

1,909,941 

993,205 

''69,393 
2,218,637 

.532,.304 
83,706 

414.590 
1,446,178 
7,638,922 

318,153 
5.017.542 

210,429 

4.510,197 
405, r«5 
287,403 
596,680 
'■74,869 
.360,320 
714.783 
522,483 

1 ,568,^192 

5(-.55'.20i 



Total 
Kxpcnded. 



$375,465 
238,056 

2,864,571 
.395.527 

'.fo8,.375 
-207,281 
1 14,895 
471,029 

7,!;3 1.942 

4,491,850 

5,62 1 ,248 

'1.818,3,87 

803,490 

480,320 

■ o)7,68i 

i,544,.W 

5.1.5^731 

3, 109,9 '5 

1,7c 6, 114 

830,704 

3.152.178 

•.1.W.995 

i4>.245 

5'''S.3.39 

i,928,.374 

10,412,378 

352,882 

7,i66,g63 

314,017 

7,449.013 

.544. 2CO 

324.629 

724,862 

753.34<'' 
454.285 
946,109 
7i6,*)4 
2,230,772 

79,5./>..399 



250 



Arizona 

Dakota 

Oistrict Columbia., 

IJaho 

Indian 

Montana 

New Mexico 

irtah.. 

Wasliinfjton 

Wyoming 



Total. 



THE AMKRFCAX MANUA7.. 



Grand Total 15,302,863 



6-21 
0-17 



.}-2I 

»7-'8 
6-iS 



12,030 

43..?S8 



"11,444 
7,070 

»29,3I2 

40,672 
•i 24,223 



'75.457 



4,212 
8,042 

2^.4.W 
6,75'^ 

"6,098 

.^.970 
»S.>5" 
24, ■526 
314,032 
33,090 



ioi,iiS 



9,781,521 



2,847 

.■?.i7o 
20,637 



"3.944 
2,506 



17,178 

39.SS5 
81,287 



61,154 



109 
88 
193 



90 

"132 

128 

•''S7.5 



5,805,342 55,158,289 



64.318 
277,012 
33.844 



*'S,432 • 

'03.343 

89^,019 

S22,I2r) 



607,088 



61,17a 
124,483 

438,567 
38,812 

•■'186,359 
59,463 

«i8,890 

132, >94 

'■ '4,379 

» '22, 120 



,'96,4.S9 



80,732,833 



(i) Estimated. (2) For the winter. (3) In 1S79. (4) For whites; for colored, 6-16. (5) Census of 1870. (6) In 
1S78. (7) In 1S73. (S) In 1877. (9) In 1S75. (10) In the Cherokee, Choctaw and Creek Nations. ( 1 1 ) In the five 
civilized tribes. (12) For white schools only. (13) In the counties. 

Number of Newspapers and Periodicals in the United States, 1870-1880. 

From the Official Returns of the Ninth and Tenth Census. 



States and Terki- 

TORIES. 



Alabama 

Arizona 

Arkansas 

California 

Colorado 

Connecticut 

Dakota 

Delaware 

Dist. of Columbi 

Florida 

Georgia , 

Idaho 

Illinois 

Indiana 

Iowa 

Kansas 

Kentucky 

Louisiana 

Maine 

Maryland 

Massachusetts. . . 

Michigan 

Minnesota 

Mississijipi 

Missouri: 



1870. 



No. 



89 
I 
56 
201 
14 
7' 
3 
'7 
22 

23 
no 
6 
505 
293 
n?, 
97 
8<^ 
92 

65 
88 

259 
211 

95 
III 

279 



Circula- 
tion. 



9', '65 

280 

29,830 

491,903 

12,750 

203,725 

1,652 

ao,86o 

81,400 

■0.545 

150,987 

2,750 

',722,54 

.363,512 

219,090 

96,803 

'97. ".30 

84,165 

170,690 

235.450 

1,692,124 

253,774 
1 10,778 
7i,S6S 
522,866 



187S. 



85 
5 

69 
237 

39 
121 

24 
22 
28 
35 

>.37 
5 

627 

37' 
390 
171 

'53 

89 
93 
112 

345 
291 

'34 
103 

297 



1879. 



102 

8? 
286 

6 
"S 

42 

20 

3' 

38 

'1 
792 
416 
454 
235 
102 

95 
'03 

,361 
364 
180 
102 
.395 



1S80. 



. oJ2 



114 

'9 

'03 
310 
81 
128 

67 
24 

39 
40 
i86 

s'.] 

429 
S'8 
303 

'83 

lOO 

«o3 
".38 
,392 
41S 
209 
106 
47 



States and Terri- 
tories. 



Montana 

Nebraska 

Nevada 

New Hampshire.... 

New Jersey 

New Mexico 

New York 

North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon 

Pennsylvania 

Rhode Island 

South Carolina 

Tennessee 

Texas 

Utah 

Vermont 

Virginia 

Washington 

W. Virginia 

Wisconsin 

Wyoming 

Total United States 





1S70. 


187S. 


1879. 


iSSo. 








MH ■ 


U_l • 




Circula- 


"■8.!£ 


°-Hi 


^•Si 


No. 


tion. 


0-C " 






10 


19,580 


12 


II 


16 


42 


31,600 


"3 


>37 


'79 


12 


11,300 


25 


29 


3' 


5> 


'73-9'9 


68 


71 


^z 


122 


205,5cx) 


.98 


184 


200 


5 


'.52s 


9 


12 


18 


835 


7.561.497 


',175 


','74 


1,241 


64 


64,820 


104 


112 


121 


i9<. 


',.388,367 


635 


648 


660 


35 


45,750 


49 


57 


64 


540 


3,4'9,76S 


705 


793 


866 


32 


82,050 


32 


37 


37 


55 


80,900 


7' 


76 


77 


91 


225,952 


146 


179 


170 


112 


55,250 


'97 


229 


254 


10 


'4,2SO 


'5 


16 


'7 


47 


7 '.390 


<X) 


70 


76 


114 


143,840 


129 


163 


'77 


"4 


6,785 


23 


^5 


27 


59 


54.43' 


74 


85 


99 


190 


343,38'; 


236 


307 


3 '9 


6 


i,9S0 


7 


II 


» 


5.87' 


20,842,475 


8,' 33 


9, '47 


IO,IOI 



TIIK AMKRICAX M.IXl'A/.. 



^.-,1 



ESTIMATE OF GOLD AND SILVER PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES, FROM 1845 TO 188G 

INCLUSIVE. 

(From Official Reports by the Director of the Mint of the United States.) 



1845 
1846 
1847 
184.S 
1849 
1850 
1851 
7852 
i«S3 
1854 

jSss 

1856 

i8S7 
1858 
I8S9 
i860 
1861 
1S62 
1863 
i86'4 
1865,. 
1866, 
J867. 



40, 

SO; 

55. 
60, 

65. 
60, 

55. 
55. 
55. 
50, 
SO, 
4^> 
43, 
39. 
40. 
$46, 
53 
S3. 
5' 



,008,^27 

.-=39.357 
889,0.^5 
,000,000 
,000,000 
1,000,000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 
lOfX) 000 
000,000 
000,000 
000,000 
,000,000 
000,000 
ooo.oco 
200,000 
000,000 
100,000 
225,000 
500,000 
725,000 



From 1849 to 

135S. 

Estimated 

product 

$50,000 per 

annum. 

(The silver 
mines of the 

U. S. were 

discovered in 

'^59-) 

$500,000 

100,000 

150,000 

2,000,000 

4,500,000 

8,500,000 

$ 1 1 ,000,000 

1 1,250,000 

10,000,000 

13,500,000 



Total. 




Expenditures in the District of Columbia from 1790 to 1876. 



The total amount of money expended by the Govern- 
ment in the District of Co umbia for all purposes from 
July i^>, 1790, to July 30, 1876, is $92,112,395. This sum 
was divided as follows: 

Capitol $i7.'S4.69' 

Library of Conj^ress* '.575,847 

Whitellouse 1,610,149 

Purchase of works of art 60^,5^9 

Botanic Garden 72^.813 

Department of State, etc 4,989,948 

Treasury Department 7,o'ii,9i2 

War Department 3,0^,065 

Navv Department 3,899,136 

Post- Office Department 2,124,504 

♦First appropriation for Con;jres:iional Library, iSoo. 



Department of Agriculture 3. '71. 

Smithsonian Institution •••.... 2,305, 

Patient Office '3.'97 

IJenevolcnt institutions 4>732i 



4.4'8, 

78; 

4,000 

104 

597 



Penal institutions 

Courts .. 

Aqueduct 

Fire Department 

Canals 

Bridjres 2.293 

Public g-rounds.. ..• i,»67. 

Streets and avenues 5.975 

Loans, reimbursements, etc ,.... 4,92? 

Miscellaneous-!- 3.505 



192 
420 
,908 
448 
329 

1822 
299 

,4 '8 
5?7 

,391 

,299 
400 



-f-First appropriation for the support of Public Schools, 
iS56. 



359 



THF A.^fl'RlCAX MIXCU.. 



COINS OF THE UNITED STATES. AUTHORITY FOR COINING. AND CHANGES IN 

WEIGHT AND FINENESS. 



Double-Eagle— $20. 

Authorizod to fH- coincii. Act ofM-irih ,^, liMO. 

Weight, 5 > 6 grains ; linenoss, ixx). 

Total amount" ciMiK'd to June ,v\ 1S77. $Si4,5o'^,440 

Eagle^lO. 

AuthorizcJ to be coined, Act of Apiil J, iTpJ- 
Weijjht, J70 strains; fineness, 016*^. 
Weight chanaed Act ot'Junc iS, iSu, to J5J> grains. 
Fineness chansreii, Act oV )uno JS, i>^4. to SX)..>J,. 
Fineness chans^'>', Act ot January iS, 1S57, to oco. 
Total aiiunint coined to Juno ^i. i5-7, $5^,707,220. 

Halt-Eagle--$5. 

Authori.70il to be coined. Act ot" April J, 170J. 
Weight, 1,^5 grains; lineness, 016^. 
Weight changed Act ofjune iS, 1S34, to 1 J^ grains. 
Fineness changed. Act ot'June 28, 1S34, to ^00,225. 
Fineness chrtiig^'d, .\ct ot'january iS, iS?7, tovx>o. 
Total amount coined to June ,io, 1S77, S(x),4i2,Si5. 

Quarter-Eagle— $2.50. 

Authorized to be coined. Act ot April 2, 1702. 
Weight, 07.5 grains; fineness, 010%. 
Wei'yht ch-inged. Act ofjune 2S, 18^4, tocv^.5 grains. 
Fineness changed. Act ofjune 2S, 1S34, to Sxj.225. 
Fineness changed. Act ot'Jannary iS, 1S57. to vKO. 
TotiU amount coined to June 30, 1^77, $10,701;. 750. 

Three-Dollar Piece. 

Authorized to be coined. Act of February 21, 1S53. 

Weight, 77.4 grains; fineness, 000. 

Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $i,jioo,03J. 

One Dollar. 

Authorized to be coined, Act of March ,;. l^v40■ 

Weight. 2^.S gi:uns ; fineness, oix\ 

Total amount coined tojune jO, iS77, $10,345.43^. 

Silver Dollar. 

Authorized to be coined. Act of April 2, 1702. 
Weicht, 416 grains; fineness, SoJ. 4. 

Weight changx'd, .\ct ol Janu.irv i"^, i'^37. 10412)* grains. 
Fineness changed. Act of January iS, 1^37. 10 OiX), 
Coinage discoiitinued. Act of February 12, 1S73. 
Total amount coined, $^.045.53$. 



Trade-Dollar. 

Authorized to be coined. Act of February 12, 1S73. 

Weight, 420 grains; fineness, ijcux 

Total amount coined tojune 30, I^77, S24,5Si,'JSO- 

Halt-Dollar. 

Authorized to be coined. Act of April J, 1791. 
Weight, 20S grains; fineness, 81)2.4. 

Weight changed .\ct of January iS, 1S37, to 2c6U gr.iins. 
Fineness chaiiiivd. Act of January 18, iS?7, to 900. 
Weight chansied. Act ot February 21, 1^5^ to 102 prains. 
Weighlchanged, Act of February 12, 1S73 to 12S gi" <"*. 
or 102.0 grains. 
Total amount coined tojune 30, 1S77, $ti5>,i«9>540.50- 

Quarter Dollar. 

.\uthorized to be coined. Act of April j, 1702. 
Weight, 104 grains; fineness, S0J.4. 

Weight chajiijed. Act of January iS, 1S37, to lOjVs gr.iins. 
Fineness changed. Act of January iS, 1S37, to 000. 
\\ eight changed. Act of Febrviary 21, I'^jy, to o;> grains, 
\\ eight changed, Act of February 12, 1S73, too}^ grams, 
or <)o.4^ grains. 
Total amount coined tojune 30, i^>77. $34,774,121.50. 

Twenty-cent Piece. 

Authorizet.1 to be coined. Act of March 3, 1S75. 
Weight, 5 grams, or 77. K' grains; fineness, licKX 
Total amount coined tojune 30, i!'77, $270,413* 



Dime. 

Aulhorizi\l to be coined. Act of April 
Weight, 41.0 grains; fineness, 1^)2.4. 



1702. 



\yeight changed. Act of January iSi, 1837, to 41)^ gr: 
Fineness changed. Act ofjanuary iS, 1S37, to 000. 
Weiaht changed. Act of February 21, iS5;,t03S.4gr:un 
Weight changed, Act of February "12, 1^73, to 2 



frams, or 3s. 5> grains. 
Total amount coined tojune 30, ij 



Half Dime. 



uns. 



?i6, 141,756.30. 



Authoriztnl to be coined, Act of April 2, 1702. 
Weight, 20.S grains; fineness, Sgj.4. 

Weight chanj"-ed, .-Vet ofjanuary iS, iS37,to 2CvS^ grains. 
Fineness changed, Act of January iS, i>^7, to .xxv 
Weight changed. Act of Feliruary 21, i'^5,?. to 10.2 grains. 
Coinage discvintinued. Act of February 12, 1^3. 
Total amount coined, $4,90O.O4'->.oi\ 



TlIK .l.\rKKIC\X MANL'AI. 



25:'. 



COINS OF THE UNITED STATES, AUTHORITY FOR COINING, AND CHANGES IN 
WEIGHT AND FINENESS.— Concluded. 



Three-cent Piece. 

Authorized to be coineil. Act of March 3, 1S51. 
Weio^ht, 12^ grains; fineness 750. 

Weisjhtchan'.'fd, Actof March 3. iSy, to 11.52 grains. 
Finen.sschinjrtd, Act of March 3, 1853, to 900. 
Coinasre discontinued. Act of F'ebrnary 12, 1S73. 
Total amount coined, $1,2^1,850,20. 

MINOR COINS. 

Five-cent iNickel). 

Authorized to he coineil, .\ctof May 16, 1S66. 
Weight, 77.16 grains, composed oi 75 per cent, copper 
and 21; per cent, nickel. 
Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $5,773,000. 

Three-cent (Nickel). 

Authorized to he coined. Act of March 3, 1865. 
Weight, 30 grains, composed of 75 percent, copper and 
25 per cent, nickel. 

Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, $855,000. 

Two-cent (Bronze). 

Authorized to he coined. Act of April 22, 1864. 
Weight. 95 grains, composed of 95 per cent, copper and S 
per cent, tin and zinc. 
Coinage discontinued, Act of February 12, 1S73. 
Total "amount coined, $912,020. 



Cent (Copper). 

Authorized to be coined, .'Vet of April 2, 1792. 

Weight 264 grains. 

Weielit changed, Act of January 14, 1793, to 20S grains. 

Weight ch.anged by proclamation of the President, Jan- 
uary 26, 1796, in conformity with Act of March 3, 1795, to 
\(& grains. 

Coinage discontinued. Act of February 21, 1S57. 

Total amount coined, $i,5''2,S87.,t|. 
Cent (Nickel). 

Authorized to be coined, Act of P'ebruary 21, 1857. 

Weight, 72 grains, composed of 88 per cent, copper and 
12 per cent, nickel. 

Coinage discontinued, Act of April 22, iSo-). 

Total amount coined, $2,007,720. 
Cent (Bronze). 

Coinage authorized. Act of April 22, 1864. 

Weight, 48 grains, composed of 95 per cent, copper an. I 
5 per Cent, tin ;ind /inc. 

Total amount coined to June 30, 1S77, Si,733.9'":'- 

Half-cent (Copper) 

Authorized to be coined. Act of April 2, 1792. 

Weight, 132 grains. 

Weight changed, Act of January I4j 1793, to 104 grains. 

Weight changed bv proclamation ot the Pre.sident, Jan- 
uary 26, 1796, in conformity with Act of .March 3, 1795, t<> 
84 grains. 

Coinage disconlinued, Actof February 21, 1S57 

Total amount coined, $39,926.10. 



Coinage of the U. S. Mints during the Fiscal Year ending June 30, 1882. 

Gold Coinage $89,413,447.50 

Silver Coinage :— Silver Dollars 27,772,075 00 

Halves, Quarters and Dimes ".3'3-7S 

Minor Coinage :— Five, Three, Two, and One Cent pieces ^•44.757-75 

Totil Coinage $1 17,841 ,594 .00 

• A large amount o£ Silver Dollars, Half Dollars, etc., have been coined since 1873. 



254 



'I'lIE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



©HE United Sh^aipes (Shp^isii^ian ©ommission. 



THE REV. JOHN O. FOSTER, A. M. 
(The Present Secretary.) 



B. D. 




jJ UT of tlie heart of the Young Men's 
'christian Association, the Unite 1 
^|e States Christian Commission was 
f^«^born. The call for such an organiz- 
ation was issued Oct. 28th, 1861, and 
signed by George H. Stuart, John 
Vannamaker, James Grant, John 
Sexton and George Cookman. The 
first meeting was held in the Bible 
House, N. Y., Nov. 14th, 1861, at 3 p.m., and 
fifteen cities were represented. The Connnis- 
sion was soon organized and two days after- 
wards, Nov. 16, issued the notices of its object, 
the "spiritual good of the soldiers in the army, 
intellectual improvement and social and phys- 
ical comforts." President Lincoln, Simon 
Cameron and George B. McClellan the com- 
manding General of the U. S. army, each 
heartily approved of the object, and Dec. 17, 
1861, the Executive Connnillee, appointed by 
the meeting, elected George H. Stuart, Presi- 
dent during "its existence." 

The "Address to the Public" was issued Jan. 
13, 1862, The first Delegate was the Rev. 
George Bringhurst, of Philadelphia, and the 
second was (said to be) the Rev. George J. 
Mingins, D. D., now of New York. 

The first few months of its existence the 
office was moved four times, and for lack of 
means, seemed to be an itinerant concern des- 
tined to a speedy death. But prayers were 
offered in its behalf, and by and by it was laid 



on the hearts of the Christian People of the 
Nation. President Stuart converted his store 
in Philadelphia into a depot of supplies, his 
time, talents and fortune were all consecrated 
as a free-will offering for his Country, the suf- 
fering soldiers and their spiritual good. 

Money at last began to pour in. Men were 
already working for the soldiers without pay 
and hardly receiving their expenses, while the 
demand for their services exceeded the supply 
ten fold. The Secretary of War, Edwin M. 
Stanton, issued an order saying: "Every fa- 
cility consistent with the exigencies of the ser- 
vice will be afforded to the Christian Commis- 
sion, for the performance of their religious 
aiul benevolent purposes in the Armies of the 
United States. 

The duties of the Delegates were varied. 
Some were regular ministers who felt called to 
preach whenever there was an opportunity; 
but they were also instructed to render all 
temporal aid to the suffering men within their 
power. Others were teamsters, book keepers, 
shipping clerks, librarians, cooks, office men 
and visitors. There was also a large and ex- 
cellent Delegation of physicians and surgeons, 
besides a score of other agencies, — all neces- 
sary for the immense work. With the agree- 
ment before him each Delegate bound himself 
to work under instructions of tlie Agent for 
"not less than six weeks." He went cheerfully 
to his work, and with memorandum book too'.c 
notes of necessitous cases, reported the same, 




*W>tii_r«l 



GEORGE H. STUART. 



President of Reunion of Christian and Sanitary 
Commissions, etc. 



THE REV. J. O. FOSTER, A. M. 

Secretary of Reunion of Christian and Sanitary 

Commissions, etc. 



rr,o 



THE AMERICAN MANUAl.. 



wrote letters to the soldiers' friends at home, 
"visited, instructe 1, distributed stores, circu- 
lated religious publications, aided Chaplains 
in their ministrations and influence for the 
spiritual and temporal welfare of the men un- 
der their care, held meetings for prayer in the 
field and in the hospitals, attended to the cor- 
resj)ondence of disabled men, encouraged 
every right way, discouraged every vice, 
cheered men to duty, and .above all persuaded 
men to become "reconciled to God." 

They were further instructed to aid the Sur- 
geons on the battle field ill the care and re- 
moval of the wounded, giving them food and 
drink and everj'thing needed to mitigate suf- 
fering and aid recovery; or if dying to ])oint 
them with prayer to Jesus, and give them a 
Christian burial. In short, they were to do all 
that man could do to meet the wants of breth- 
ren "far from home and kindred." 

Was it any wonder, that, under such in- 
structions, the Delegate would do his part 
faithfully, and that from thousands of altars 
prayers went up to heaven in his or her behalf.-' 
For in this work the women had a most con- 
spicuous part. They shunned no legitimate 
duty, but the best of care takers and nurses, 
they were in the hospitals and diet kitchens; 
they were directing the coffee wagons and dis- 
tributing needed literature; ami none were 
more welcome by tlie side of the sick and suf- 
fering soldier. They confronted drunken 
officers, shamed them to duty, made friends 
out of foes, and sang, and prayed, and spoke 
for the Master, wherever and whenever the 
way was open. 

And this Godly work was not done alone in 
the Federal Armies, for similar Relief Associa- 
tions and "colporters" moved to and fro among 
the distressed sufferers of the Confederate 
Forces. 

These noble men and women in both armies 
may not appear prominently in history, but 
their record is faithfully kept by Him, who 



said, "In as much as ye have done it unto one 
the least of these my brethren, ye have done 
it unto me." Never in the History of the 
World was there witnessed such stupendous 
benevolence as came from the sorrow wrung 
souls of millions during this terrible War. 
Homes were stripped of their comforts to sup- 
ply the wants of the men in the armies, and 
the last dollar was sent to the loved one in the 
trenches, in the field or hospital, to secure a 
moiety of comfort, and make the .sad work a 
little less hideous and barbarous. Despite the 
fearful demoralization to both armies, yet there 
were rifts in the clouds of darkness where the 
light of Christianity shone as brightly as the 
World has ever known. 

We are indebted to Mr. Frank W. Smith for 
the facts and figures of the Christian Commis- 
sion as exhibiting in some degree the work of 
the Christian Commission. We have com- 
pared them with the official report and in the 
main, they are correct. 

There were about 5,000 Delegates commis- 
sioned. Cash raised and distributed f 2,524,512. 
Value of stores, a multitude of articles, $2,839,- 
445. Value of Bibles, Hymn Books, papers, 
magazines, etc., known as publications, $185,- 
252. An estimation of Donations, Delegates' 
Services, Telegraph and Rail Road facilities 
granted, Offices and Rooms donated would 
make with the above over 16,250,000. 

"Each Delegate labored, on an average, 
thirty-eight days, at a cost for incidental ex- 
penses of $36.10. The field service of Dele- 
gates was equal to the continuous labor of one 
man for five hundred and eighty years, or, 
with the added services of the permanent 
Agents, six hundred and fifty-eight years," 

As items of the general wants of the soldiers, 
we give a few more facts. There were 58,308 
sermons preached by the Delegates, 77,744 
meetings held, 92,321 letters written for the 
sick or dying soldiers to the loved ones at 
home, using 7,067,000 sheets of paper and as 




SCENES DURING TUK ClVIl, WAR. 



258 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



many envelopes, and these were all given 
away. The stationery and stamps cost $66,342. 
The New York Tract Society prepared 247 dis- 
tinct tracts and circulated 6,570,000 copies. 
The Publishers of the American Messenger 
issued 2,790,000 copies for the army. 

The Christian Commission knew no color, 
whether blue or gray, white or black. The 
prisoner of war was waited upon with the same 
care as the soldier. The starving poor in cap- 
tured cities received rations like those the 
Delegates used, and the colored lefugees were 
fed by the same hands that ministered to the 
■wants of the dying. 

The following important paper is a fair sam- 
ple of the many commendations given from 
time to time: 

"Depot for prisoners, Johnson's Island, near 
Sandusky, Ohio, October 31, 1863. 

The undersigned prisoners of War at John- 
son's Island do hereby certify that from their 
personal knowledge and experience, the Dele- 
gates of the United States Christian Commis- 
sion, in their Christian efforts to relieve the 
sick and wounded of the various battle fields, 
make no difference or discrimination between 
the contending parties, relieving alike the suf- 
ferings and wants of the Confederate and 
Federal, men ana Officers, and we therefore 
sincerely trust the Authorities at Richmond 
and elsewhere, will treat any of the said Dele- 
gates that may fall into their hands, with the 
kindness justly due them, and grant them a 
speedy return to their Christian work." 

Signed by 48 Confederate soldiers, mostly 
Officers. 

One or two instances should appear here be- 
fore we finish the sketch. Chaplain W. H. 
Rogers, of New York, said: "The fierce con- 
flict which ended the nine mile Battle of the 
Boynton Plank Road, left the field covered 
with the Gray and the Blue, in about equal 
numbers, wounded and dying. Soon the 



Sanitary Commission of the Fifth Corps ar- 
rived and went to work. One of the grandest 
visions that ever came to my gladdened eyes 
was the Christian Commission Brigade. There 
came over that muddy road, six sleek white 
horses, and following them the store, or rather 
coffee wagon, with its kindlings all ready, and 
its three iDoilers containing tea, coffee and beef 
tea. Twelve Christian Commission men went 
to work, and soon the cries of the wounded 
and requests for lielp had some repose. Then 
I saw how Christianity, in the spirit of Jesus, 
had united the Chaplaincy, the Christian Com- 
mission and the vSanitary Commission in that 
supreme glory of imitating Christ in helping 
the needy in the extremities of life. 

It is necessary to say that the Sanitary Com- 
mission handled more supplies, had more 
monc}', men and agent ies than the Christian 
Commission. Vast volumes arc in print con- 
taining the records of that Grand IMovement, 
which had for its object, to bring needed sup- 
plies to the wounded, bury the dead, register 
the evidence of burials, furnish intelligence of 
lost ones, and in fact, do all it could for men 
in field and hospital and prison. 

There were two great centres .for gathering 
and distributing supplies. One in the East, 
another in the West. There were over three 
thousand tributaries in the West alone, and 
over thirty thousand women helped in the 
Western work. 

The effort in the East was still larger. Great 
Sanitary Fairs were held, and immense sums 
were raised. 

The two Commissions worked in harmon3^ 
The Christian Commission was largely com- 
posed of Ministers and active Christian work- 
ers, and hence the'r distinctive appellation. 
If either Commission needed anything, work 
or supplies and the other could grant it, it was 
sure to do so. The Chaplainswent often to the 
Sanitary Commission for things they could 




SCENES DURING THE CIVII, WAR. 



260 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



not find temporaril}- in the Chri-Xi-an Commis- 
sion. I remember two brown and bronzed 
men called on us one day, asking for ten bar- 
rels of pickles or saurkraut. We had none, 
bnt our requisition on the noble Sanitary men 
was speedily answered by an Army wagon load 
ordered to the front and placed under the di- 
rections of these greatly gratified Chaplains. 

There is no question but that the timely aid 
of these vast supplies kept myriads of people 
from starvation. Just after the capture of 
Richmond, Va., April 3d, 1865, when all 
articles of food were consumed, the sight of the 
starving poor of that City was heart rending. 
Our Commission gave out supplies for forty days, 
at times over 10,000 rations a day, and the San- 
itary Commission in another part of the City, 
was doing even more, of the same blessed 
work. The Government at last opened stores 
and sold fresh bread and meat at cost, and by* 
and by the relief reached all the suffering ones. 
The total supplies of moneys, stores, medi- 
cines, transportation, publications, tents and 
assistance, if paid for at the regular rates, by 
the two Commissions would have amounted to 
more than 125,000,000. 

We have purposely omitted the names of 
nearly all the prominent workers. Their 
records can never be written. Not a tithe is in 
print, though many volumes have been pub- 
lished. We shall only mention one name 
with which to close the sketch. 

George H. Stuart, the Originator of the 
Christian Commission, has well been named, 
"The Great Christian Chieftain." 

He threw a live soul, a business man's pow- 
er, and a Christian's zeal into the spiritual and 
relief work. Nothing was too sacred for the 
good cause. A hotel dining-room filled with 
guests, would be called to silence while he 
read a telegram, and took up a subscription of 
thousands of dollars. Ordained by the Good 
Samaritan of the Skies, he entered pulpits, 
thrilled gathered throngs, and demanded help 



in the name of his Master. A poor woman 
in England desired to send something to the 
soldiers and forwarded a five pound note 
worth then over %2^, to President Lincoln. He 
turned it over to Stuart saying its desi^^i was ■ 
doubtless for the Christian Commission. It 
was held up before great audiences, sold, given 
back, and, re-sold again and again until the 
poor widow's gift netted more than a hundred 
thousand dollars. 

A piece of Jewelry "with a history" would 
sell for fooo. Wealthy ladies threw into the 
collections, bracelets, diamond rings and other 
jewelry, for the choicest treasures were not 
w'ithheld. The first year of the Christian 
Commission Mr. Stuart and his Assistants 
raised 11356,000, but during the last four months 
^2, 260,000 came in as free will offerings. 

Broken in health, being a great sufferer 
,from life long asthma, Mr. Stuart was often 
carried to the field, where the wounded were 
lying, where he gave personal directions in re- 
lief work, or led the gospel meetings. He has 
been so frequently before the Public as a Trus- 
tee, Chairman, Director or officer of some kind 
that he has really been loaded w4th honors for 
more than half a century. 

The esteem of the Nation for him has been 
marked by Presidents calling upon him for 
counsel, and by a pressing invitation to take 
a seat in the Cabinet. All the Churches claim 
him as a brother beloved, and no Assembly has 
been under his direction but has felt itself 
honored by his presence. 

Born April 2, 1816, God has spared him to 
a good old age, to see the fruits of his benevo- 
lent works. 

In speaking of the Merchants' National 
Bank in Philadelphia, the Record of that city 
says of its President, Mr. Stuart. "He is a 
gentleman whose name has become a house- 
hold word throughout our land and across the 
seas. Who that passed through the soulstir- 




SCENES DURING THE CIVIL WAR. 



203 



J IIIC AMllk'lCAS MAMMAL. 



rijiK time of the late War can for^rt tin- ser- 
vici' that Mr. Stuart ri'iKk-rcd his CouiiU y, as 
Pri'SKk-iit of tlic Uiiilcd vSlalfS Christ an Coiii- 
nrlssion, dc-voting his tiiiu' th.il iiii.i;ht havi- 
bc'cn occupied in nniassm^i a lorlunc, to llic 
jR'cds of the sick and wounded soldiers incur 
Armies? President vSluart's jiersoual carei'f 
as a merchant is a cons])iiuous feature in the 
history of l'liihi(K'li)hia, and liis name is insej)- 
ara!)ly assoi-iatcd with thi' hij^hest ideal of 
commercial enterprise and business intci^'rily." 

The Work ol' tlio <itrlNlliiii <'oiiiiiiiNNi«>ii 

The Christian Commission felt that its spe- 
cial work was d(jne when the War closed, 
hence it disbanded from the active duties 
of relief work. The vSenate Chaud)er at Wasli- 
inj^ton held a vast thronj.; Jan. ist, iS66, when 
the brethren said j^ood bye. 

b'ifleeu years passed, and no effort for a 
Ri'uuiou seemed to avail. 'I'lie Delej^ales were 
widely scattered and yet felt the tenderest re- 
f^ard for one another and often ex])ressed a 
wish that some one would call them to).,a'ther. 

The Rev. John II. Vincent, I). D., answered 
a letter from the writer, that Cluiutauciua 
\v(udd gladly set aside a wluile day to listen to 
the Story of the War, as told by 1 )elej4atcs and 
Cha])lains from both siiles. The first Reunion 
was held at Chautaiuiua Anjj;. 7, 1880, and was 
an immense j^atheriuj^. rresident Stuart pii'- 
sided and the enthusiasm was woiideriul. The 
thniii;; was so delij^ihled that Dr. Vincent pub- 
licly invited the vSeiond Reunion to meettheie 
nj^ain in jSSi, which was accordingly done. At 
this );atheriujj^ the crowd was still laij^er, ami 
the audunce seemed as much delighted as be- 
foli'. 

Tlu iMiird Reuniou was held July 5, 18S2, at 
],ake HUiir, 111., near Chicago. Ihe meetiii'j 
was one of remarkable interest and maile a 



de;]) impression. 

'I'he I'ourth Reunion was held at Ocean 
('.rove, New Jersey, July 22-24, >'^^3- l''rom 
the time the speakers began, to the close of 
lliL> two days not a moment ])assed without in- 
liiise interest, and Dr. vSlokes, the I'lesident 
ol the Hoard of Trustees, jjublicly invited the 
Reunion to come back the following year. 

The iMftli Reiiuiou was accordingly held at 
Ocean (iiove, Aug. 1-3, iSS.}, and was in one 
respect the most remarkable gathering ever 
held l)y these go<jd »Sainaritans. 'J'he Dele- 
gates were informed thai C.eneral Giant was 
at his cottage only six miles away, at Long 
Branch. I'lesiilent vStuari directed the vSecre- 
tary to invite him to a I'liblic Reception. 

In answer to the teli'ijiain, he came next day 
and api>eared on the platform in the allernoou. 
'J'he Rev. A. J. ralinei deli\eie(l one of the 
most telling speeches of welcome we ever 
heard. (icneral Grant was assisted to the 
front, for he was quite lame from !i fall, caus- 
ing a broken tendon, and after the tumultuous 
giet'ting, waving of handkerchiefs and cheer- 
ing had sub.-.ide(l he said. 

"Ladies and Gentlemen, under the circum- 
stances it isdilVicult forme to speak. An hour 
ago I might have made a sjieecli, but now I 
am almost afraid to do so. I know, as few can, 
the good that these Chaplains and Members of 
the Commission have done — writing letters for 
the sick and wounded, to the friends at home, 
to anxious, sorrowing mothers and i'atlu'rs. I 
havi' not words to express my thanks lor this 

welcome. I a])preciate" and here his voice 

failed, the sentence was never finished, he sank 
to his chair, sobbing and weeping jirofusely. 
It was the only time the great hero was known 
to weep, and the vast throng was also bathed 
in tears. The Audience was .spell lK)und, and 
fot some monuMits silence prevailed. This was 




6Cl'',Nl-> iJl/KINl". Tllj; Civil, WAT. 



284 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



General Grant's last speecti before the Pub- 
lic. 

Tlie Sixth Reunion was held at Old Orchard, 
Maine, June 26-30, 1S85. The Sabbath services 
drew an immense crowd, and the welcome and 
good feeling were very marked. 

The Seventh Reunion was held at Valley 
Camp, near Pittsburg, Pa., July 29, Aug. I, 
1886. 

Action was taken at this meeting for a per- 
manent Organization by the adoption of the 
following order. 

"The publication of the continued Organi- 
zation of the Unitcfl States Christian Couviuis- 



sion {dc facto) is hereby ordered announced in 
the Official Report; and that it is now ready 
for Relief Work at the call of the Officers." 

Ocean Grove sent a pressing invitation to 
return there again, and the Eighth Reunio'i 
was held at that famous resort, Aug. 4-7, 1SS7. 
The attendance was simply immense and the 
interest for four days continued as strong as 
ever. Many pressing invitations came from 
different parts of the Country, for future meet- 
ings, and Round Lake, Saratoga Co., N. Y., 
was chosen for Aug. 15-20, 1S88. 

No great Public sorrow has called the Chris- 
tian Commission to active service, thus far, but 
with a live organization it stands ready to res- 
pond, should occasion require. 




77/A AMERICAN MANUAL. 



20.- 



FlI^SiP AND IJAS^ (9HINGS OP I^HB ©IVIL &5a1^. 



The first hostile shot of the war was fired at 
Fort Siiinter, b}' Captain George S. James, 
of South Carolina. 

The first shot fired in the defense of the 
Union, was fired at Fort Sumter, by Captain 
(General) Abner Douljleday, of New York. 

Probably the first gun fired in the war was 
on the 1 6th of February, 1861, (before the at- 
tack on Sumter,) when the rebel General 
Ben. McCullough, captured San Antonio, Tex- 
as, and Twiggs surrendered. 

The first to fire a hostile shot in the valley o^ 
the Mississippi, was battery A, ist lllniois 
Light Artillery. 

The first shot fired in defense of Fort vSum- 
ter, in 1861, was fired by the istU.S. Artillery, 
and the last shot fired at Appomattox Court 
House, was by the same Regiment. 

The opening shot at the battle of Gettysburg 
was fired by the Confederates at 10 A. M., July 
I, 1863, against Buford's picket line. 

The first overt act of the war in Virr:;inia, in 
its inception, was the attack on Harper's Fer- 
ry by the Confederates-simultaneous, though, 
in its consummation, with the capture of the 
navy yard at Portsmouth. 

The first Confederate gun fired at the battle 
of Bull Run in i86i,was fired by Lieut. George 
S. Davidson of Lathams Battery. 

A two hundred pound Parrot gun was 
brought to bear against Fort vSumter August 
I, 1863, for the first time in the history of 
siege operations. 



Louisiana was the first of the Seceding 
States that returned to her allegiance of her 
own free will and accord. 

The first military movement of the war in 
the West was under the Illinois militia to 
Cairo. Defenses were tlirown up and Gen. 
Prentiss was placed in coniniaud. For eight 
months Fort Defiance was our most Southern 
point. 

The first successful military movement of 
the war took place in July, 1861, when Gen. 
Dix ^ent Gen. Lockwood into Accomac and 
Northampton counties, Virginia, with in- 
structions to drive the confederates out 

The last "-rcat char;;o on the third day of 
the battle of Gettysburg was made by the 
confederates on the Brigade commanded by 
Gen. Alexander S. Webb, but the skill and 
bravery of Gen. Webb and the valor of his 
Brigade caused the repulse and route of the 
assailants in irretrievable confusion. Gen. 
Webb is now President of the College of New 
York. 

Tlie most roinurkable instaiit^c perhaps, 
of a small band of heroes successfuly opposing 
a vastly superior force, occurred at the very 
close of the battle of Gettyslmrg. ''Tlie en- 
emy were temporarily checked," says Gen. 
Doubleday in his history ofthe battle, "by ades- 
perate charge on their flanks made by only 
sixteen men under Captains Treichel and 
Rogers and Chaplain Newhall of Gen. Mcin- 
tosh's Staff This little band were every one 
killed or disabled, but they succeeded in de- 
laying the enemy until Gen. Custer came up 
with the 7th Michigan Regiment. 



266 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



The Battle of Chancellorsvillc was opened 
by an attack of Confederate skirmishers, 2 li 
Virginia Infantry, not the iith as appears lu 
Swinton's History. 

The first Secession Speech made in the Leg- 
islature of Tennessee, was made by a man 
named Bennett, who afterwards joined Mor- 
gan's guerrilla band. 

Cov. I^etcherof Virginia, was the first man, 
who, as a candidate for office, openly advoca- 
ted secession on the stump in Virginia. 

The first Union blood shed in the war was 
that of a New Yorker-Daniel Hough, mortally 
wounded at Fort Sumter in 1861, and Col. 
Klmer E. Ellsworth, of the New York Fire 
Zouaves, shot dead at the Marshall House, 
Alexandria, Va. 

The first to spill their blood on the breast 
works of the enemy at Yorktown, were the 
soldiers of the 40th New York Regiment, and 
they were the first to plant the New York 
State colors on the battlements of Fort Magru- 
der. 

The first innocent blood shed in the war is 
said to have been that of Mr. Robert E. Scott, 
of Fauquier Co. Va., killed by Gen. Blenker's 
men. 

The first blood of a colored man shed in the 
war was that of Nicholas Biddle, of Pennsvlva- 
nia. He was with the first company that passed 
through Baltimoi-e in 1861, where he was 
■wounded. 

The first Confederate victim of the war, Hen- 
ry S. Wyatt of N. C, was reported to have 
been the first, and was killed at Big Bethel. 
But it has been claimed in other quarters that 
Mr. Bailey Brown of Virginia, killed on the 
night of May 22, '61, was the first man. Henry 
St. George Tucker of the 'IGovernors Guard,'' 
Richmond, however, died of disease contracted 
while on dut}', twelve days before Mr, Brown 
was killed. 



The first Cavalryman killed in the war was 
Jacob Erwin of Philadelphia, a member of a 
Company commanded b}- Captain Wni. H. 
Boyd, and was killed in a charge on the Black 
Horse Cavalry near Fonic Church, Va., Aug. 
1861. This was the first charge of the war 
made by the Volunteer Cavalry. 

The first to hoist the old flag over the Con- 
federate fort at Roanoke Island, was the 51st 
New York Regiment, and the colors of the 5i3t 
were also the first to wave over the Capitol at 
Jackson, Mississippi. 

The Stars and vStripes were first raised over 
the Capitol of the Confederate States, when the 
Union troops entered the City of Richmond in 
1S65, by Lieutenant Johnston Livingstone de 
Peyster, of New York. 

The first flag planted on the ruins of the 
Confederate fort, at the explosion of the mine 
in front of Petersburg, July 30, 1864, was that 
of the 14th New York Artillery. Col. Hough- 
ton led the charge. 

The only flag taken at the battle of Fair Oaks 
by our troops was the flag of the 22d North 
Carolina, captured by the 65th New York. 

The first Union flag hoisted in Georgia, was 
the flag of the 7th Connecticut Regiment, Col. 
Terry, and was raised in Tybee Lighthouse. 

The first Union flag found in Alabama was 
found nailed to a staft' upon the housetop of 
the Hon. George W. Lane, in Huntsville. 

Ohio had the most beautiful flags in the ser- 
vice. 

The pvXy Confederate colors taken in the 
battle of Chickamauga, were the colors of the 
22d Alabama Regiment, and were captured by 
the I2ist Ohio Regiment. 

More bayonet wounds were inflicted upon 
our soldiers at the battle of Gaines Mills, than 
in any other battle of the war. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



207 



The Itnttlc of Ploasant Hill, l.a., was, 
probably the first time -when the confederates 
manifested any desire to meet our soldiers in 
an open field fight, and particularly ■when they 
were the attacking pai'ty. 

Tlie first tiino an oiitiro t'onfertcratp Kris* 
atlo was driven from the field by a single Reg- 
iment, was on the third day of the battle of 
Gettysburg when the ist Michigan Cavalry 
Regiment, engaged and defeated Hampton's 
Brigade. 

Klk Crook was the first battle of the war 
fought south of the Arkansas river. 

Tiie first aoiiial coiifiiot of the war was in 

St. Louis, on the loth of May, 1861, on the oc- 
casion of the coiip d' etat of Gen. Lyons — cap- 
ture of the confederate camp Jackson. 

The first soldier mi;stered into the military ser- 
vice of New Jersey, at the commencement of the 
war, was J. Hudson Drake, of Elizabeth; and 
he was the first soldier to unfurl the Stars 
and Stripes on the soil of Virginia. 

«eii. Kirby SinUli, in speaking of the 
battle of MlUiken's Bend, said: "I saw black 
and white men lying side by side on the 
ground, killed by the bayonet — the first in- 
stance, to my knowledge, in the war, where 
bayonets had crossed." 

Gen. Meade said that the ist Army Corps 

on the first day of the battle of Gettysburg 
saved the position, and with it the country. 

The First Fort Taken in the war was at 

Selma, Ala., and Serg't John A. Ennis was 
killed in taking, the colors upon the ramparts. 

The oldest volunteer in the war was Mr. 
Davis of La Porte, Indiana, eighty-four year, 
of age. He passed himself off for sixty-fives 
and with his three sons enlisted in an Illinois 
Regiment He had served in the Mexican 
war. 



The Knoxville Wilis; of January 30, 1S63, 
said: For the first time since the war began 
each Southern army is held at bay by a superi- 
or abolition force. 

The battle of Uovovly Ford June 9, '63 was 
the first occasion when the Cavalry of the 
Arni3^ofthe Potomac went into action as a' 
body. 

The Sio;;-*' of Fort Siuntor in 1S63 was 
probably the first attempt in the militarv his- 
tory of the world, where a distant fortification 
was literally besieged over the heads of the 
garrisons of two other fortifications in direct 
line with the point attacked. 

The only guns the Union forces lost in the 
battles of the Wilderness w'ere two pieces be- 
longing to Battery D, ist New York Artillerj\ 

Tiie 56th Ohio and 34th Incliana Regiments, 
ca])Lured the first Battery, at the battle of 
I'^ort .Gibson, whicii was the first victon- of 
the Vicksburg campaign. 

The youngest soldier in the army (1S64) — 
Sergeant John Clem, 22d Michigan Reginient 
— twelve years of age. His home was New^- 
ark. Ohio. 

Illinois was the oiil)' State in MaiTli, 1864, 
that had furnished all the men called for by 
the Government. The State had about twelve 
thousand to her credit above all demands. 

Massachusetts furnished Hie first compq^i}- 
of Sharpshooters. They were called the ".\n- 
drew Shar})sliooters," and w^ere attached to 
her 15th Reginient. 

The first Company to respond to the call 
for troops in 1865, was a company of forty 
men from Chambersburg, Pa., conlmanded by 
Captain T. S. Stnmbaugh. 

The first soldier to respond to the call of 
duty from the vState of Tennessee, was Joseph 
A. Cooper, who rose to the rank of Brigadiei 
General. 



i!iW 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Tlic (Till N«'w Yorlt was the first Veteran 
R'.i>iiiit'iit op^anizccl in the United States. 

The loail Now York llou'iinoiit was the first 
to (lash acmss the crest in the attack on IvOok- 
out Moniitain, "which made thcni," said Gov. 
Gearv of Pennsylvania, "the heroes of that 
battle." 

The Kit li Now York lloai.v Ai-4MI«m;.v was 

the lan;est Regiment ever recrnitetl in the 
United States. 

The i»i<Nt Xnw York, are said to have saved 
the fortniies of the day at the battle of Win- 
chester, Septeuibor 19. 1864. 

The first volimtcor <'av(»lry llo«-iciioiit 

nnistcred into the service wiis the ist New 
York Mounted Rilles, and this vvai the lasl one 
mnstered ont at the close of the war. 

The first «'our<Mloritlo oHIoor killed in bat- 
tle was Gen. Garnet, of Ivssex, Virginia. 

Sloiioti'iiii .Im'ksoii WIS the first to rocog- 
ni/.e Surgeons tis non-combalants, and uucon- 
ditionally entitled to exchange. 

The first VoiilVtloi'iKo oliioorM hung as spies 
<huiug the war, were Col. Lawrence A. Wil- 
liams, and Lieut. Peters. 

The last 4'oniVilt'riilo to lay down his arms 
was IClias llapner, a Tennessee guerrilla. Ilap- 
ner committed murder in i88i and was shot at 
lyeadville, Colorado, and killed. 

The first arroNt by i\\v 4'oiir4>«lora(o!i for 

ireason was that of J. W. Merriam, Collector 
ol" the Port of Georgetown, S. C, Jannary 7, 

1 80 1 . 

Hut Olio iiiiiii was oxoouioti in the Army of 
the Potomac np to Pebrnary, 1863, for a fla- 
grant crime, antl that was a case of attempted 
desertion to the enemy. 

The first aot «»r|»lraoy in tl»o war was com- 
mitted June 30, 1861, by Rlarylandcrs, led 
by Zarvoua Thomas, called the "In-ench 



Lady," assisted bj George N. Halhns. In the 
expedition was a man named Martin, who 
kept a licpior store ni Baltimore. This ir.au, 
Martin, gave John Wilkes Booth, who bhot 
the President, letters of introduction to this 
region o( Maryland where he was a native. So 
here at Point Lookout in 1861 began the crime 
which led to the assassination in 1865. 

The first «lec'isi«tii iiikIoi- iIio r,iitaiioi|tii(ioii 

I'l'oolmiiatloii wasthe vStatcof jMissouriagainst 
Benjamin Williams, a black man. 

The first eaNc or oiiiaiK-ipatiou under the 
President's proclamation was that of three ne- 
gro boys escaping from Kirby Smith's army, 
and appearing before Lieut. Col. Spies, Milita- 
ry Governor of the towns of Covington and 
Newport, Ky., September 23, 1862, who gave 
tliLin free papers. 

The term >'('oiiiraI»aiicr' as applied to the 
negroes, did not originate with Ben. Butler as 
i.s generally supposed. The expression was 
made use of in 1863 by the Hon. George Op- 
dyke of New York, in a published treatise on 
political economy. 

The first i«ioa of raisinig: colored Ko;;i- 
iiiciiiN, publicly expressed, was made by Gen. 
Watts D. Peysler of New York, and was pub- 
lished in the Poughkeepsie Eagle in the winter 
of 1859- '60. 

The first dotaoliniont ornojrro froopN tnr- 
nishcd by the State of New York was recruitttl 
at Ilndson by J. M. ICdwards of that place, in 
March, 1S63. They joined the 64th Massachu- 
setts Regiment. 

The <<oiiro<loratoM were the first to arm ne- 
groes. They did so at the very outset of the 
rebellion. They did so in Mobile before the 
battle of Bull Run. They did so in Louisiana 
before one negro had been allowed to put on 
a uniform of a United States .soldier. They 
dill so in Tennessee even before the State had 
openly seceded from the Union, 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



369 



Althous^li New Jersey was the only State 
whitli (lid not cast its electoral vote as a unit 
for Mr. Lincoln, slie was the first of all States 
to send into the field her full quota of troops 
under the first three several calls from the 
Government. 

The credit of oritjinatinp; the first movement 
for the raisinj^ of ^'olunteers has been awarded 
to Gen. P.utlcr, who issued a call for a meeting 
of the officers of the 6th Massachusetts Reg- 
iment to be held at Lowell, on the 21st day 
of January, 1S61, but the records show that the 
honor is justly due to Captain (General) "Allen 
Rutherford of New York City, (now of Wash- 
ington.) Cai)tain Rutherford issued a call for 
a meeting which was to be held at the Mercer 
Mouse in New York on the 9th of January 
vwelve days before the meeting at Lowell for 
the pui-pose of organizing for tlie protection of 
the United States and the enforcement of the 
laws. 

The first Confederate flag captured on the 
iDattlefield, was captured by Lieut. John Coyne 
of the 70th New York Volunteers, the first 
Regiment of the Excelsior Brigade at the bat- 
ile of Williamsl)urg on the 5tli of May, 1862. 
The Brigade had been severely engaged most 
of the afternoon. A great many officers had 
fallen and the Brigade was sorely pressed. At 
this ])oint the Confederates l)rought up a fresh 
Brigade and they were formed in line on the 
edge of a dense wood immediately in front of 
the Excelsior Brigade. Through the smoke of 
battle could be seen their colors advancing, 
until the colors of one of their Regiments was 
advanced within 100 yards of the 70th Regi- 
ment. Lieut. Coyne then asked for volunteers 
to follow him and take those Confederate col- 
ors. Sixteen brave fellows, among whom were 
Serg't Cook and Cor])oral Bateman sprang for- 
\vard. It seemed only a .second of time when 
they found themselves struggling witli the 
Confederate Color Guard. iJcut. Coyne 



coxild not remember an incident of the strug- 
gle, except his effort to wrest the colors front 
the grasp of the Confederate who held them. 
The glare of the eyes, and the uplifted mus- 
kets, and the exclamation of Scixt- <'<M>lt 
(who was lying at his feet shot through the 
body), "don't let them get it Ixick, Lieut." 
The brave Coyne had torn the flag from tlie 
stalTand was (yin;: it iii-4miii«i iiis iMMly, when 
the appealing words of the dying Serg't came 
out of that storm of lead and desperate en- 
counter, lie turned to look where his men 
were. All had faded away like mist. Not a 
nian was standing, and he alone reached our 
lines, fainting and exhausted. This is the 
story of the capture of the first Confederate 
fiag and well might Gen. Heintzelman in his 
letter to the Secretary of War recommending 
that the brave Lieutenant be promoted to 
Brevet-Colonel, say-"At Williamsburg with 
undaunted bravery and after a severe contest, 
he captured the colors of a Ooiir<><l4>rati> Ito;?- 
Inu-ntand was mentioned by me in general 
orders for his gallantry. 

Naitoleoii. Arkansas, was the first to fire on 
an unarmed boat in the history of the war. 

The first point at wliicli the rcbeK com- 
menced the erection of works blockading the 
Mississippi river was Vicksburg. 

The first vcsn<>i of war destroyed by a tor- 
pedo, was the iron-clad vessel "Cairo," on the 
Yazoo river. 

Ihe first voNMol <o make a lioNtile (lemon* 
stration against the enemy was the "Powhat- 
tan, "commanded by Admiral Porter. 

Theionffpst pontoon l>i'i«lyo ever construct- 
ed in this country was built by Co. F. 15th 
New York Volunteers. It extended across 
the Chickahominy, and was used on the oc- 
casion of McClellan's withdrawing his troops 
from Harrison's Landing. 



2:u 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Goii. IWcPherson was the youngest man con- 
firmed by Congress a Brigadier General. He 
was thirty-one years of age. 

<iftii. Cxrniit held more commissions for 
brave and meritorious conduct than probably 
any other man ever did. He had been com- 
missioned at least thirteen times. 

<«1. J. .l.'WiMor, of the i/th Indiana Regi- 
ment, had the honor of giving the City of 
Chattanooga the hrst hostile salute it received, 
at the time Rosccrans marched on that city in 
August, 1864. 

The first iiit'innlloii tliat Uvw. <iv:\\\i was to 

take command of the Army of tlie Potomac, 
came from tlie New Orleans correspondent of 
the New York Daily News, in a letter to that 
paper, dated August i, 1763. 

The first justaiioo wliore <ln» roiffiilar 

li'oopM were commanded by a volunteer officer 
was when Gen. Joseph Ha3'es, formerly of the 
iSth Massachusetts Regiment, was appointed 
to the command of the ist Brigade, 2d Divis- 
ion of the 5th Corps. 

Col. B. T. l>rtvis. 8th New York Cavalry, 
killed at Beverly Ford in June, 1863, was a Mis- 
sissippian, and is said to have been, up to that 
time, the only Cavalry officer of Southern 
birth, in the Union Army. 

«oii. Pliil Koarnoy was the first American 
officer ever decorated with the Legion of Hon- 
or by the Emperor Napoleon. 

The first Wi>!!»t Point ollioor of artillery to 
fall in the war was Lieut. Greble, killed at Big 
Bethel. 

Ool. .isKMiues of the 73d Illinois Regiment 
was the first man to enter the rebel entrench- 
ments on the height of Mission Ridge. This 
is the Col Jacques who visited Jeff Davis in 
Richmond with the hope of bringing about 
peace. 



The first public iiitininilon tlint Gen. 

Grant had attempted to undermine Peters- 
burg, Va., July 1864, came from Charles J. 
Browne of Petersburg, who wrote a letter on 
the subject to the Richmond Whig, July 16, 
1864. 

The first officer to resii^rn Iiis position in 

the United States Army for the purpose of par- 
ticipating in the rebellion was Wm. H. T. 
"Walker of Georgia., who suljsequently became 
a Major-General and was killed in battle before 
Atlanta, July 22, 1864. 

The first lnlly rtrmert Ke^inient tO enter 

Washington when it was beleaguered by the 
Confederates in 1861, was the 6th Massachu- 
setts, Col. Jones. 

The First New Yorlt Cavalry Itog^iinent 

claim to have captured more prisoners and 
pro})erty up to 1864, than any other Cavalry 
Regiment in the service. They had taken 
three thousand prisoners. 

Battery 1>, Ist New York Artillery, is 

credited with more battles than any other in 
the army. In May 1864 when Gen. Meade 
called for tlie reports of all the battles the 
regiments and batteries had been engaged in, 
that they might have them inscribed on their 
flags, Battery D bore off the palm. 

The first Re;:'inient in enter Torktown, 

and plant the old flag on the ramparts of the 
rebel forts, was the 73d New York — known as 
the 4tli Kxcelsior Regiment. 

The I2tli New York Kesinientwas the first 
Regiment to set foot on the soil of the Old Do- 
minion, and the first to receive an attack after 
the army of invasion crossed into Virginia. 

The fortunes of the day at the battle of the 
Fair Oaks, were decided by a brilliant charge 
of the 37tli New York Volunteers, led by Gen- 
eral Kearney. 



IHE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ri 



The first of the yfoiiitor<« to sco active ser- 

vice was the Montauk, Captain John S. Wor- 
deii, and her first, service was in the attack on 
Fort McAllister. 

The first vessel captured by the Confeder- 
ate cruisers was the Harvey Kurcli. She be- 
longed to Mr. John Brown, of New York. 

The first sto|>i>a$;e of navigration was by 

the Confederates at Memphis, Tenn., and al- 
most simultaneously at Napoleon and Helena, 
Ark. 

The first boat to descen«l to Xew Oi*I<>anM 

a '^ter the capture of Vicksburg, was the "Im- 
perial." 

The first tij-lit in llio history of tli« noi-id 

between iron clad ships was between the Mon- 
itor and the Merrimac. 

The first to suggest the Hatteras expedit- 
ion of 1861, was Capt. R. D. Lowry, U.S.N. 

The first boat ea-i>tiired by the Confederates 
w-as the steamer Ocean Belle, captured at 
Helena, Ark. 

The first t no prisoners captured by the 

army of the Potomac were taken by the 25th 
New York State Militia Regiment. 

The first L'nion prisoner iu the war was 

J. S. Worden, who afterwards commanded the 
Montauk, and subsequently commanded the 
"Monitor" in her fight with the "Merrimac." 

The first pardon under the President's proc- 
lamation — he exempts Brig. E. W. Gantt of 
Arkansas from the penalty of treason. 

The first Union soldier who crossed the 
threshold of the Libby Prison, was Capt. John 
Downey, of the New York P'ire Zouaves. 

l>«»rtsnionth. Va.. was probably the first 
instance of an important ])lace being confided 
exclusively to tl.e c^re ol Colored troops — ist 



U. S. Colored infantry, January, 1864. 

I>ieut. A.N. Sanborn, of the 1st District of 
Columbia colored Regiment, munleied by Dr. 
Wright at Norfolk, Va., was probably the first 
officer of a colored Regiment who died in de- 
fense of the Union. 

On the 7th of March, 1864, the first negro 
prisoners of v-ar were received at Libby 
prison. They were James W. Corn, P. T. 
Lewis, R. P. Armstead and John Thomas. 

liOiiisiana was the first State to institute 
the system of compensated labor. 

The first colored Provost .Marshal was 

Major W. O. Fiske, of the ist Louisiana Vol- 
unteers, appointed by Gen. Banks. 

The first oilicial recogiiition of negrt* 

troops as equals by the Confederates was 
December, ibb3, when a flag of truce borne by 
Major John Calhoun, a graiidscju of John C. 
Calhoun, was re.ceived at Hilton Head by Ma- 
jor Trowbridge of the 1st South Carolina Ne- 
gro Regiment. 

Senat<»r 4'onness, of California, appears 
to have been the first man to publicly recom- 
mend that Gen. Grant Le j^laced in command 
of tne army of the Potomac. 

The first United states tiovernmentllondsi 

were purchased by Messrs. R. S. and A. 
Stewart, of New York. Bond No. 1, being in 
possession of the late Mr. Alexander Stewart 
at the time of his death. 

The first meet in jur held in Xorth Carolina 

to oppose the action of the Confederate au- 
thorities was caused by the appointment of 
Major Bradford, of Virginia, to collect the 
tithes in that State. 

Secretary S;uard"s letter of October 6, 
186 1, was tlie first official document laid be- 
fore the people of England in which the Brit- 
ish Government was notified that it would be 



THE AMERICAN 3fAXUAL. 



held responsible for damages done by the pri- 
vateer Alabama, 

The first motion made in Parliament for 

an investigation into the legality of the sailing 
of the Alabama, Florida and other privateers, 
was made by Mr. J. Shaw Lefevre, Member of 
Reading, son of the late speaker. 

Senator Snmner was the first person to urge 
upon President Lincoln to make public tlie 
Confiscation Proclamation. 

Hon. Hiram Walbridge, of New York, 
was the first person to recommend to Presi- 
dent Lincoln the importance of securing Beau- 
port and Port Royal, S. C. 

The first ease under the Confiscation Act 
came up July 23d, 1S63. It was that of the 
property of Dr. Garuett, a son-in-law of Henry 
A. Wise. 

The first <l raft since the war ofiSi2, took 
place at Hartford, Conn., mi the loth of Sep- 
tember, 1862. 

The first attem:>t at resistance to the draft 

occurred in Fulton Co., Penn., about the 8th 
of June, 1863. 

The first time the body of a Confederate 

soldier was returned to his kindred and friends 
with the honors of war, was on the 9th of Jan- 
uary, 1863. It was the body of Colonel Law- 
ton, who was wounded and captured at the 
battle of Fredericksburg. 

The 2d ivew York State Militia (82d Vols.) 
is the oldest Regiment in the State of New 
York, and was the first to volunteer from New 
York for the war. 

The first Keg'iment in the State of New 
York to ofter its services to the Government, is 
said b}' Col. Adams, of the 67th, to be the Reg- 
iment he commanded. 

The first Regiment from the State of New 



York to march to the defense oftke Capitol 
was the 7th Militia Regiment. 

The first New York Keg-iment raised for 
three years or the war was the 70th, the first 
Reg't. of the Fxcelsior Brigade, raised by Col. 
(now Gen.) Daniel E. Sick)es. 

The first massaelmsetts Regiment fur- 
nished the first Gen. to commaud colored 
troops — Capt. Edward A. Wild, who com- 
manded the Brigade known as "Wild's African 
Brigade. ' ' 

The I2tli Connecticut Regiment Vi/as the 
first to ascend the Mississippi river after the 
capture of forts Phillips and Jackson. 

The otii Vermont was the first New Eng- 
land regiment to enlist for three 3'ears. 

The first Hussar Regiment raised in the 
country for real service m the war was organ- 
ized at Trenton, N. J., by Col. Andrew J. Mor- 
rison. 

Commodore Vanderbilt's name stands first 
on the list for magnificent donations to the 
United States Government. He presented 
the steamer "Vanderbilt," which cost |;8oo,- 
000. 

The first contribution made by a private cit- 
izen for the defense of the Nation, was made 
by Col. John Jacob Astor, of New York, when 
he liberally furnished the means to purchase 
the gunboat "Yankee," which was sent to the 
relief of the garrison at Fort Sumter. 

The National Banking Law was first sug- 
gested to the Secretary of the Treasury by the 
Hon. Elridge T. Spaulding, of Buffalo, N. Y. 

The Treasury Note or Greenback system 
was first suggested by the late Mr. Silas M. 
Stillwell, of New York. Mr. Stillwell and not 
the late Secretary Chase, should have been 
called the "Father of Greenbacks." 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



The highest bid for the first Government Loan 
February, i86r, ^vas made by the Bank of the 
Republic in New York City. 

The Southern Bank of New Orleans in 1S63, 
was the only bank North or South, that had 
made coin payments in full. 

The last Union paper printed in the South 
was edited by Gen. A. B. Norton, formerly Adj. 
Gen. of the State of Texas. He was the only 
man in the South who published the inaugural 
message of President Lincoln. 

The first time during the war that a passen- 
ger train was captured and robbed, was in 
February, 1864, when the Confederates cap- 
tured the Baltimore express train for Wheel- 
ing. The capture was made near Kearneys- 
ville, Western Virginia. 

The first printing press and type ever bought 
for the sole purpose of printing anti-slavery 
sentiments in Tennessee, arrived in Nashville, 
Februray 15, 1864. 

The first time in which a balloon reconois- 
sance was successfully made during a battle is 
believed to have been at the battle of Fair 
Oaks. Certainly the first time in which a 
telegraph station was established in the air to 
report the movements of the enemy. 



The first gleam of fraternal light which 
beamed upon the dark feelings ruling the 
great contest was brought forth by a letter 
from the officers of the 12th Arkansas Regi- 
ment, to the officers of the 165th New York, at 
the time of the capture of Port Hudson in 1863. 

The only representative of the Empire of 
China in the army of the Potomac was John 
Tommy, of the E-xcelsior Brigade (probably 
in the 70th New York Regiment). He was 
killed at Gettysburg. 

The first cargo from New Orleans after the 
commencement of the war arrived North ia 
June, 1862. 

The first public exhibition of loyalty to the 
U. S. Government on the part of the citizens 
of Memphis, Tenn., was on the 25th of August 
1863, when a grand entertainment was given, 
to Gen. Grant. 

The first soldiers cemetery dedicated during 
the war was dedicated by the Rev. Dr. New- 
man, at New Orleans, in May, 1864. 

The first allusion to the subject through the 
press, favoring the assassination of President 

Lincoln, was made \>y of West Feliciana 

in a letter to the editor of the "Missisfiippian," - 
and dated February 21, 1863. 



SP^ 
=^^^ 



274 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

Hames op the Sjtaites. 



HAMILTON B. STAPLES. 



New IIai«|»«ltire. 

THE origin of the name New Hampshire is very 

simple. The original territory, conveyed by patent of 

the rlymouth Company to John Mason in 1629, was 

named by him after Hampshire County in J^ugland. 

Massaclinsotts. 

the; life of Massachusetts as an autonomic State 
begins with the charter of 1691, which merged into one 
province the Plymouth and the Massachusetts Bay 
jurisdictions, and also the Province of Maine. The 
present name of the State is derived from the bay of 
that name. lu fact, the word "Bay" was a part of the 
name of the younger colony which alone had received 
a charter from the crown, and was retained in the name 
of the new province, and afterward in the name of the 
State, till the constitution of 17S0 went into operation. 
The Massachusetts Bay received its name from the 
Massachusetts Indians, who peopled its shores at the 
time of John Smith's visit in 1614. The word Massa- 
chusetts is an anglicized plural of Massachusett, 
meaning "at or near the great hills," "at or near the 
great hill country," from massa, "great," wadchu (in 
composition) adchu— plural wadchuash, "mountains," 
or "hills," and the suffix et, "at or near." 
Khocic Island. 

THE origin of the name of Rhode Island is quite ob- 
scure. A writer in the Providence Journal says: "Some 
ancient authors write the name Island of Rhodes. Some 
have believed that the name was to be derived from the 
Dutch Roode Eylandt, which signifies Red Island, and 
which the first Dutch explorers of the bay gave to the 
island. Others have written the name Rod Island. 
Perhaps it could also be Road Island (the island of the 
roadstead, or harbor island). In the early history of 



the State persons of the family name Rhodes are also 
mentioned. Could not one Mr. Rhodes have been 
among the first English settlers?" Mr. Schoolcraft, in 
his history of the Indian tribes, adopts the Dutch origin 
of the name. Mr. Arnold, in a note to his valuable 
"History of Rhode Island," says that the celebrated 
Dutch navigator, Adrian Block, who gave his name to 
Block Island, sailed into Nanagansett Bay, "where he 
commemorated the fiery aspect of the place caused by 
the red clay in some portion of its shores by giving it 
the name of Roode Eylandt, the Red Island, and by 
easy transposition, Rhode Island." In support of the 
theory that the State was named after the island in the 
Mediten-anean Sea we have the authority of Peterson's 
"History of Rhode Island." We also have the com- 
manding authority of the public act by which the name 
was given. 

Connecticut. 

THE name Connecticut, spelled Quin-neh-tukqut sig- 
nifies "land on a long tidal river." The name is so 
spelled in "Cotton's Vocabulary," and in the "Cam- 
bridge Records" it appears as Quinetuckquet. This 
explanation rests upon the authority of Dr. Trumbull. 
New York. 

THE territory of New York was comprised in the 
royal grant to the Duke of York in 1664, of all the laud 
"from the west side of the Connecticut River to the east 
side of the Delaware Bay." In 1664 the Duke fitted out 
an expedition which took possession of New Amsterdam 
and the place was thereafter called New York in honor 
of the Duke. The same name was applied to the State. 
By a strange caprice of history the greatest State in the 
Union bears the name of the last and the most tyranni- 
cal of the Stuarts. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



275 



New Jcrsoy. 

THE Statt of New Jersey, granted by the I>nkc of 
York to Kir €ieorK°eCai't<'i*c>t and I^or«l Iterke- 

ley in 1664, received its name in the grant in coni- 
niemoration of the brave defense of the Isle of Jersey 
by Carteret, its Governor, against the Parliamentary 
forces in the great Civil war. 

I'eiiiisylvania. 
PENNSYLVANIA owes its name to its founder, 
H'illiaiii I'eiiii. The name given by Penn himself 
was Sylvan ia, but King Charles II. insisted that the 
name of Penn should be prefixed. It is the only State 
in the Union named after its founder. 
Delaware. 
THE Counties of Newcastle, Kent, and Sussex"npon 
Delaware," granted by the Duke of York to Penn 
in 1682, were known as the territories of Pennsylvania. 
In 1701 Penn granted them a certain autonomy. The 
State was named after the bay of that name, and the 
bay after L.or(l De-la-war, who explored it. It has 
been claimed that the bay and the river were named 
after the Delaware Indians, who in 1660 dwelt upon 
their shores. This claim is unfounded. The Delaware 
name of the river was lycnapehittuk, meaning Lenape 
River. 

Maryland. 
MARYLAND was settled under a charter granted in 
1632 by King Charles I. to LiOrtl Baltimore. The 
State was named after <iueeii Ilenriettc 9Iaria. 
In the charter the county is called "Terra Mariete — 
Anglice, Maryland." 

Vlrg'inia. 
THE first step in the colonization of America by 
England was the charter granted in 1584 by Queen 
Elizabeth to Sir Waller Knleigli. Under this 
charter Raleigh took possession of the country west 
of the Roanoke, and called it Virji^inia in honor of 
the Virgin Queen. This is the only State in the Union 
whose name appears in literature associated with the 
royal title. Spenser dedicated the Faerie Queen to 
"Elizabeth, by the Grace of God, Queene of England, 
France, and Ireland, and of Virginia." The nearest 
approach to this in a public act is the order of the 



English Privy Council to the Virginia colony after the 
revolution ot iCSS to proclaim William and Mary as 
"Lord and Lady of Virginia," 

West Vir^^inia. 

THE name of West Virginia, a new State formed 
within the jurisdiction of Virginia, needs no separate 
consideration. 

North Carolina and Soiitli Carolina. 

NORTH Carolina and South Carolina may be con- 
sidered under one head. Allen, in his History of 
Kentucky, ascribes the origin of the name Carolina 
to the French settlers of Port Royal, who named it after 
Charles IX., of France. This is the popular impres- 
sion, but there is reason to question its accuracy. In 
the charter ofCarolina granted to the Lords Proprietors 
by Charles II. in 1663, the name ofCarolina is recog- 
nized. More than thirty years before, Charles I. 
had granted a tract of territoi-y south of the Chesapeake 
to Sir Robert lleatli, naming it Carolina after 
himself. This grant became forfeited by non-user. The 
name, however, so given to the territory, was doubtless 
revived in the new charter of 1663. It would not be a 
pleasant reflection that two States of the Union derived 
their name from the King who commanded the mas- 
sacre of St. Bartholomew. 

Oeorgia, 

THE name of Georgia, after King: Georgre II., 
was by the terms of the charter conferred upon the 
territory granted to the company organized by Ogrle- 
thorpe in 1732. 

Maine. 

MAINE owes its name to its being supposed to be 
the main or chief portion of the New England territory. 
The origin of the name is disclosed in an extract from 
the grant of Charles 1. to Sir Fernando Oorges, 
in 1639, confirmatory of a patent given by the Plymouth 
Company in 1622, which grant the grandson of Gorges, 
through John Usher, assigned to the Massachusetts 
Bay Colony "all that Parte, Purparte and Porcon of the 
Mayne Lande of New England aforesaid, beginning 
att the entrance of Pascatway Harbor" (then follows 
the description), "all which Parte, Purparte or Porcon 
of the Mayne Lande and all and every the premises 



27(i 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



hereinbefore named wee doe for us, our heires and 
successors create and incorporate into one I'rovince or 
Countie. And wee doe name, ordayne, and appoynt 
that the Porcon of the Mayne Laude and Premises 
aforesaid shall forever hereafter bee called and uamed 
The Province or Countie of Mayne." 
Vei'iiioiit. 
THE Territory of Vermont was so named from the 
French words vt^rtl iiioiit, "Green Mountain," the 
«'d" being dropped in composition. The legal history 
of the name is a curious one. At a couveutiou of the 
people held at Westminster, January 15, 1777, it was 
declared that the district was a State, "to be forever 
hereafter called, known, and distinguished by the 
name of Kow C'onnootiou*. alias Vermont." The 
couvention met by ailjournment, July 2, 1777, and hav- 
ing in the meantime ascertained that the name of New 
Connecticut had already been applied to a district on 
the banks of the Susquehanna, it was declared that 
instead of New Connecticut the State shoidd "ever be 
known by the name of ■Vt'rinom.""' Hall, in his 
"Karly History of Vermont," apptnde.x No. 9, claims 
that the words "alias Vermont" did not belong in the 
name as adopted in January, and that they must have 
been inconsiderately added to the journal, or an early 
copy of it, by way of explanation after the name Ver- 
mont had been adopted in lieu of New Connecticut and 
afterward in transcribing, erroneously taken as a port 
of the original. Mr. Hall gives various reasons in 
support of this claim. In opposition to Mr. Hall's 
theory the words are found in Slade's "State Papers." 
page 70, in Williams' "History of Vermont," and in a 
manuscript copy of the journal of the convention, the 
original being lost, in the possession of Jaiiios II. 
l*li<>l|is. Further, all accounts concur that the name 
of Vermont was given to the State by I>r. TlionirtS 
I'ounjf.and we find a letter of his dated April u, 1777, 
addressed to "the nihabitants of Vermont, a free and 
independent State," which implies that at that date 
the State had already received its name of Vermont, 
although under an alias. 

lii'iitiK-ky. 
ALI<KN, in bl3 "History of Kentucky," says it was 



named "from its principal river, which is an Indian 
name for 'dark and bloody ground,' " Moulton, in his 
"History of New York," says Kentuckee signifies 'riv- 
er of blood." " In Haywood's "History of Tennessee," 
Oeii. ('lark is the authority for the as-sertion that in 
the Indian language Kentuke signifies"river of blood." 
ItaiiiN4\y, in his "History of Tennessee," alludes to 
the name of Kentucky as signifying "the dark and 
bloody land." In JoIiiiMOii'!>i CycIopoUia the 
name is given as signifying "the dark and bloody 
gfT-ound." In opposition to all this it appears from 
Johnson's "Account of the Present State of the Indian 
Tribes of Ohio," I., page 271 — that Kentucky is a Slia- 
wanoese or Shawnoese word, signifying "at the head 
of a river;" that the Kentucky River was in former 
times often used by the Shawanoese in their migra- 
tions north and sotith, and hence the whole country 
took its name. This theory of the name is quoted ap- 
provingly in Gallatin's "Synopsis of Indian Tribes." 
Mr. Ilij;'K'insoii, in his "Young Folks' History," 
says the name first applied to the river means "The 
Long River." It lessens the weight of the authorities 
first cited that some of them connect the evil significa- 
tion of the word with land, and some with water. It is 
also highly improbable that a name clothed with asso- 
ciations of terror should be adopted as the civic 
designation of a people. On the whole, it may be 
safely asserted that the weight of the evidence is in 
favor of the more peaceful origin of the name, 
Tennessee. 
TENNESSEE formed a part of the grant of the Car- 
olinas. Its name is derived from its principal river, 
though formerly the name Tennessee did not apply to 
the main river, but to one of the small southerly branch- 
es thereof. There is authority for saying that the 
name of the river was derived from the Village of 
Tanassee, the chief village of the Cherokee tribe, 
and situated on its bank. Haywood, in his "Natu- 
ral and Aboriginal History of Tennessee," attempts to 
trace the origin of the name Tanasse as an Indian riv- 
er name to the ancient River Tanais, and on this 
discovery, as well as on other similar resemblances, 
he founds the argument that the ancient Cherokeea 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



migrated from the western part of Asia. Mr. Allen 
claims that the name is derived from an Indian name 
signifying "a curved spoon;" and there is authority 
for still another derivation from an Indian word sig- 
nifying "a bend in the river," in allusion to the course 
of the river. I am not aware that in either case the 
Indian word has been given, nor is it believed that any 
such word exists. 

Ohio. 

OHIO is named after the beautiful river, its southern 
boundary. From JoIiiisoii'h "Account of the Indian 
Tribes," the word Ohio, as applied to the river, in the 
Wyandot language is O-lic-zuli, signifying "some- 
thing great." The name was called by the Senecas 
dwelling on the shores of Lake Krie the Oheo. Mr. 
Sciioolcraft observes that the termination io in 
Ohio implies admiration. On the old French maps 
the name is sometimes "the Ochio," and sometimes 
"the Ovo." 

Indiana. 

INDIANA derived its name from one of the old ante- 
Revolutionary land companies which had claims ia 
that region. 

Illinois. 

THE State of Illinois is named from its principal riv- 
er, the Illinois. The river is ramed from that confeder- 
acy of Indian tribes called the Illinois €onfe«ier- 
acy, whicli had its seat in the central part of the 
State. <iiallatin gives the definition of the word 
"Illinois," "real men," "superior men," from the 
Delaware word I.eno, Leni, Illin, lUini, as it is variously 
written. The termination ois is that by which the 
French softened the local inflexion when they adopt- 
ed an Indian word. 

Micliigpan. 

LANMAN, in his "Red Book of Michigan," derives 
the name of the State from the Indian word Mich- 
•aug^egan, signifying Lake Country. Jolinson's 
CyciopHMlia derives the name from the Indian 
words, Mitchi, Saugyegan, meaning Lake Country. 
T regard this as a questionable derivation. There are 
1(ood reasons for supposing that the State derived its 



name from Lake Michigan, and not from its being 
nearly inclosed by lakes. If the word Michigan signi- 
fies Lake Country, why should it have been applied to 
the lake at all? In support of the theory that the name 
Michigan was descriptive, signifying "great lake," 
and was first given to the lake, I call attention to the 
fact that on the earliest maps the lake bears the name, 
while the peninsula, both upper and lower, bears no 
name whatever. Ilesidcs, the name, as applied to the 
lake, has a simple Indian derivation. Tlie Alteon- 
quill racos, at the head of which was the Chippewa 
tribe, dwelt on the northwestern shores of the lake. 
In the old Algonquin language the syllable "gan" 
meant lake. lu the Chippewa language, "mitcha" 
means great. 



Mlssonrt. 

THE State of Missouri was saaied from the river of 
Ibat carae, and the river itself ircrz. the MIssoiiriH, 
• tribe cace living tear us mouth, and a.''ler\vard» 
driven into the iclerioi There Is aaoihet theory ia 
respect to Ike name of the rivei that ii ih dtscriplive. 
Col. HiKSiiiHon, In his "Young Folks' History," 
says Missouri means "rsuddy water," The Dacotahs 
called the Missouri Minneshoshay, "raucdy water," a 
word which might easily become Missouri. In an 
article on Indian migrat;ons, by LewiM II. Mort^aii, 
in the North .'Vmencan Review, vol. ex., it is staled as 
a matter of tradition that the Kansas Indians were 
formerly established on the banks of the Mississippi, 
above the Missouri, and that they called the Missouri 
Ne-sho-ja "muddy river," a name in which the pres- 
ent name can be traced. 

Colorado. 

COLORADO is named after the great Rio Colorado, 

which rises in the Rocky Mountains and falls into the 
Gulf of California. The name signifies in Spanish 
"ruddy," "blood red," in a secondary sense "colored," 
in allusion to the color of its waters. The river is iicit 
within the limits of the State, and only belongs to it by 
some of its tributaries. 



:2T8 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Texas. 

THR state of Texas, formerly Spanish territory, then 
Mexican, and later an independent Stale, is the only 
Ktale acquired by annexation. There is a conflict of 
opinion as to the origin of its name, Johnson's Cyclo- 
pedia, article Texas, states that "it is now proved con 
cliisively to be of Indian derivation, the {{enerio title 
of numerous tribes known to lia Sallo on his visit in 
16S5." On Scale's map, 1750, the center of the territory 
is occupied by Indians called the Tecas, which may be 
the generic title referred to. But »Ir. Itr.vant, in 
his "History of the United States, Vol. II., page 518, 
note, says: "It is supposed that the name of Texas is 
from the Spanish 'I'ejas, in allusion to the covered 
houses" found by La Salle on his visit in 1G85. In 
iVIorpliiN^ "History of Texas" the name is given as of 
doubtful origin. He states, in substance, that some 
refer the name to the capital village of the Nassonite 
tribe, others refer it to the Spanish word "teger," to 
weave, in reference to placing the grass over the cot- 
tages; others derive it from "tejas," meaning "cob- 
webs," the account being that the Spaniards encamped 
in an expedition into to the country, and one morning 
the commander seeing many spider webs between 
himself and the rising sun exclaimed: "Mira ins tejas!" 
and named the land Texas. The cobweb theoj-y may 
well be dismissed as legendarj'. 
Florida. 

THE origin of the name of Florida is a matter of 
general agreement aniong historians. The story of 
Jl»«ncc «le liOoii sailing to the West in 1512 in search 
of the fountain of youth, seeing land on Pascua Flori- 
da, or "Flowery Raster," and on account of its profu- 
sion of flowers named it Florida, is familiar to all. 
Or<>K'Oii, 

'I'llK name of Oregon was the first applied to the 
f'ollniiiibia Btlver, then to the Territory, and lastly 
•tO the State. The origin of the name is conjectural. 
The earliest printed mention of it is in Carver's travels 
in 1763. C'ai'vor explored the sources of the Mis.sis- 
Bippi River, and states that by his residence among the 
Indians, especially the Sioux, he obtained a general 
knowledge of the situation of the Itii'iu- Oim'^^oii, or 
"the river of the West that falls into the Pacific Ocean 
at the Siraita ofAnian." Pv that v,'h!ch he calls the 



Oregon, the sources of which he placed not far from 
the headwaters of the Missouri, he may have referred 
to some one of the sources of the Missouri or to one of 
the two rivers which, rising in the Rocky Mountains, 
formed the principal eastern tributaries of the Oregon. 
Carver was misled as to the locality of the river of the 
West, and the supposed sources of it he may have 
confounded with the .sources of the Missouri or one of 
the tributaries in <iue.stion. But this much the ])ubU- 
cationofhis travels accomplished — the establishment 
of a belief in the existence of a great river emptying 
into the Pacific Ocean. He designated by the name 
Oreffon a great river flowing into the Pacific, and 
when in after times such a river was discovered the 
name was ready at hand. 

California. 

THR name of California appears to have been taken 
from a Spanish romance, "I^as Serj;"U** «le I'^mplaia- 

dian," in which is described "the great Island of 
California where a great abundance of gold and pre- 
cious stones is found." This worthless romance was 
published in 1510, and generally read. Probably the 
name of California engaged the fancy of some of the of- 
ficers of Cortes, and was given by them to the countrj' 
discovered by him in 1535. It is strange that the name 
accidently given should have proved so exactly de- 
scriptive. 

Kcvada. 

THR Slate of Nevada takes its name from the Si«'rr:\ 
IWevaila illoiintains, which line its we.stern fron- 
tier, the mountains in their turn being named from 
the Sierra Nevadas of Granada, which they are said to 
resemble in the serrated line of their summits. 
]>Iiiiii<'sota. 

lMINNI".SOTA is named from the UliBiiiesotaor St. 
Peter's Itiver, the principal tributary of the Mis- 
si.ssippi within its limits. Tlie Indian word is Mini- 
sotah, signifying "slightly turbid water," or, "as the 
Minnesota historian more fancifully puts it, "sky tnit- 
ed water. 

Nebra^tUa. 

NEBRASKA is named from the NebrasUa Rivek'. 
A writer in the North American Review, on "the Mis- 
Bouri Valley," .says tlie name is Indian, and is com- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



27a 



pounded of nee, "river," and braska, "shallow." Mor- 
i;:an, in his article on Indian Migrations, North 
American Review, says: "The name of the I*laltc 
River in the Kaw dialect is Ne-blas-k.a, signifying 
'over-spreading flats with shallow water.' "l>r. Hale 
says the name undoubtedly refers to the flatness of the 
country. 

KaiiMHS. 

THTv Stateof KansHsis iiacned from itsprincipal river. 
The latter is Jiame'.l from the tiibe of Indians cal'.ed the 
ICoiixas, who lived upon its shores. Mr. School- 
craft uses the tianie Kansas to designate the tribe. 
l»e .So<« marched southerly to the northern limit cf 
his expedition in sfuvch of a rich province called 
Gayas. This points to the original name of the tribe, 
the Kaws. The present name has, therefore, an In- 
dian root varied by Fiench orthoepy. 
MisKisMi|»l>i. 

THE State of Mississippi is named after the great 
river. Mr. Atwater, a member of this society, gives 
the Indian name of the nver Meesyseepee 'the great 
water." That the Indian word signifies the "faiher of 
waters" is clearly erroneous. According to M r . Galla- 
tin's "Synopsis of Indian tribes". 'IMihsi" nevet 
means "father" but "all"— "whole." The word 'sipi'' 
means in the Chippewa, "rivci." Thus the words 
united mean "the whole river, because many streams 
unite to form it. 

Alabama. 

IN considering the name of Alabama we go back to 
the expedition of l»e Solo in 1541. His la.st battle was 
at Alibamo, on the Yazoo River. This was the famous 
fortress of the brave tribe somtimcs called the Aliba- 
mons, and sometimes the Alabamas. I^e Clere, who 
resided in the Creek Nation twenty years, and wrote a 
history published in Paris in 1B02, says that the Ala- 
bamos came to the Yazoo from the north part of Mexi- 
co, and that after the battle with l>e Soto they renio\ - 
ed to the river which now bears their name; that thty 
are the same people as the Alibamos, who fought Ijk. 
Soto. Pickett, in his 'History of Alabama,' states that 
"from these people the river and State look Ihtir 
names." AIleii'M 'History of Kentucky' says Alaba 
ma is an Indian name signifying "here we rest ' Mr. 



Sclioolcrart says cautiously that the name has beeu 
interpreted "here we rest." We have not been able to 
discover anything very restful in the historj' of the Ala- 
bamos, which is one of migrations. Mr. MeekN, a 
good authority in that Slate thinks that the word Alaba 
is only the name Hil'.aba, the UUibahallee of De Solo, a 
theory at variance w.th that of L.e Clere, ana referring 
the origin cf the name '.o a iifiTercnl '.nbe. 

Iowa. 

THE State of Iowa is narsed from ihe river of ihat 
name, and the river from the loway Indiana, who 
after many migrations settled on its banks. In the 
same article in the Atlantic .Monthly to which I have 
already alluded, it is intinialed that the name loway 
is contracted from Ah-hee-oo-ba, meaning "sleepers,' 
which perhaps, explains why the Sioux nearly extir- 
,;aieQ ihem. 

Wisconsin. 

WISCONSIN was named after its principal river. 
Until quite a recent period the river was called the 
OnlNCOnMin, which is said to mean "westward flow- 
ing." Ouis is evidently shortened from the French 
"ouest." Mr. Nclioolcraft says, that "locality was 
given in the Algonquin by 'ing,' meaning at, in, or by, 
asWisconsing." The name is probably of mixed origin. 
I.>ouKlana. 

THE name of Louisiana, now confined to a State of 
the Union, was originally given to the entire French 
possessions on the west bank of the Mississippi, by I.,a 
Sallc, in 1682, in honor of Louis XIV, 

Arkansas. 

THE State of Arkansas takes its name from its prin- 
cipal river; the river from the tribe of Indians formerly 
living near its mouth. Till quite a recent period the 
river was called Arkansas, and the tribe the Arkansas 
tribe. Mr, Sclioolcrart says that both the names 
Arkansas nnd Missouri embrace aboriginal roots, but 
we hear the sounds as modified by French orthoepy 
and enunciation. The same author further relates 
that there is a species of acacia found in Arkansas, 
from which the Indians, ou the arrival of the French, 
made for themselves bows. It i* light yellow, solid 
and flexible. "This is thought to have led to the ap- 



230 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



pellation of Arc or Bow Indians. As they belonged to 
the Kausa race, which had lately separated from them, 
that term would naturally be adopted by the French 
as the generic name. In the "Coutributors' Club" 
of the Atlantic Monthly, May, 1881, in reference to the 
name Arkansas, occurs this curious passage: ' 'Does not 
the name come from the arc-ensang of the early French 
traders, its likeness to Kansas being accidental? 
Whether the bloody bow was a special weapon like 
the medicine-bow that gave its name to a creek, moun- 
tain range, and railway station iu Wyoming, or the 
bloody bows were a band like the Sans Arcs, cannot 
now be determined." 

The Naming of New States. 
THERE is no State ofthe Union which bears the naie 



of Cabot or Coronado, or of De Soto, or of La Salle. 
And there is Father ]flai*(iuette, whose form rises 
before us, dazzling and immortal as we open the pages 
of our early history. Was there no State to feel itself 
honored to be called after his name? But the wrong 
may yet be righted. In the naming of the new States ■ 
which yet remain to be formed from our western do- 
main, the last opportunity will be given to do justice 
to these great cliseoverers, and it would be a 
graceful and appropriate office of this society, as cases 
arise, to exert its influence by correspondence with the 
local authorities, and by memorial to Congress in favor 
of rendering to them even at this late day this exalted 
tribute. 




THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 

©HE gr^ESIDENGY. 



2U 



How We Got Along For Several Years Without a President 



EW people appear to be conscious that 

^ the American people passed through the 

Wt p. most trj'ing period of our National life 

f^'^'^ without any President at all, the Execu- 
tive head being Congress when in session 
and a committee of Congress when that 
body was not in session, the entire Revo- 
lutionary War being conducted without 
any President — that war practically end- 
ing with the surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Ycrktown, 
October 19, 1781, and legally by the Treaty of Paris, 
which was communicated to the American army April 
19. 1783, just eight years after the day on which the 
conflict was opened by the battle of Lexington. Not 
only for these eight eventful years were the American 
people, the American Nation, the United States of 
America, without any President, but for six years longer 
the American people managed to worrj' along without 
any President at all. After such a long experience 
without a President it is reasonably certain that if 
Cleveland had died the same day that Hendricks did 
the American people would have managed to worry 
along without any great difficulty or excitement. 

When the Revolutionary War ended. In 1783, Wash- 
ington retired to his counti-j' residence at Mt. Vernon, 
Kud took no part officially in public affairs until he was 
chosen by his native State — Virginia — as a delegate to 
the convention that fonnulated and proposed for adop- 
tion the Constitution of the United States, which 
assembled at Philadelphia in 17S7, when Washington 
was elected presiding officer of the convention. That 
Constitution provided for the election of a President and 
Vice-President, and defined their duties. In the con- 



vention the committee had reported that the President 
should be called "His Excellency"; but that did not 
suit the plain notions of plain old Ben Franklin, and he 
squelched it in a bit of sarcasm by immediately propos- 
ing as an amendment "'And the Vice-President shall be 
styled 'His Most Superfluous Highness.' " And so ii 
was decided that the President should have no otiic;' 
title than "The President." A North Carolina Demo- 
crat applying recentlj' to President Cleveland for a 
post-office, addressed the President as "His Majesty." 

The Constitution did not pi-ovide for the election of 
the Electoral College— "Presidential Electors" as now 
called — by a direct vote of the people; it left the various 
Legislatures of the States to provide a method of electi;jij 
them; and the Legislatures proceeded to elect them 'uy 
a vote in the Legislature without any popular election 
There were no political conventions, or nominations 
made. The theory of the Electoral College was model 
ed after the Republics of Venice in the Middle Ages, 
that were governed by an oligarchy, the best and fore- 
most citizens selecting the ruler. So, as many of the 
foremost citizens of the American Republic as there 
were Congressmen and Senators were chosen by the 
various State Legislatures as members of the Electoral 
College, who, in their wisdom, without being instruct- 
ed by political conventions, voted for a candidate for 
President of the United States; but did not vote for h 
Vice-President — the one having the largest vote, if a 
majority, was to be the President and the one having 
the next largest was to be the Vice-President. Every 
one knows that "George Washington, Esq." was chosen 
President, and almost everj' one supposes by the unan- 
imous vote of the people; but the people did not vote 



2S2 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



at all, and his support was by no means imanimous in 
the J'Ucctoral ColIcRe, there being no less than twelve 
distinguished gcnllemen with "Ivsq." attached to 
their names who received one or more Electoral 
votes for the honorable office of I'resident of the United 
States. The first Congress under the Constitnlion as- 
sembled in New York City, Wednesday, March 4, jyby, 
and, there being no quorum present, adjourned from 
day to day until Monday, April 6. 1789, when the Sen- 
ate elected John Langdoii President, "for the sole 
purpose of opening and counting the vote Jor ric^ii- 
dent of-the United States." In joint session oti I tie 
same day the vote was announced as follows- 



States. 



n 
p 

Ul 

p- 

D 



B 
W 
1 

5 
10 

7 

e 
10 
3 

6 
10 
7 
5 

69 


>— 1 


3* 

> 
» 


m 

10 
5 

I 

8 
5 

34 


C/5 

P 

a 

S 
c 


5' 



B 

M 
■9 

■3 

.. 

2 




3- 
B 
<— 1 

w 
h 

3 

I 

9 


1— 1 


3* 
3 

K 
P 




m 
■P 

2 

I 
I 

4 




n 

a 
p 

S 

3 

M 
■? 

6 
6 




S 

Q 



_o 

•? 

3 

1 




3- 
3 

B 

n 
0. 

n 
■p 

6 

6 


c 

3" 

3 



3 

M 

£i 

2 
2 


> 

3 

3 

1 


ffO 

M 
I 


1 

s. 

2. 

M 


Ti 
p 

5' 
r 

3' 

n 


a 
•? 


New Hampshire 
Massachusetts . 
Connecticut . . 
New Jersey . . . 
Pennsylvania . . 
Delaware .... 
Maryland .... 








South Carolina . 
Georgia ... 

Total . . . 






I 

I 






' Whereby it appeared tlird George WasTiing^on, 
F.sq., was elected President, and John Adams, Esq., 
Vice President of the United States of America." The 
States of New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island 
had not given their consent to the adoption of the Con- 
stitution of the United States, and had no voice in the? 
first Presidential election. 






THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



283 



THE liADY WHO REJFXTKD WAiliHINO- 
TOA'.S HA>'1>. 



THE PRi:sii>i::vTn. 



Bishop Mciido, ill his "Old Churches and Fami- 
lies of Virgiuia," tells the following. The elder sister 
of Miss Mary <;ary married George Wm. Fairfax, 
at whose house she was on a visit, when she captivated 
a you 11^- mail who paid her his addresses. His af- 
fection, however, was not returned, and the oiler ol" 
liis liiiiKl was rejected by Miss Gary. This young 
man was afterward known to the world as Vcor^e 
Wasliiiiiftoii, the first I'resideiit of the United 
States of America. Young Washington asko<l per- 
niiHNiuii of old Mr. Gary to address his daughter, be- 
fore he ventured to speak to herself. The reply [of 
the old gentleman was, "if that is your business here, 
sir, I wish you to leave the house, for my daughter has 
been accustomed to riding in her own coach." It has 
subsequently been said that tiiis answer of Mr. 
Gary to the stripling Washington produced the lii- 
«lepeinleiice of the United Slates, and hud the f<juii- 
dation of the I'litiire lame of the first of heroes 
and best of men, our iiiiiiiortal IVasliiiiK'loii, as 
it was more than probable that, had he obtained the 
possession of the large fortune which it was known 
Miss t'ary would carry to the altar with her, he 
would have passed the remainder of his life in in- 
glorious ease. It was an anecdote of the day that 
this lady, many years after she had become the wife of 
Edward Ainl>l«'r, happened to be in Williamsburg 
when Cir<>ii. WasliiiiKtoii passed through that city 
at the head of the American army, erowiie«l with 
never-fading laurels and adored by his countrymen. 
Having distinguished her among the crowd, his sword 
waved toward her a military salute, whereupon 
she is said to have fainted, liut this wants eoiiliriii- 
atioii, for her whole life tended to show that she 
never reKTette*! the choice she had made. It may 
be added as a curious VavX tliat the lady General 
Washington afterwards married resembled Miss Gary 
as much as one twin sister ever did another. 



How They I>ied, Their Last Wor<!s and 
TiM'ir Iteliel's. 

John Adams and Thomas Jell'<>rsoi] both 
died on the same day, and that the 4tli of July, 1.S26. 
Tlicy were frJ«nds during their latter years, and 
A<lams'' Jast words were: "Tli4»mas .leli'erson 
still lives," but history shows that he was mistaken. 
Jelierson had died an hour before, exclaiming: 
"I^ord, now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace," 
and "I resign my soul to God— and my daughter to my 
Gountry." John 4(iiiney Adams gave his last 
breath in the Gapitol at Washington, saying: "Tliis 
is the end of earth, I am content," and <jieiieral 
Harrison, who died in the While House said: "Sir, 
I wish you to understand the principles of governmtiit. 
I wish them carried out. I ask nothing more. 

Uartield's last reported words, as he lay racked by 
his terrible wound, were: "Oh, tliat i)ain!" Hut 
Iiine«>lii became unconscious wheri he was shoi, and 
remained so till he died. (iie<»rKe WasliiiiKtoii 
was sane during his last hours, and he spent them in 
calmly arranging his affaiis. He told his wife to bring 
two wills which he had made, and to burn one of them. 
He then grasped his jnilse with one hand and counted 
the beats until he drojjped back dead. \Vashiii(;'t<»n 
died of quinsy, Polk of malaria, Aii«lrew .l4»hn- 
son of paralysis and titeneral Harrison (jf pleu- 
risy, owing to his exposure during the inaugural cere- 
monies. 

President Jacks4»n, was for thirty-one years a 
diseased man, and the latter part of his life was spent 
in almost continuous pain. Kven on his «leath-l>ed 
he was besieged by office-seekers. "I am dying,' said 
he "as fast as I can, and they all know it; but they 
keep swarm in;; about me in crowds, seekinj for 
office— intriguing for office." His death-bed scene was 
a most affecting one. A half an hour before his death 
his children and friends were standing around his bed- 
side, and his adopted son Andrew had taken his. 
hand and whispered in his ear: 

"I-ather, how do you feel? Do you know me?" 



284 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



"Know you? Yes, I should kuow you all if I could 
see. Bring me my specla- ." 

These were brought and put on him and he said: 
"Where is my daughter and Marian? God will take 
care of you for me. I am my <»od"s. I belong to 
him. I go bu' a short time before you, and I wish to 
meet you all, white and black, in heaven. 

At this all burst into tears, and the General said: 
"What is the matter with you, my dear children? 
Oh, don't cry. Be good children and we will all 
meet in heaven. 

These were Jackson's last words. A shor* 
time after this he passed peacefully away. lie died a 
Christian and a Presbyterian. 

TlioiiiaH Jod'crson was more of a deist than any- 
thing else, and when he died he said he would be glad 
to see a preacher who called "as a (;°ootI iieig'liltor," 
thereby intimating that he did not care to sec him 
professionally. There was no preacher present at 
■Wasliiiis'toii's death-bed. He was an Episcopalian 
and for many years was a vestryman of Christ Church, 
Alexandria, Va. The two Adams' believed in Uni- 
tarian doctrines, and it is said that John <liiiiicy 
Adams, during his last years, never went to sleep 
without repeating that little child's prayer: 

"Now I lay me down to sleep, 

I pray Thee, Lord, my soul to keep; 

If I should die before I wake, 

I pray Thee, Lord, my soul to take. 

There is considerable doubt as to liiueoln's Chris- 
tianity, but his best friends believe him to have been 
a believer. He was certainly a great Itiblo-roadcr, 
and understood it thoroughly. Frank Piorco was 
an Episcopalian and a church member. Caonerals 
Orant and llayos attended the Methodist Church 
while in the White House, and <tlarlidd spent 
his Sundays at the chapel ofthe Disciples. John 
Tyler was, I think, a Presbyterian, though his sec- 
ond wife was a Catholic. ]>olly ]VIadison was an 
Episcopalian, whatever her husband may have been, 
and the old oliiircli which .she attended years ago 
Still stands, and in it Prositlout Arthnrworshiped. 



A HEROIC FIOIJRE. 




Sorgpoant Jasper and Some of the Grand 
Deeds Performed by Ilini. 

^— N the history ofthe State of Georgia one of 
the most heroic figures is that of a Ser- 
u;eaiit Jasper, who served in the war of 
the Revolution in the Second South Caro- 
lina Regiment, under Oeneral 9Ionl- 
trie. 

Jasper was a freckled, red-haired, unedu. 
cated country lad of singularly-quiet but 
firm bearing. In the attack made on Snl- 
^ Ilvan's Island by the British, a ftag staff, 

cut by a ball, fell outside of the works. .lasper 
sprang forward, and, under a shower of bnllets, 
nailed his own colors to the parapet. For this act of 
gallantry he was offered promotion, but he declined 
It, saying. "I have not the education nor manners be- 
fitting an officer." 

Oeneral Moultrie then granted him a roving 
commission and placed six men under him who were 
known during the war as "Jasper's Command." 
Scarcely a week passed that this troop did not bring 
in prisoners captured by the most reckless daring. 

On one occasion, Jasper, with one comrade, Kewton, 
entered the lintish lines in disguise. In Savannah he 
overheard a woman, American, with a child in her 
arms, bitterly lamenting: the condition of her 
husband who was held a prisoner in irons for deser- 
tion ofthe royal cause. He was deeply touched 
with her distress and with his comrade resolved to free 
her husband. They lay in wait near a spring about 
two miles from the town, which the guard who had 
the prisoners in charge had to pass. The g^nard, 
consisting of two officers and eight privates, arrived 
about noon, with five prisoners in irons. The day be- 
ing hot, they left^ the prisoners, as Jasper had ex- 
pected they would, and hurried to the spring for water, 
having previously stacked their guns by the roadside 
Jasper and Newton crept out from the thicket 
seized their arms, knocked the irons from the prison 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



2H.') 



ers, and broiijsrlit the gpiiard into the American 
camp. 

A few months after this feat, during the attack on 
KavKiiiiali, the country lad fell, mortally wounded, 
while trying- to place his colors on a redoubt. For 
one of his many bold exploits a Nword had been given 
to Jasper by Governor Itiitlctl;;;c He now un- 
buckled his sword and gave it to Newton, saying: 
"Take it to my father, and tell him I liavc not «lis- 
lionori><l i(." A county in Georgia is named for 
this hero. 



wealthy South Carolina lady, who had been educated 
at I'hiUidelphia, and who had passed the preceding 
winter at Washington, in the family of her relative, 
Sviiiitor l*rcs(oii. On the New Year's day suc- 
ceeding the wedding, I»Ir.s. Van Bii roil assisted by 
the wives of the cabinet officers, received with her 
father-in-law, the President. Her rare accomplish- 
ments, superior education, beauty efface and figure, 
grace of manner, and vivacity in conversation insured 
social success. The Wliitc IIoiimc was ref. . nished 
in the most expensive manner, and a code of etiquette 
was established which rivaled that of a German prin- 
cipality. — Ben:Pcrley Toore. 







VA7V RURGN A MONARCHIST. 

ARTIN "Van Ruren was the first 
President who had not been born a 
Rrltisli subject; yet he was at heart 
[a monarchist, opposed to universal .suf- 
<) IVsO^x^ frage and in favor of a stronfc ccii- 
j W^\^ tral government, although he had 
rj^ reached his exalted position by loud pro- 

fessions of democracy. He endeavored to 
establish a personal intimacy with 
every one presented to him, and he 
ostensibly opened his heart for inspection. The tone 
of liis voice was that of thorough frankness, ac- 
companied by a pleasant smile, but a fixed expres- 
sion at the corner of his month, and the searching 
look of his keen eye showed that he believed with 
Talleyrand that language was given to conceal 
thought. 

President Van Rnren's wife (by birth Miss 
Hannah Hoes, of Columbia county. New York,) had 
been dead nineteen years when he took possession of 
the White House accompanied by his four sons, and 
presided over the oflicial receptions and dinner parties 
with his well-Unown tact and politeness. In the 
November following his inauguration, his eldest son 
and private secretary, fol. Abraham Van Ruren 
(who was a graduate of the military academy at West 
Point, and who had served on the staff of Gen. Worth) 
was married to SIlss Ang^eliue Siug^leton, a 




A €ON«RESSIONAIi DIIEL. 



MONG other evidences of the bitter and 
ferocious spirit which characterized 
political contests in those days was the 
'»l duel between Mr, tlilley, of Maine, and 
Mr. <jJ raves, of Kentucky, in which the 
former fell. Mr. Cilley, in a speech de- 
livered in the House of Representatives, 
criticised a charge of corruption brought 
against some umuiarried congressman in a 
letter published in The New York Courier 
and Knquirer, over the signature of "A Spy In 
Wasliin;;ton," and indorsed in the editorial col- 
umns of that paper. Mr. James Watson Webl), 
the editor of The Courier and Enquirer, immediately 
visited Washington and sent a clialleii{;e to Mr. 
Cilley by Mr. Graves, with whom he had but a slight 
acquaintance. Mr. Cilley declined to receive the hos- 
tile coiiimiiiiication from Mr. Graves, without 
making any reflections on the personal character of 
Mr. Webb. Mr. Graves then felt hi nself bound, by 
the unwritten cotie of honor, to espouse the cause 
of Mr. Webb, and challenged Mr. Cilley himself. The 
challenge was accepted and the preliminaries were 
arranged between Mr. Henry A. Wise, as the sec- 
ond of Mr. Graves, and Mr. <iicor(£o W. Jones ns 



286 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



the second of Mr. Cilley. Rifies were selected for the 
weapons, and Mr. Graves found difficulty in obtaining 
one, but wasfiiially supplied by his friend, Mr. Rives, 
of The Globe. The parties met, the ground was meas- 
ured, and the combatants were placed; on the 
fourth fire Mr. Cilley fell, shot through the body, and 
died almost instantly. Mr. Graves, on seeing his an- 
tagonist fall, expressed a desire to render him 
some assistance, but was told by Mr. Jones, "My 
friend is dead. Sir!" Mr. Cilley, who left a wife 
and three young children, was a popular favorite 
and his'tragic end caused great excitement all over the 
country. Mr. Webb was generally blamed for hav- 
ing instig'ated the fatal encounter; certainly he did 
not endeavor to prevent it. Mr. Graves was never 
afterward re-eleetcd— indeed, no man who has 
killed another in duel has ever been elected to office in 
Kentucky. — Ben: Perley Poore. 




A UNIQUE COMPOSITION. 

^^ HIS unique composition was originally 
published in a Philadelphia paper over a 
hundred years ago. It may be read three 
i ~^i,^oj c difierent ways. First, let the whole be read 
'^■" in the order in which it is wr-tt.-n; second, 
read the line downwards on the left of each 
comma in everj' line: third, in a like man- 
ner on the right of each comma. In the 
first reading the Revolutionarj' cause is 
condemned, and, by the others, encouraged and 
lauded: 
Hark! Hark! the trumpet sounds, the din of war's 

alarms; 
O'er seas and solid grounds, doth call us all to arms. 
Who for King George do stand, their honors soon shall 

shine; 
Their ruin is at hand, who with the Congress join. 
The acts of Parliament, in them I much delight, 
I hate their cursed intent, who for the Congress fight. 
The Tories of the day, they are my daily toast; 



They soon will sneak away, who Independence boast; 
Who non-resistance hold, they have my hand and 

heart. 
May they for slaves be sold, who act a Whiggish part; 
On Mansfield, North and Bute, may daily blessings 

pour; 
Confusion and dispute, on Congress evermore; 
To North and British lords, may honor still be done. 
I wish a block of cord, to General Washington. 



^^^ 




AMERICA'S EUCKY DAT. 

5~N Europe and the eastern part of the 
world Friday is generally regarded as 
an unlucky day, and those who are 
any way superstitious will object to com- 
mence any new enterprise or to do any- 
i ^t- thing of importance on that day. Strange 
•^v. to say, Friday has exercised the 

fry most important and beneficial effects on 

I America, and may be regarded as her 

lucky day. There are many citizens, 
mostly those of foreign birth, who still abhor Friday, 
although it is shown that the most important 
events connected with the discoverery of the New 
World and the independence of the United States all 
happened on a Friday. 

It was on Friday, the 3d of August, 1492, that 
Christoplier Columbus set sail from the port of 
Palos on his voyage of discovery. On Friday, the 
i2th of October, of the same year, he sighted land. 
On Friday, the 4th of January, 1493, he set out for 
Spain to announce his glorious discovery. He land- 
ed in Andalusia on Friday, the 15th of March, 1593. 
On Friday June 13, 1494, he discovered the contl* 
nent of America. On Friday, March 5, 1497, 
Henry VII, King of England, sent Jean Cabot on a 
mission which led to the discovery of North America. 
On Friday, November 10, 1565, Melendez founded 
St. Augustine, the oldest city in the United States. Ou 
Friday, November 10, 1620, the Mayflower lauded the 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



287 



Pilg'riin Fathers at Priucetowu. On Friday, 
December 21, 1620, the immigrants reached Plymouth 
Rock. On Friday Feb. 22, 1732 Wasliing'toii was 
b-,rii. On Friday June 27, 1775, the battle of Biin- 
Uer Hill was fought. On Fri«Iay, October 8, 1778, 
Iturg'oyiie surrendered at Saratoga, Arnold's 
treason plot was discovered on Friday September 23, 
17S0 — Coriiwallis surrendered at Yorktown on Fri- 
day, in October, 17S1. 



THE ORIGIXAIi I.ANI>.OFFICE. 

'^^^ 

ij, OW many people know that the Surveyor- 

M^ General's office in Minnesota is tlie orig-- 

^l!^ iiial office established in the United 

States? And yet the original time-worn 




documents are on file at the State House 
establishing' that fact. The office 
was originally located by authority of Con- 
gress and under commission of Oeorge 
■Washingtoii at Marietta, O., in 1797. 
As the land? became disposed of and the territory be- 
came partitioned off, the office moved gradually west- 
ward, halted a brief space at this and that place, until 
it re ched a final resting-place, many years ago at St. 
Paul, where all the records now are. These records 
are e pecially interesting to the antiquarians, covering 
as they do, the history of land transactions in 
this Coun ry for over 100 years. Among them are 
:u graph letters from Washington and Jeffer- 
son and other Presidents, all showing the quaint 
official phraseology of that bygone day, and winding 
up with the pecular signature, '"Your honorable and 
n.oit huml l: obedient servant." There is also among 
the rero ds the first surveyor's chain used in the 
West, and accompanying it was a personal letter from 
the Sec.etary of the Treasury, under whose jurisdiction 
the office then was, expressing the belief that "it was 
a good chain in leed, as the maker had assured him to 
that effect." Official gtiileksiness that seldom exists 
nowadays. — St. Paul Globe. 



A9IERICA-.S HIGHEST MOFNTAIiW. 

HE highest mountain in America murt 
now be changed from Mount St. Elias to 
•I'BSSiaft '***""* Wrangel, a little to the north. 
^^^ Several of these mountains have been 
^l^N newly measured, mount Hood, once 
•X. "roughly" estimated at 17,000 feet, then 

tid 'Iclosely" at 16,000, was brought down by 

I triangulation to 13,000; an aneroid barom- 

•• eter made it 12,000 and a mercurial barom- 

eter made it 11,255. Mount St. Elias 
estimated by D'Agelet to be 12,672 feet, is triangulated 
by Mr. Baker to 19,500. It now appears that ]>Iount 
Wrangel, lying to the north, rises 18,400 feet 
above Copper river, which is in turn 2,000 feet above 
the sea at that point. If this hold* true, iMount 
Wrangel isatl-ast 1,000 feet higher than any 
other peak in North America. It lies within the 
United States boundary. — Nature. 



OUItilM OF THE SO]yC} "JOHN BROM'2!V'S 
BODY." 



FOSTER SWEETSER, in his late 
book on "Boston Harbor and Fort War- 
.ren," relates the origin of the song of 
'freedom. It happened, therefore, that 
from this happy garrison (Fort Warren, 
Boston Harbor) proceeded one of the 
most powerful influences which 
made themselves felt in the National 
armies during that long and weary war. 
The famous song of the National armies, "John 
Brown's body lies a mouldering in the grave," was 
composed and first sung at Fort Wai-ren by the 
glee clnb of the Second Battallion of Light Infantn,- in 
the year 1S62. It was adapted to an old Methodist 
camp-meeting tune, somewhat altered in form, and 
the Lrigade band at the fort was the first that 




2S8 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



played it. The singers entered the Twelfth Regi- 
ment, which marched through Boston, New York and 
Baltimore, to this s"r5*»»<i «'l»orus from i,ooo throats 
and the music ran through tl'.e Army of the Poto- 
niHC, nor ceased until grim powdered, blackened 
choirs had chanted it in Texas and Alabama, 
and down the great Mississippi, and on all the 
llowrery coasts of the fJiilf. and through the Caro- 
linas, and along the streets of conquered Rich- 
mond. From Fort Warren came the Marseillaise 
of our emancipating revolution. As Admiral Preble 
says: •'-Few people aside from those who Kept step 
to its strains whenleaving home for the battle field 
and sang' it round the smoky camp-fires during the 
long dull nights and days of army life knew the ex- 
tent of its popniarity and the deep hold it took 
upon the soldiers' hearts. It spread from regiment 
to regiment like wild-fire." 




ORIGIX OF TAXKEE DOODLE. 

^ANKEE DOODLE— This popular song was 
'introduced into this Country during the 
French and Indian War by one Dr. Shack- 
bur^, of the British army. The origin of 
the tune can be traced oack to the reign of 
Charles I. When the British army was 
encamped on the shores of the Hudson, re- 
cruits from the provinces came pouringr 
in in strange, dress and equipments. As 
described by one writer, "Some with long coats, some 
with short coats, and some with no coats at all, some 
with cropped hair, and others with flowing wigs." 
Their sing-nlar appearance naturally excited 
mirth among the well-trained British regulars; and Dr. 
Shackburg wrote out "Yankee Doodle," and rec- 
ommended it to the new officers as one of the most 
celebrated airs of martial music. About a quarter 
of a centur%- later L.ord Cornwallis and his troops 
marched into the American lines to this .same tune of 
"Yankee Doodle." A recent writer trjiug to 
prove this our national air, quotes the following anec- 
dote related by John Quiucy Adauis to sustain 



him. "After the Ministers Plenipotentiary of Great 
Britain and the United States had nearly concluded 
their pacific labors at Ghent, the burghers of the 
quaint old Dutch city resolved to give an entertain- 
ment in their honor, and desired to have the Na- 
tional airs of the tsvo treaty-making powers per- 
formed as a part of the programme. So the musical 
director was requested to call upon the American 
31inisters and obtain the music of the Xational air 
of the United States. Xo one knew exactly what to 
give, and a consultation ensued, at which Bayard 
and Gallatin favored 'Hail Columbia,' whUe Clay, 
Russell and Adams were decidedly in favor of 
'Yankee Doodle.' The director then inquired if any 
of the gentlemen had the music, and receiving a 
negative reply, suggested that perhaps one of them 
could sing or whistle the air. 'I can.t,' said Mr. 
Clay; 'I never whistled or sung a tune in my life. 
Perhaps Mr. Rayard can.' 'Keither can I,' replied 
Mr. Bayard. 'Perhaps Mr. Russell can.' Each 
confessed his lack of musical ability. 'I have it,' ex- 
claimed Mr. Clay, and ringing the bell he summoned 
his colored body-servant. 'John,' said Mr. Clay, 
'whistle "Yankee Doodle" for this gentleman.' John 
did so, the chief musician took down the notes, and at 
the entertainment the Ghent Burghers' Band 
played the National air of the United States, with vari- 
ations, in grand style." 



THE WEDGE OF REPFBEICAXISM. 

^^^^^ 

"'' ]? ISHOP WARREX, of the Methodist 

\ church, is enthusiastic over American 

??| ~r."7/T5 g< progress. He proudly declares that our 




.'ountry is one that in a hundred years 
has taken a respectable rank in liter- 
ature; that has made fourteen inventions, 
which have gone wherever civilizatioii 
has gone, while all the rest of the world 
has not made half that number of 
equal importance; that has revolutionized land war- 
fare once and naval warfare twice; that has solved 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



289 



social problems which the world has blundered 
over for ages; that has abolished a feudalism and 
serfdom; that, taking the Bible declaration that 
God has made of one blood all the nations, has 
made one family out of representatives of every 
kindred and tongue and people and nation; that has 
founded its institutions on the rights of man and 
the laws of God, and that has already driven a wedge 
of Republicanism nearly to the heart of EJurope. 




A YOIJKGHERO. 

■ T the first battle of Bull Run, John 
t]>Ieig:s, a son of General 9Iei^s, and a 
West Point cadet, seeing no Generals about, 
, assumed and for some time directed 
the movement of the troops, the officers sup- 
posing he was an aid-de-camp, and that 
the orders came from the generals. Seeing 
the enemy massing in the woods to take 
Green's battery, Meigs ordered Colonel 
Matliewson to move quickly with his 
regiment to the support of the battery. The movement 
was promptly executed by the First California, 
and then two other regiments were brought up, I 
think the Thirty-first and Thirty-second New York. 
Later in the day the youthful General, seeing the 
field was lost, said to Colonel Mathewson: "You had 
better fall back toward Centerville." "And by whose 
authority do you give me such an order as that?" in- 
quired the Colonel. "Well, sir," said young Meigs, 
"the truth is for the last two hours I have been 
unable to find any generals and have been command- 
ing myself." I saw young Meigs on the fleld, and 
he was wounded through the knee, but remained 
on duty, although in terrible pain and faint from 
the loss of blood. He was afterwards killed by the 
Confederates in the Shenandoah Valley. 



The Oldest Structure in Texas. 



De Soto took up his line of march into Mexico, 
leaving only an Old Stone fort in Texas to show to 
coming dusky generations that the tales of their grand- 
sires were true. A century and more rolled on, when 
again the white man came and passed by, and in 
scarce thirty years more, lo! two ^reat nations 
claimed the land where stood the old stone fort. Then 
Spanish rule began, and for io6 years the flag' of 
Spain on its wall streamed in the breeze. In 1821 
that emblem gave place to the eagle, snake and 
cactus of Mexico, which remained until the battle of 
Sau Jacinto made Texas a republic and presented 
a new banner— "The Lone Star"— to the world. 
Then for nine years that flag fluttered, till annexation 
made Texas one of the United States, and the stars- 
and stripes waved over the hoary walls. But 1S61 
brought yet another change, and during ^our short 
years the ensign of the Confederacy greeted the 
morning sun, uutil the spring of 1S65 once more placed 
the fort under the colors of the United States.— 
American Magazine. 



MEANIKG OF AMERICA. 



^^He; meaning of the name Amerig:o has 
often been discussed, the only thing certain 
being that it is one of those names of Teu- 
I tonic origin, like Iluniberto, Alfon- 
so Grimaldi,orGaribaIdi,so common 
in northern Italy, which testify to the 
Gothic or L<ombard conquest. Americ 
which occurs as early as 744 A. D., is prob- 
ably a contracted form of the name Amal- 
aric, borne by a king of the Tisigoths, 
who died in 531. A Bishop Enirich was p resent at 
the council of Salisbury in S07, and an Amcricus 
Balistarius is mentioned in the Close rolls (thir- 




290 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



teenth century.) 

It has been conjectured that the stem is ina irom 
which we get the name Emma. The meaning of this 
is not known with certainty, though Ferguson 
thinks it may denote "strife" or "noise." Since, how- 
ever, the name is probably of Oothic origin, and 
•since the Ainalung'S were the royal race of the 
'Ostrogoths, it is more likely that the stem is amal, 
which was formerly thought to mean "without spot," 
but is now more plausibly connected with the old 
Norse ami, "labor," "work." The suffix ric, cognate 
-with rex, reich, and rick, means "rich" or power- 
:ful," and therefore the most probable signification of 
jlnierigo is "strong for labor." — Isaac Taylor in 
■Notes and Queries. 



THE EVACUATION OF NEW YORK. >» 




-'g|^i|EW YORK does well to celebrate 
•the Anniversary of the Day when 
^the British troops evacuated the 
City; for it was in truth the birthday 
of all that we now mean by the City 
of New- York. One hundred and 
seventy-four years had elapsed since 
Hendrick Hudson landed upon the shores of 
Manhattan; but the Town could only boast a 
population of twenty-three thousand. In ten 
years the population doubled; in twenty years 
trebled. Washington Irving was a baby 
seven months old, at his father's house in 
William Street, on Evacuation Day, the 25 
of November, 17S3. On coming of age he 
found himself the inhabitant of a City contain- 



ing a population of seventy thousand. When 
he died, at the age of seventy-five, more than 
a million of people inhabited the congregation 
of Cities which form the Metropolis of Ameri- 
ca. 

The beginnings of great things are always 
interesting to us. New Yorkers, at least, can 
not read without emotion the plain, matter-of- 
fact accounts in the old newspapers of the 
manner in which the City of their pride changed 
masters. Journalism has altered its modes of 
procedure since that memorable day. No ar- 
ray of headings in large type called the atten- 
tion of readers to the details of this great event 
in the History of their Town, and no editorial 
article in extra leads commented upon it. The 
newspapers printed the merest programme of 
the proceedings, with scarce a comment of 
their own; and, having done that, they felt 
that their duty was done, for no subsequent 
issue contains an allusion to the subject. All 
will be gratified by a perusal of the account of 
the Evacuation as given in Riinngton'' s Ca- 
2'^//'^ of November 26, 1783. 

New York November 26: — Yesterday in the Morning 
the American Troops marched from Haerlem to the 
Bowery-Lane — They remained there until about One 
o'clock, when the British Troops left their Posts iin the 
Bowery, and the American Troops marched into and 
took Possession of the City in the loUowing order, viz. 

1. A Corps of Dragoons. 

2. Advance Guard of Light Infantry. 

3. A Corps of Artillery. 

4. Battalion of Light Infantry. 

5. Battalion of Massachusetts TDops. 

6. Rear Guard. 

After the Troops had taken Possession of the City, 
the General [Washington] and Governor [George 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



291 



Clinton] made their Public Entry in the following 
Manner: 

1. Their Excellencies the General and Governor, 
with their Suites, on Horseback. 

2. The Lieutenant-Governor, and the Members of 
the Council, for the Temporary Government of the 
Southern District, four a-breast. 

3. Major General Knox, and the Officers of the Army, 
eight a-breast. 

4. Citizens on Horseback, eight a-breast. 

5. The Speaker of the Assembly, '^nd Citizens, on 
Foot, eight a-breast. 

Their Excellencies the Governo and Commander in 
Chief were escorted by a Body of West-Chester Light 
Horse, under the command of Captain Delavan. 

The Procession proceeded down Queen-Street [now 
Pearl], and through the Broadway, to Cape's Tavern. 

The Governor gave a public Dinner at Fraunces's 
Tavern; at which the Commander iu Chief and other 
General Officers were present. 

After Dinner, the following Toasts were drank by the 
Company: 

1. The United States of America. 

2. His most Christian Majesty. 

3. The United Netherlands. 

4. The King of Sweden. 

5. The American Army. 

6. The Fleet and Armies of France, which have 
served in America. 

7. The Memory of those Heroes, who have fallen for 
our Freedom. 

8. May our Country be grateful to her military chil- 
dren. 

9. May Justice support what Courage has gained. 

10. The Vindicators of the Rights of Mankind in 
every Quarter of the Globe, 



11. May America be an Asylum to the persecuted of 
the Earth. 

12. May a close Union of the States guard the Tem- 
ple they have erected to Liberty. 

13. May the Remembiance of This DAY be a Lesson 
to Princes. 

The arrangement and whole conduct of this march, 
with the tranquillity which succeeded it, through the 
day and night, was admirable! and the grateful citizens 
will ever feel the most affectionate impressions, from 
that elegant and efficient disposition which prevailed 
through the whole event. 



TME PRESIDENT'S FLiAO. 




HE United States have existed for 
more than a hundred years without 
the President's ever having had a 
flag to call his own. But the admin- 
istration of President Arthur made a 
reputation for observing the proprie- 
ties of office. Accordingly a private 
and peculiar standard was invented for the 
President. It consists of a blue ground with 
the arms of the United States in the center, is 
of the dimensions of the Admiral's flag No. I, 
whatever they are, and is to be carried at the 
main of vessels of war while the President is 
on board, and in the bow of his boat 



292 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Widows of theltevoliitioiiary Soldiers. 



Thirty-eight relicts of Kevoliitlonary soldiers 
were drawing pensions at the beginning of the year 
1888, on account of their huslsands' services in that 
historical struggle. The average age of the old ladies 
is about 85 years. Their husbands have long since 
passed over to the silent majority, It is very prob- 
able that the veterans married their wives when 
they themselves were well advanced in years, while 
the latter were comparatively young women. The list 
of these Revolutionary pensioners, with their ages 
and addresses, is as follows: 



Name. Agk 

Margaret T. Brooks. 8t . 
Meredy Smith . . . 82 . 
Lucinda Whitmond . 81 
Sarah Dabuey .... 87 
Jane Harbison ... 81 
Fanny Chance. . . . 79 
Nancy A. Green ... 69 
Sarah Crutcher ... 87 

Sally Heath 82 

Susan Curtis 95 

Lovey Aldrich .... 87 
Olive C. Morton ... 76 
Betsy Wallingford . . 91 
Sally Mallory . 



Jane Dunmore . 
Asenath Turner 
Elizabeth Boston 
Nancy Gragg . . 
Mahala Hoagland 
Judah Harris . . 
Nancy Weatherman 77 
Elizabeth Davis ... 84 
Elizabeth Betz ... 84 

Sarah Neal 88 

Mary Brown .... 82 
Nancy Jones .... 73 
Nancy Rains .... 95 
Nancy Robertson . . 84 



Residences. 
Howells Cross Roads, Ga. 
Newman, Ga. 
, Marietta, Ga. 
. Barry, 111. 
, Pinckneyville, 111. 
. Winslow, Ind. 
. Versailles, Ind. 
. Pitts Point, Ky. 
. Tatesville. Ky. 
. Topshani, Maine. 
. Leslie, Mica. 
. Elva, Mich. 
. Mankato, Minn. 
. MardsviUe, Neb. 
. Broadalbin, N. Y. 
. Manchester, N. V. 
. Valleytown, N. C. 
. Collettville, N. C. 
. Charlotte, N. C. 
. Rogers, N. C. 
. Liueback, N. C. 
. Morgansville, O. 
. Harrisburg, Pa. 
. Doreville, Pa. 
. KnoxviUe, Tenn. 
. Jonesboro, Tenn. 
. Carter's Furnace, Tenn. 
. Gates Cross Roads, Tenn. 



Maria Walker . . . . 92 .Waco, Texas. 
Eleanor Lowe . . . . 70 . Smith's Creek, Tenn. 
Rebecca Mayo . . . . 74 . Newbern, Tenn. 

Mary Snead 71 . Accomac Creek, Tenn. 

Susan Tulloh . . . . 79 . Mount Carmel, Va. 
Esther S. Damon . . 73 . Plymouth, Vt. 

Lucy Morse 76 . Barnard, Vt. 

Patty Richardson . . 86 . Bethel, Vt. 
Nancy Bunton . . . . 84 . Paris, Tenn. 
Mary Carey 79 . Sunnyside, O. 



im miORATION FOR 1887. 

Puring the year 1887 there arrived at New York 
about 405,000 immigrants from foreign parts. The van 
ous nationalities of these people are shown by the fol 
lowing table, compiled by the Castle Garden authori- 
ties: 

German Empire . . . 81,8641 Armenia 171 

Ireland 56,860 Iceland 15S 

England 45,696, Mexico , 151 

Italy 44,271 South America 144 

Sweden 37,8o2|Central America . . . . 131 

Russia 33,203 Portugal 75 

Hungary 17,719 China 64 

S(!t)tland 14,864 Australia 36 

Norway 13,01 1| Arabia 22 



Austria 11,762 

Denmark 8,375 

Bohemia 6,449 

France 5,999 

Netherlands 5,500 

Wales 5,549 

Switzerland 4,537 

Finland 4.03' 

Belgium 2,36 

Roumania 834 

8 uebec &. Ontario . ... 711 
reece 612 

Luxembourg 572 

Spain 4^5 

West Indies 466 

Malta 29S 

Syria 175 

Burmah 170 

Turkey 160 



Novia Scotia 15 

Japan 13 

British East Indies ... 11 

South Africa 11 

New Zealand 11 

Brazil 9 

India 8 

Africa 6 

Egypt 4 



Sandwich Islands 
New Brunswick . . . . 
Prince Edward Island 
British Columbia . . . 

Java 

Morocco 

St. Helena 

Peru 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



293 



I^ISJIIOI^IGAL ©r^EES. 




HB Boston Tree which had most of a his- 

tory was the old liberty tree. At the 

llmS^R corner of Washington and Essex streets 
^^"^^ stands a building in whose wall is insert" 
ed a tablet bearing the form of a tree in 
bas relief. This building covers the ground 
where the liberty tree grew. The tree 
was said to have been planted in 1646. A 
century and a quarter later the Sons of 
Eiiberty held meetings under its branches, and in 
the days preceding the outbreak of the Revolution 
the ground on which it stood was a place of assem- 
bly for the men who conspired to throw off the Brit- 
ish yoke. In 1773 an anti-tea party was held 
beneath it, and it became so obnoxious to the Britisb 
that in 1775 it was cut down by a detachment of sol- 
diers of the invading army, one of whom was killed. 
The Gates Weepings Willow. 
The poet Pope had sent to him from Smyrna a 
drum of figs. In it was a small twig:, which he 
stuck in the ground near his Twickenham villa. It 
took root and grew rapidly and was the admiration 
of himself and his friends, and it proved to be the 
Salix Babylonica, or weeping willow, and it was 
the parent of all its kind in Eng^land and America. 
A British officer who came to this Country in 1775 
brought with him, wrapped in oiled silk, a twigr from 
Pope's willow, intending to plant it himself in 
American soil. The young officer became acquaint- 
ed with Custis, Washington's step-son, and he gave 
him the willow twig. Custis planted it at Abing;- 
don, in Virginia, where it grew vigorously. In 1790 
Gen. Gates brought from Abingdon a shoot of the 
Curtis willow and planted it at the entrance gate to 
bis estate at Mauhattau island, and it was known 



as Gate's weeping- willow. 

The Charter Oak. 

The Charter Oak of Hartford, Conn., was estimated to 
be about 600 years old when Hooker laid the foun- 
dation for a common-wealth there. It was at one time 
known as Wyllys' tree, as it stood in front of the 
house occupied by the Hon. Samuel Wyllys. It 
measured twenty-six feet in circumference a foot 
from the ground. The cavity in which the charter 
was placed on the night of October 31, 1637, was near 
the root and large enough to admit a child. The 
cavity gradually became smaller, until it would scarce- 
ly admit a hand. The oak was prostrated in August, 
1854, and nearly every particle of it was worked into 
some pleasing: form and cherished as a memento 
of a singular incident in colonial history. 

The Treaty Tree. 
The Treaty Tree was a large elm which stood 
on the banks of the Delaware River, near what is 
known as Kensington precinct, Philadelphia. It 
was under this tree that William Penn formed his 
treaty with the Indians in 1682. Voltaire said, "it 
was the only treaty between these nations and the 
Christians which was never sworn to and never bro- 
ken." The tree then became an object ot interest 
and veneration, and when Peun contemplated 
making his permanent home in Pennsylvania he 
tried to purchase the land near the tree, considering it 
one of the finest situations on the river. The 
tree was long protected with care, but was at last 
blown down in a gale on March 3, 1810. It was 
found to be 283 years old, and its trunk measured 
twenty-three feet in circumference. The Peun 
society erected a monument, with proper inscriptions 
upon its site. 



294 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

Br^OPEI^lIlY FJlGHiPS OP &5IYES. 




OWER is the interest for her lifetime 
'which a widow has in one-third of all 
i]|> the real estate owned in possession or 
right of possession by her husband from 
the date of the inarriagre till his death, 
and which could by any possibility have 
yS been inherited by a child of the mar- 

; riage. It is not necessary, however, that 

a child should have been born. 
Cnrtesy is the interest for his lifetime which a wid- 
ower has in all the real estate owned in possession 
by his wife from the date of her marriage till her 
death. But this right of curtesy does not attach un- 
less a child of the marriage shall have been born 
during the life of the mother. 

Neither husband nor wife can deprive the other of 
dower or curtesy by will, or by any conveyance or 
sale or mortgage on the property. If sold or mort- 
gaged without the signature of wife or husband releas- 
ing dower or curtesy, these rights still attach to 
it and may be enforced against the property in the 
hands of any subsequent owner. 

The community system as it prevails in some 
States, briefly stated, preserv'es to both husband and 
wife, as his and her separate property, all the 
property, real and personal, owned by either at 
marriag'e and all gained by either during the mar- 
riage by inheritance, gift, or through the will 
of any deceased person; and gives no share to the sur- 
viving spouse in such separate property of the 
deceased spouse unless he or she die intestate, that is, 
without a will. But all property gained during the 
marriage by either party in any other way than those 
named, constitutes the community or common 
property of both, and belongs to both equally, and 
at the death of either party, the survivor becomes 
the absolute owner of the whole or of oue-half. 



according as the law of the particular State may pro- 
vide. 

It may also be mentioned that in States where cur« 
tesy and dower are abolished, statutes give to the 
widow or widower a certain share in the estate of 
the deceased spouse, in case he or she has died intes- 
tate. And everywhere different provision may be 
made for the survivor by the will of the deceased, but 
generally a widow must elect to take such provision, 
or to take her dower or statutory share. Both can- 
not be taken unless the will distinctly shows such 
an intention. But the same restriction as to election 
does not seem to prevail concerning widowers in a 
State where curtesy is given. 

Whenever children are referred to in the following 
summary, g'randchildreu of any degree of descent 
are included in the term. 

ABSTRACT OF I.AWS OF C'lRTESY AN» 
OO^l ITR. 

1. Alabama. — Common law curtesy. Common law 
dower, but if husband dies solvent and childles.s, 
dower is one-half interest instead of one-third. 

2. Arizona. — Community system. Survivor takes 
the whole of the community property if there are no 
children; one-half if there are children. 

3 Arkansas. — Common law curtesy. Common law 
dower, but if there are no children, one-half instead 
of one-third. 

4. California. — Community system. Surviving 
husband takes the whole of the community property; 
surviving wife one-half of it. 

5. Colorado. — No curtesy or dower. 

6. Connecticut. — Survivor takes one-third interest 
for life in all property owned by deceased at bis or 
her death. 

7. Dakota.— No curtesy or dower. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



295 



8. I>elaware. — Coirmon law curtesy. If no child 
was born, widower takes life interest in one-half 
■wife's realty. Common law dower. If one child sur- 
vives, fvidoiv takes life interest in one-half of hus- 
band's realty, instead of one-third. 

9. District of Colunibia. — Common law dower. 
Curtesy also in realty acquired before 1869; the better 
opinion seems to be that no curtesy has attached to 
property acquired later. 

10. Florida. — Common law dower. No curtesy. 

11. Georgia. — Common law dower. No curtesy. 

12. Idaho. — Community system. Survivor takes 
the entire coinmiiiiity property if there are no chil- 
dren; otherwise, one-half. 

13. Illinois. — No curtesy. Either survivor takes a 
life interest in one-third of the realty of the deceased, 
including equitable estates in land. 

14. Indiana. — No curtesy or dower. Either .sur- 
vivor takes one-third of all realty of deceased spouse 
absolutely — that is, the entire title, instead of a life 
estate merely. 

15. lowa.^No curtesj (ir dower. Either survivor 
takes one-third of all realty of deceased absolutely, 
including equitable estates in land. If there are no 
children, the share is one-half. 

16. Kansas. — No curtesy or dower. Either survivor 
takes one-half absolutely of all property of the 
deceased. 

17. Kentucky. — Common law curtesy and dower. 

18. I^onisiana. — Community system. Survivor 
takes one-half of the common property. 

19. Maine. — No curtesy. Either survivor takes 
one-third for life of the land of deceased spouse, if 
the estate is solvent. If there are no children, the 
share is one-half. 

20. 9Iaryland. — Common law curtesy and dower, 
including equitable estates. But it seems that, by 
lior will, a wife may deprive her husband of curtesy. 

21. Massachusetts. — Common law curtesy and 
dower. If no child has been born, so that the hus- 
band's right of curtesy does not accrue, he is entitled 



to hold one-half of his deceased wife's real estate for 
his life, and she cannot deprive him of this right by 
her will. If either husband or wife, leaving no surviv- 
ing child, the widowf or widower takes the real 
estate of the deceased to an amount not exceeding 
|5,ooo in value, absolutely; and the widower takes also 
his curtesy (or other life interest as above described) 
in his wife's remaining real estate which her hu.sband 
owned at his death. The statute expressly provides 
that the wife cannot deprive her husband of his 
claim to her real estate by her will; and though it does 
not so provide in regard to the husband, a recent tle- 
cision of the Supreme Court declared the right of the 
wife to elect to take her statutory share instead 
of such share as his will may have given her. 

22. Michig'an. — Common law dower. No curtesy. 

23. Minnesota. — No curtesy or dower. Either sur- 
vivor takes one-third absolutely of the realty of the 
deceased spouse. 

24. Mississippi.— No curtesy or dower. 

25. Missouri.— Common law curtesy and dower. 

26. Montana. — Community system. Widowertakes 
the entire common property, the widow one-half 
of it. 

27. Nebraska.- Common law dower. Common 
law curtesy if no child survives. If children only by 
former husband survive, no curtesy; if children by sur- 
viving husband, or by both, husband takes a life 
interest in one-third of the inheritance of his own 
children. 

28. Xevada. — Community system. Entire common 
property goes to surviving husband. Also a surviv- 
ing wife, if the husband dies without a will or chil- 
dren. 

29. New Hampshire. — Common law curtesy and 
dower; but either survivor may elect to take one-half 
absolutely, if no children survive; otherwise, one- 
third absolutely; unless the wife leaves children by 
a former husband and no child by surviving husband 
has been born, in which case he takes only a life in- 
terest in one-third of her realty. 

30. New Jersey. — Common law curtesy and dower. 



296 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



31. New Slexico. — No curtesy or dower. 

.•52. Jfew Yorli. — Common law dower. Curtesy 
also in land owned by wife at her death, unless other- 
wise provided by her will. 

33. Xortta Carolina. — Common law curtesy and 
dower. 

34. Ohio. — Either survivor has a life interest in 
one-tliircl of the realty of the deceased, whether in 
possession, in reversion or remainder, or held b}' a 
lease. 

35. Oregon. — Common law curtesy and dower; but 
curtesy is not dependent on the birth of a child. 

36. Pennsylvania. — Common law curtesy and 
dower. But curtesy is not dependent on the birth of 
a child, and dower is lost by sale of land for debt. 

37. Rliode Island.— Common law curtesy and 
dower. 

3S. Sontli Carolina. — Common law dower. No 
curtesj'. 

39. Tennessee. — Common law curtesy and dower. 

40. Texas. — Community sj'stem. Survivor takes 
all the common property if there are no children. 

41. Utali. — No curtesyor dower. 

42. Vermont.— Common law curtesy. Also dower 
in realty owned by husband at death. 

43. Virg'inia. — Common law curtesy and dower. 

44. liVashing'ton. — Community S5'stem. Survivor 
takesone-lialf of the common property, and if there 
are no children or will, the whole of it. 

45. 'West Virginia.— Common law curtesy and 
dower. 

46. Wisconsin.— Common law dower. Also, cur- 
tesy in land of which wife dies possessed, unless 
otherwise disposed of by will, or unless she leaves 
children by a former husband. 




THE FIBST BLOOD OF THE REVOLU- 
TION. 

CORRESPONDENT of the Hart- 

^^^^ . ford Tinies,\i\io has recently been 
Jj^^^'to East Westminster, Vt., gives the' 
following historical sketch -which he 
derived from Mr. Richmond, a sex- 
ton, whom he met in the cemetery at 
that place: 

"Mr. Richmond said that in i874-'5, the 
Whigs and Tories were about equally divided, 
the Judges and juries being appointed by the 
King. The British authorities attempted to 
hold a court in the Court-House, then stand- 
ing about 40 rods north of the cemetery. The 
colonists were bound that no court should be 
held — so they armed themselves and attacked 
and drove the court from the Court-House. In 
return, the British soldiers attacked the colo- 
nists, and a man named William French fell 
dead from the fire of the soldiers, and Daniel 
Houghton was fatally wounded. This vras the 
first bloodshed of the Revolution. In 1872 
the State of Vermont appropriated $600 for a 
monument, which now stands about 6 feet 
from the place where French was buried. A 
gentleman by the name of William C. Bradley 
(formerly Congressman from Vermont) a few 
years ago erected a tomb to tell the exact 
spot of the grave, and on it is the following in- 
scription : 

In memory of William French, 

Son of Nathaniel French, 
W^ho was shot at Westminster, 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



297 



March ye 13th, 1775 
by the hands of Cruel Ministerial tools of 

George ye 3d 
In the Courthouse at 11 O'Clock at Night, 
in the 22nd year of his age. 
Below this are the following lines: 
Here William French his body lies 
For murder his blood for Vengeance cries 
King George the third his Tory crew 
that with a bawl his heart shot threw, 
For Liberty and his Countrys Good, 
he lost his Life, his Dearest blood. 
"The above is an exact copy, capitals and 
all. As a good many think that the first blood 
flowed at the battle of l^exington, this may be 
interesting to them, for it certainly was to me. 
A building erected in 1770, five years before 
the battle, is still standing. It was erected as 
a Congregational church, but is now used as a 
town-house, and is in good repair." 



THE I>ECIiARATI09r OF IBrDEPEBTDENCE 
VS A NEW EIGHT. 

'Nthe 15th of May, 1776, the Second 
«i Continental Congress voted to rec- 
^ommend all the Colonies to adopt 
new forms of government. On the 
7th of June Richard Henry Lee, of 
Virginia, obeying the instructions of 
that Colony, moved "that these 
United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, 
free and independent States; that they are ab- 




solved from all allegiance to the British Crown 
and that all political connection between them 
and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to 
be, totally dissolved." Three days later, on the 
loth — the day when the first debate on Lee's 
Resolution was closed — six of the Colonies 
being;unprepared to vote, a postponement was 
had until the ist of July, in the expectation 
that by that time there would be entire una- 
nimity. On the evening of the ist,John Adams 
wrote to Samuel Chase that the debate took 
up most of the day. JeflFerson in 1787 stated 
that the debate lasted "nine hours, until even- 
ing, without refreshment and without pause." 
At the close of the debate, however, no defi- 
nite action was taken, and the final voting was 
postponed until the following day. Accord- 
ingly, on the 2d of July, the first formal and 
final vote was taken on independence, all of 
the Thirteen Colonies voting for it except 
New York. 

A Great Error. 

It has been stated by a high authority that 
the New York delegates, during the entire de- 
bate on Lee's Resolution, "remained passive, 
neither opposing nor helping, as. they deemed 
the whole subject of separation as outside of 
their instructions." There could be no great- 
er error. To suppose that George Clinton, who 
had been elected a Delegate to the Continental 
Congress from New York chiefly on account 
of his pronounced views against the Crown, or 
that Robert R. Livingston, one of the five who 
reported the Declaration, remained "passive," 
instead of each using all his influence in moul- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ding the sentiments of Congress in the right 
direction, is to accuse both of those gentlemen 
of grave inconsistency. 

On May 15, 1776, as we have seen, a Reso- 
lution -was passed by the Continental Con- 
gress and ordered to be published. If either 
Clinton or Livingston was present and voted 
for it at that time, it could fairly be said that 
he not only favored, but voted for indepen- 
dence. One of the phrases of the preamble to 
the Resolution is, "It is necessary that the ex- 
ercise of ever}- kind of authority under the 
said Crown should be totally suppressed, and 
all the Powers of Government exerted under 
the authority of the People of the Colonies." 
John Adams at the time called this Act or Res- 
olution "independence itself" The Colonies 
were recommended by it to establish popular 
governments where tliey had not already done 
so. Indeed the independence of the Colonies 
took place iu fact, if not in name, before the 
general independence of the whole was declared, 
Bancroft says that all the New York Delegates 
except Alsop were personally ready to vote 
for independence, and were confident of their 
constituents. John Adams says that even 
Duane favored it, and he had been a half Tory 
all along; how much more, then, must Clinton 
and Livingston have been for it! The Docu- 
mentary Declaration was debated in Commit- 
t-'e of the Whole be.'bre being reported to the 
House; and there is not much doubt that in 
such Committee the New-Yorkers voted for 
it, Wisner, one of the New York Delegates, 



we know did. 

But it has been further stated to the dispar- 
agement of New York that on the 2d of July, 
when the vote on Independence was actually 
taken, New York (the vote was by Colonies, 
not by individuals,) did not vote, the Dele- 
gates from that Colony, over their own signa- 
tures, with Clinton at tlieir head, officially re- 
porting as follows: "The important question of 
independence was agitated yesterday in a 
Committee of the whole Congress, and this 
day will be finally determined iu the House. 
We know the line of our conduct on this oc- 
casion; we have j'our instructions, and will 
faithfully pursue them." 

The Proper Course. 

But this course was entirely proper, and for 
the Delegates to have acted otherwise would 
have been to disobey the express commands 
of the New York Provincial Congress, which 
they represented. Upon the passage of the 
Resolution of May 15 by the Continental Con- 
gress the New York Delegates, on June S, 
wrote home to ascertain the sentiments of their 
constituents on the question of independetice, 
which was expected to come up shortly in 
that Body. Meanwhile, on the 19th of June, 
a new Provincial Congress was elected by New 
York for the express purpose of acting on the 
question of independence, as the previous one, 
to whom the letter of the Delegates was ad- 
dressed, did not consider itself authorized so 
to do. The old Provincial Congress continued 
to sit for some days after the new one was 
chosen, but of course can be excused for not 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



299 



authorizing their Delegates in the Continental 
Congress to vote for independence. They pur- 
posely left it to the new Provincial Congress, 
which met at White Plains July 8, 1776, and 
which the very next day passed unanimously 
a Resolution approving the Declaration of In- 
lependence.* The fact, therefore, upon which 
considerable stress has been laid — that the 
New York Delegates in the Continental Con- 
gress were not the voters for the adhesion of 
New York — is a purely private and local affair 
between them and their constituents; nor does 
it in the slightest degree affect the willUigness 
of New York to declare itself independent. 
There was very little Toryism that dared to 
show itself to the Public at this late day. 
Most of the leading Loyalists had either left 
the State or were in hiding; and indeed, as a 
matter of fact, New York was as nearly unan- 
imous at the time as either New Jersey or 
Pennsylvania. Finally, when on the 2d of July 
the vote was taken for formal independence, 
tlie New York Delegates, who for local reasons 
could not act for their State, were probably 
much better disposed than those of Pennsyl- 
vania, who could act, and yet were intending 
to vote four against independence and three 
for it; and it was only by great persuasion 
that two of the four were induced to absent 
themselves, so as to turn the minority into a 
majority. Though the Colony of New York, 
for the above reasons, failed to vote, the State 
failed not to act, for liberty and independence. 
The Oflicial Rrrord. 
The official record of the momentous pro- 



ceedings of the 2d is in these words: 

Tuesday, July 2, 1776. 

"The Congress resumed the consideration 
of the Resolution from the Committee of the 
Whole, which was agreed to, as follows: 

*^ Resolved, That the United Colonies are, 
and of right ought ought to be, free and inde- 
pendent States; that they are absolved from 
all allegiance to the British Crown; and that 
all political connection between them and the 
State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, to- 
tally dissolved." 

"From the hour when that vote was taken 
and that record made," says Mr. McKean, 
very justly in his Centennial Address, "the 
United States of America assumed among the 
powers of the earth the separate and equal 
station to which the laws of Nature and of 
Nature's God entitle them." 
Tli« Soc-oikI of July SlioiiUl be Celebrated. 

In fact, the Second of July and not the 
Fourth should be the Day for the celebration 
of our Independence. That it would be was 
the opinion of the prominent men of that day. 
On the morning of the First of July, John 
Adams, anticipating Independence in that 
day'5 vote, wrote from Pennsylvania to Archi- 
bald Bullock, "May Heaven prosper the New- 
born Republic, and make it more glorious 

*The Resolution reads as follows: "Resolved, unani- 
mously, that tlic reason assigned by the Continental 
Congress for declaring the United Colonies free and in- 
dependent States are cogent and conclusive; and that 
while we lament the cruel necessity which has rtn- 
deied that measure unavoidable, we approve the same, 
and will, at the risk of our lives and fortunes, joiu 
with the other Colonies in supporting it," 



300 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



than any former Republics have been!" and 
0:1 the 3rd, after \}ae. adoption of the Resolu- 
tion of Independence, he wrote to his wife, 
Mrs. Adams, as follows; "Yesterday the great- 
est question was decided that was ever debated 
in America; and a greater, perhaps, never was 
nor will be decided among men. That will 
live as Truth among all Americans who know 
and value the History of their Country." And 
in the course of the same letter he adds, "The 
6i?r(3«rf Day of July 1776, will be the most 
memorable Epocha in the History of Ameri- 
ca. I am apt to believe that it will be celebra- 
ted by succeeding generations as the 
Great Anniversary Festival; be solemnized 
with pomp and parade, with shows, games, 
sports, guns, bonfires, and illuminations from 
one end of the Continent to the other, from 
this time forward for evermore. It ought also 
to be commemorated as the Day of Deliver- 
ance by solemn Acts of Devotion to God Al- 
mighty . . . Through all the gloom I can see 
the rays ofravishing light and glory; and Pos- 
terity will triumph in this Day's transactions. 
At length on the 4th of July, 1776, the Dec- 
laration of Independence — the ccmplement 
of the Act of the 2d — having been drafted by 
Jefferson, was formally submitted to the Dele- 
gates present. 

Why the Fonrth of .Tnly is Cominoiiio- 
rated. 

If however, it be asked how has it come to 
pass that the 4th of July has been substituted 
as a Day of Celebration for the 2d, the real 
Date of the Birth of the United States as an 
Independent Nation, the answer is that the 



Resolution of the 2d was passed in private 
Session, and remained unknown to the peo- 
ple generally until it and the Declaration were 
publicly proclaimed together. "There was 
nothing in the phrasing of the Resolution to 
cause it to live in the popular memory, whilst 
there was everything in the Declaration to 
give it a vital hold upon the affection of the 
American People." But there was still an- 
other cause for this. It has been well said 
that "the great importance, the decisive and 
controlling character of the Resolution of In- 
dependence adopted on the 2d of July, 1776, 
have been obscured to the popular vision by 
the splendor of Jefferson's immortal Declara- 
tion of the Reasons for the adoption of the 
Resolution. Yet Jefferson himself never al- 
lowed the one to overshadow in his estimation 
the importance of the other. The Declaration 
in his mind was intended to be an appeal to 
the tribunal of the World, as a justification of 
what had already been done. It was intended 
he says, 'to be an expression of the American 
mind, and to give that expression the proper 
tone and spirit called for by the occasion, to 
place before mankind the common-sense of 
the subject in terms so plain and firm as to 
command their assent. Yet the Declaration 
of Independence has dislodged the Resolution 
of Independence from the place of precedence 
in the Popular mind, and the Fourth of July 
has displaced the Second as the Nation's Holi- 
day and the Patriot's High Festival." 

We are now prepared to speak of the sign- 
ing of the Document known as the Declara- 
tion of Independence, and which so many of 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



301 



us have seen and examined in Independence 
Hall, Philadelphia. 

In thinking of that Instrument one is apt 
to call up before him an August Assemblage 
gravely seated around a table, with the- Decla- 
ration spread out upon it, and each member 
of the Continental Congress in turn taking a 
pen and with great dignity afl&xing to it his 
name. Nothing, however, can be further 
from that which actually took place. Very 
few of the Delegates, if indeed any, signed the 
Original Document on the 4th, and none 
signed the present one now in Independence 
Hall, for the very good reason that it was not 
then in existence. 

On July 19, Congress voted that the Decla- 
ration be engrossed on parchment. Jefferson, 
however, says that New York signed on July 
15. Consequently New York must have signed 
the Original Copy of the Declaration before it 
had gone into the hands of the engrosser. On 
•what day the work was done by the copyist is 
not known. All that is certainly known is 
that on the 2d of August Congress had the 
Document as engrossed. This is the Document 
now in existence in Independence Hall. It is 
on parchment, or something that the trade calls 
parchment. On that day (August 2) it was 
signed by all the Members present. The orig- 
inal Declaration is lost, or rather was purpose- 
ly destroyed by Congress. All the signatures 
were made anew. When the business of sign- 
ing was ended is not known. One, Matthew 
Thornton, from New Hampshire signed it in 
November, when he became a Member for 
the first time; and Thomas McKean, from Del- 



aware, as he says himself, did not sign till 1 
January, 1777. Indeed, this signing was, in 
effect, what at the present day would be called 
a ''test oath." The principles of many of the 
new Delegates coming into Congress from the 
different States were not known with certainty 
— some of them might be Tories in disguise — 
and thus each one was required on first entering 
Congress to sign the Declaration. In January, 
1777, an authenticated Copy with the names 
of all the Signers, was sent to each State for 
signatures — a fact which may have put a stop 
to the business of signing. It shows, however, 
the little importance that was attached to this 
ceremony, that Robert R. Livingston was one 
of the Committee of five that reported the 
Declaration, and yet did not sign it, unless his 
signature is lost with the original Document. 

But I am not delving in the field of con- 
jecture. The same questions seem to have oc- 
curred as early as 1813, when Thomas Rodney 
wrote to Governor Thomas McLean — a Dele- 
gate from Delaware, and afterward President 
of Congress and Governor of Pennsylvania — 
asking why his name was not among the list 
of the Signers in the Journal of Congress. To 
this letter Governor McKean replied, under 
the date of August 22, 1813, as follows; 

"Now that I anion this subject, I will tell 
you something not generally known. In the 
printed Public Journal of Congress for 1776, Vol. 
II., it would appear that the Declaration of 
Independence was signed on the 4th of July 
by the Members whose names are there inser- 
ted. But the fact is not so, for no person signed 
it on that day, nor for many days aftey\aivl 



802 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



among the names subscribed one was against 
it, Mr. Reed, and seven others were not in 
Congress on that day, viz., Messrs. Morris, 
Rush, Clymer, Smith, Taylor, and Ross, of 
Pennsylvania, and Mr. Thornton, of New 
Hampshire. Nor were the six gentlemen last 
named at that time Members. The five for 
Pennsylvania were appointed Delegates by the 
Convention of that State on the 26th of July; 
and Mr. Thornton entered Congress for the 
first time on the 4th of November following' 
when the names of Henry Wisner, of New 
York, and Thomas McKean, of Delaware, 
were not printed as Subscribers, though both 
were present and voted for Independence."* 
The Truth of the Matter. 

The truth is, the Declaration of Independ- 
ence was considered at that time of much 
less importance than now; nor did tlie Signers 
dream of its becoming a shrine almost of 
worship at the present day. It is a dramatic 
incident, and naturally concentrates men's 
attention on it. In the Public mind at the 
time, Provincial Congresses were more impor- 
tant than the Gejieral Congress. The latter 
was a Body of Agents, and was endowed with 
no sovereignty except for war purposes. The 
real Sovereigns were the States. —//rt;^t'r'.y 
Magazine. 

* The following is the full text of the letter. If Dick- 
inson drafted the Declaration of 1775, as Mr. Moore 
seems to think, it is singular that lit should have vo- 
ted aj;aiu$«t the one of 1776, as this letter— most ex- 
cellent authority — asserts. 

Philadelphi.^, Aug 22, 1S13. 

"Dear SrR, — Your favor of the 22d last month with 
Copy of the Journal of the Cong^ress at Kew 



York in October, 1765, printed in the Baltimore Regis- 
ter, came safe to hand. Not having heard of this pub- 
lication, I had the proceeding's of that Body (not 
the whole) reprinted here about 2 months ago from a 
Copy I found in the 1st volume of American Tracts, 
contained in four volumes octavo, edited by J. Almon, 
ofLondon, in 1767. Such an important trans- 
action should not be unknown to the future histo- 
rian. 

"I recollect what passe«l in Congress in the be- 
ginning of July, 1776, respecting Independence; it 
was nut as you have conceived. On Monday 
the ist of July, the question was taken in the Commit- 
tee of the Whole, when the i^tate of l*cnnsylva- 
nla, represented by seven gentlemen then present, 
voted against it; J>elaware, then having only two 
Representatives present, was divided; all the other 
States voted in favor of it. W'hereupon without de- 
lay I sent an express (at my private expense) for your 
honored uncle, Ca;sar Rodney, Esquire, the remaining 
Member from Delaware, whom I met at the State- 
house door in his boots and spurs as the Members 
were assembling; after a friendly salutation (without 
a word on the business) we went in the Hall of Con- 
gress together, and fouud we w=re among the latest. 
Proceedings immediately commenced, and after a few 
minutes the great question was put;when the vote 
for Delaware was called your uncle arose and said, 
"As I believe the voice of my constitncnts and of 
all sensible and honest men ib in favor of Inde- 
pendence, my own judgment concurs with them, I vote 
for independence,'' or in words to the same effect. 
The State of I'cnnsylvaiiia on the 4th of July,there 
being only five IMembers present, (Messrs. DicKin- 
son and Morris, who had, in the Committee of the 
Whole, voted against Independence, were absent), 
voted for it, three to two, Messrs 'Willing' and 
Humphreys in the negative. Unanimity in 
the Thirteen States, an all important point on 
so great an occasion, was thus obtained; the dissension 
of a single State might have produced very dan- 
gerous consequences. 

"Now that I am on this subject," etc 



THE AMERICA X MANUAL. 



303 



Salem &5iii^6H6i^apiit and (Sotipon 0)athei^, 




HAT there were witclies in the time of 
Cotton Mather was agreed to by every 
body. The English law provided a 
punishment for witchcraft, and a 
famous case, tried by Sir Matthew 
Hale ("than whom," says Mather, 
quoting the venerable Baxter, "no 
man was more backward .to condemn a witch 
without full evidence"), was a weighty prece- 
dent with the New England Judges. The 
witches were condemned and executed. 

This whole matter seems to us only a hideous 
nightmare as we look at it in our lights of to- 
day — as many of our doings, let us hope, will 
seem to our posterity. But while it is common 
enough to talk about witchcraft, perhaps you 
do not know exactly what a witch was sup- 
pose.! to be. 

Cotton Mather believed, and he is the great 
authority upon witches: 

1. That the devils have in their natures a 
power to work wonders. 

2. That to assert this power makes most 
for the glory of God in preserving man from 
its effects. 

3. That this power is restrained by the Al- 
mighty as he pleases. 

4. That a witch is one that makes a cov- 
enatit with the Devil. 

5. That by virtue of such covenant she has 
a power to comission him. 

6. That when the Devil is called upon by 
the witch, though he were before restrained by 
the Almighty, the desired mischief shall be 



performed. 

7. That to have a famiHar spirit is to be 
able to cause the Devil to take bodily shapes. 

This is the account which R. C. gives us of 
the doctrines of Mather, as laid down in a man- 
uscript which he allowed R. C. to read but 
not to copy. R. C.'s strong point in all his 
comments and replies is, that, although witch- 
es may be possible, since they are mentioned 
in the Bible, yet that no sufficient means of 
determining who is a witch are indicated; and 
he sees and states very clearly that the course 
of the Reverend Cotton Mather tends to bring 
Christianity and pure religion into extreme 
disrepute. 

The whole business is so shallow and sad, 
that a man at this day can only pity and be. 
humble. In all the accounts of wonders, and 
all the evidence upon the trials, nothing ap- 
pears that is not susceptible of the most obvi- 
ous interpretation. For instance: upon the 
trial of Susanna Martin, June 29, 1692, Robert 
Douver testified that this person being some 
years ago prosecuted at court for a witch, he 
then said unto her he believed she was a witch. 
Whereat she being dissatisfied said, that some 
she-devil would shortly fetch him away; which 
words were heard by others as well as himself. 
The night following, as he lay in his bed, 
there came in at the window the likeness of a 
cat, which Hew upon him, and took fast hold 
of his throat, lay on him a considerable while, 
and almost killed him; at length he remem- 
bered what Susanna Martin had threatened 
the day before, and with much striving he 
cried out. Avoid, thou she-devil, in the name 
0/ Cod, the Father, the Son, and the Holy 



304 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



Ghost, avoid! where upon it left him, leaped 
on the floor, and flew out at the window. 

Poor Susanna was executed; and upon such 
grounds as these the lives of the friendless old 
women in New England were taken, while the 
Reverend Cotton Mather cried. Amen. The 
burnings and tortures of the Inquisition were 
tolerable in comparison, for an ecclesaistical 
was very likely to prove a political heretic. 
But the forlorn old women of Salem could be 
dangerous to nobody in the world. Men also 
were accused, and children; but the complete 
list of persons charged with witchcraft includes 
thirty-five men and two boys, ninety wom- 
en and seven girls. Of these, twenty were put 
to death, thirteen women and seven men; and 
eleven were condemned, but did not suffer, all 
of whom were women. 

These are the chapters of hisiory that should 



teach us charity. Possibly old Mather, and 
Noyes, and the Salem magistrates, thought 
they were doing God service; and they shall 
have the credit which belongs to honest inten- 
tion. But the whole history shows us, as we 
are constantly shown, that the man who in- 
vades the sacred natural rights of other people, 
however honestly he may do it, must pay the 
penalty of actiial punishment, if he is li\4ng, 
and of a public reprobation of his memory, if 
he be dead, before his guilt is understood. 
The name of Cotton Mather will be always 
clouded with the shame of the witchcraft mas- 
sacres, as the fame of Isabella is disfigured by 
the Inquisition. To respect the rights of 
others just as firmly as we insist upon our 
own, is the only path of peace. 



TJIE A. \f ERIC AX ^fANUAL. 



305 



©HE flMBI^IGAN UNION AND ©ONS^nirUiTION. 



Address of Judge Elliot, of Tennessee, to President Cleveland. 




. R. PRESIDENT: You have recently par- 
ticipated in a celebration of the one- 
hundredth anniversary of the formation 
-if the Constitution of the United States, 
^/l^wttT"^ 'and you beheld the multitudes of our 
-7 W^vSk fellow-countrymen flocking from every 
^ "^ * direction to the spot where that instru- 
V ment was fashioned, and renewing their 

I vows of fealty at the shrine of that 

grandest monument of human wisdom. 
Let me say, sir, that the Southern heart was in full 
sympathy with that interesting occasion and that no- 
where in all this broad land will you find more loyalty 
to the Constitution of the United States and to the Gov- 
ernment created by it than among the people of these 
Southern States. Diflerences of opinion as to its true 
theory and its proper constniclion in some points ex- 
isted from its very creation, and controversy has often 
been angry and bitter. One great and important inter- 
est in the progress of things became sectionalized, and 
out of it arose questions of constitutional interpretation 
which were regarded by the Southern people as so 
vital to their rights and interests that they committed 
their solution to the arbitrament of arms. 
'TIic Stern liOgrlc or Events. 
But, Mr. President, they have bowed to the stern log- 
ic of events, and they have in a frank and manly way 
accepted the result of the struggle as a final settlement 
of all the questions in dispute, and they have since 
labored with rare courage, fortitude, and cheerfulness 
to accoiiimodate themselves to their new conditions, to 
reconstruct their broken fortunes, and to contribute 



as far as possible to the general prosperity and happi- 
ness of the whole country. And one practical result 
accomplished by the conflict, the theory of the right of 
a State to withdraw from the Federal compact, was 
overthrown, and the indestructibility of the American 
Union was established on the firmest foundations. 
The Chief Elenient»i of Discord Ucnioved. 

The chief element of discord has been removed for- 
ever, and though questions will continue to arise about 
which men may differ, and differ earnestly, it is settled 
beyond appeal that in all abuses and grievances that 
may arise from the action of the General Government, 
the remedy must hereafter be sought within the pale 
of the Union and under the forms of established law. 
We have all come to realize that American liberty, the 
highest type of human freedom, can only be fully en- 
joyed in the American Unioti and under the American 
Constitution. Indeed, Ihesentiment uttered by Mr. Web- 
ster on a memorable occasion may be said to have be- 
come imbedded in the constitutional law of America 
"Liberty and union, now and forever, one and insepa- 
rable." It has seemed to me to be proper that you as 
President of the United States should hear these senti- 
ments expressed here in the heart of the Southern 
States and in the presence of this concourse of South- 
em people. No one of this multitude will repudiate 
them. All of us, indeed, feel that this Union is our 
Union, that its bright and starry banner is our flag, 
and that its destiny lor weal or woe is to be our destiny. 
This was the last word Judge EUiot spoke. Ten 
minutes later he was dead. 



::o6 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 



(9HB LCAND &5e LcIYE IN. 




HE fat ners of Massachusetts Bay once de- 
cided that populatioTi was never likely to be 
ver>- dense west of Kewton (a suburb of 
^K Boston), and the founders of I.yiiii, after 
exploring ten or fifteen miles, doubted 
whether the country was good for anything 
farther west than that. Until recent times, 

I only less inadequate has been the popular 

conception of the Traiisiiiissouri rc- 
g'ioii and the millions destined to inhabit it. Though 
astonishing comparisons have ceased to astonish, I 
know of no means more effective or more just by which 
to present our physical basis of empire. 

What, then, should we say of a llepultlic of 
eighteen States, each as large as Spain; or one of thirty- 
one States, each as large as Italy; oroneof sixty States, 
each as large as England and Wales? What a ooiilV <l- 
eration of iiatioiist! Take five of the six first-class 
Powers of Europe, Great Britain, and Ireland, France, 
Germany, Austria, and Italy; then add Spain, Portu- 
gal, Switzerland, Denmark, and Greece. Let some 
one greater than Napoleon weld them into one 
mighty empire; and you could lay it all down in 
the United States west of the Hudson River, once 
and again; and again — three times. Well may Mr. 
(lilailiitoiie say that we have "a natural base for the 
greattst continuous empire ever established by man;" 
and well may the English Premier add: "And the 
distinction between coiilinuoiiK oiiipire and the 
empire severed and dispersed over sea is vital." With 
the exception of Alaska our territory is compact, and 
though so vast, is unified by railways and an equalled 
system of rivers and lakes. The latter, occupying a 
larf;'*'*' area than Great Britain and Ireland are said 
to contain nearly onc-hall' of all the fresh water on 
the globe. We are told that east of the Rocky Moun- 
tains we have a river-flow of more than 40.00U miles 
(i. e., So.ooo miles of river bank), counting no stream 
less than a hundred miles in length; while Europe in 



a larger space has but 17,000. It is estimr.ted that the 
Mississippi with its affluents, affords 35,0O0 miles 
to navigation. A steamboat may pass up the Missis- 
sippi and Missouri 3,900 miles from the Gulf — "as far 
as from New York to Constantinople." Thus a "vast 
system oT natural canals"' carries our sea-board 
into the very heart of the continent,— our country. 




ORIOIN OF THE TERM "XASTKEE." 

HERE are comparatively few people who 
know the origin and meaning of the term 
••Yankee," by which the English people 
' "^rrtr^ ^re accustomed more or less affectionately 
Ur* to designate their American cousins born in 
the United States. In view of the Ameri- 
can E.xliibition of tlic Arts, Inven- 
tions, Manufactures, and Protlucts 
of the United States, held at Earls Court, 
Kensington, and which has been nicknamed in s>.>me 
quarters "Tiie Yankeries," it may be of interest 
to readers to know what the word means. When the 
Pilgrim Fathers landed on Plymouth Rock, the 
friendly Indians asked of what people they were, to 
which query they replied, "English." But the red 
man could not twist his tongue around that word, and 
"Y'ens'eese" was as near as he could get to it. It 
was but a ver\- short time, and by a natural and easy 
transition, before "Yengeese" became transformed into 
"Yankees.*' The use of this word also is peculiar. 
The people of the Southern States call all Northerners, 
both east and west, "Yankees," as will be remem- 
bered by those familiar with the great Civil War. The 
people of the Western States call only those living in 
the Eastern States, or east of the Hudson River, 
"Yankees." and these are the only people who ac- 
knowledge the name, and always so describe them- 
selves. On the other hand, all the English colonists 
and the people of Great Britain invariably call all citi- 
zens of the United States "Yankees," and when 
abroad they cheerfully accept, and are generally proud 
of the title,' which, as we have seen, means, and is only 
a corruption of the word, "Enji'Iisli." 



l^HE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



SCI 



LiEGAL I7OLIDAYS OF JTHE S^TATES. 



Christmas and the Fourth of July Celebrated by all. 
Curious Combinations. 




■Uansas stands at the foot of the lists in 
number of holidays, observing only Christ- 
mas, and independence day. To these two 
Vlabaiiia and Mississippi, add new 
year's, while Delaware adds thanksgiving 
day instead. Iiitliana, Iian!s>as and 
T«'nnossoe celebrate the four days hith- 
erto named, to which Iowa and Vermont 
add decoration day; lientiicky, Maine, 
Nebraska, Nevada and West Virgin- 
ia add Washington's birth day; while Rhode Island 
observes the latter two days, but omits new year's. 
All the days named thus far are holidays in Colora- 
do, Illinois, Ohio, South Carolina, and the 
District or Columbia, As many are kept also by 
Florida. Missouri and Wisconsin, which, how- 
ever, omit decoration day, and make election day a 
holiday; by tieorg'ia, which keeps memorial day 
and not election day; by Michigan and Virginia, 
which omit decoration day in favor of fast daj', as 
Minnesota substitutes for it good Friday; and by 
Aeiv Hampshire, which keeps fast day and not 
new year's. 

Of States which keep seven holidays iu the year, 
Calit'oi'uia and New .fersey add election day to 
the six principal occasions, Connecticut adds fast 
day instead, Massachusetts puts fast day and labor 



day in place of new year's and election. Missouri 
drops decoration day for good Friday. Louisiana's 

list is more peculiar, consisting of new year's, the bat- 
tle of New Orleans. Washington's birthday, shrove 
Tuesday, good Friday, the fourth of July, and Christ- 
mas day. Pennsylvania observes good Friday, and 
not election day; and North Carolina keeps memo, 
rial day; and instead of election day celebrates May 
10. New York, Oregon and Texas are the only 
States which recognize so many as eight holidays. 
New York adding labor day to the occasions most 
commonly observed, Oregon obser\'ing fast day in- 
stead, and Texas putting the celebration of Te.xan 
independence (March 2,) and the battle of San Jacinto 
(April 21,) in place of labor day and decoration day, 

Christmas and the fourth of July are the only holi- 
days everywhere. Thanksgiving comes next — in 
thirty-five States; then new year's in thirty-four; then 
Washington's birthday in thirty. There is then a sud- 
den drop to decoration day, which we think readers 
will wonder to find a holiday only in fourteen States 
and the District of Columbia, helped out, more- 
over, by only two memorial days in southern States. 
We suspect some error about this. The figures then 
trail off to fast day or good Friday in ten States, elec- 
tion day in ten, and labor day in only two. Then suc- 
ceed the scattering singles. 



3C8 



THE AMERICAN' MANUAL. 



©HE S^Ai^ Spangled Bannep^. 




^IJR national lyric had its birth dur- 
J: iiig the bombardment of Ba.tiuiore 
^5 oy the British fleet, Sep. 13, [S14. Dr. 
Beans of Upper Marlborotigh, had 
been taken prisoner and carried on 
ship-board by the Biitish when their 
troops had finished their raid upon 
Washington. He was universally esteemed, 
and there was a great desire to obtain his re- 
lease. It was finally arranged that Mr, Francis 
S. Key should. visit the British vessels and 
make the request. Mr. Skinner of Balti- 
more, accompanied Mr. Key. The re- 
quest was gianted, bnt the three Ameri- 
cans were detained on board because of 
the coming attack on Baltimore It can be 
faintly imagined what their feelings were dur- 
ing the furious cannonade of Fort McHenry. 
The darkness wore on interminably. The roar 



of gims made the night tremble, and the 
flashes at their discharge threw a lurid gleam 
across the water. The fort did not reply, and 
it could not be told whether the old flag was 
still flying in its place. The dawn was anxious- 
ly awaited. Mr. Key walked up and down the 
vessel's deck and composed the song which 
has had a national acceptance. When the 
light of morning was suftirient it revealed to 
his eyes the fact that "our flag was still there." 
The long suspense was passed, and the coim- 
try had a possession of great value. At tlie 
close of the ineffectual bombardment the three 
friends went ashore, and the British sailed 
away. Since then, every part of our country 
has knowu and sung that 

"The Star Spaiiglt-d l;amier in triumph doth wive 
O'ei the laud of the free, aud the home of the brave." 



THE AM ERICA X MANUAL. 



800 



VSONPEDEI^AIIIB I^ELIGS. 



Descriptions of the Great Seal and the Treasury Seal. 




HE archives of the Confederate Government 
form perhaps the most inteiesting set of 
historical relics in the po-isessioa of the gov- 

r" ernment. They were takea it Richmoad 
and were handed over to ihc war depart- 
ment. They have been carefally arranged, 
and are now packed away t'rom ^-iew in two 
or three rooms of the big stale, war, and navy 
building. They are never shown to strin- 
gers and the greatest care is taken in regard to them. 
Among these relics is the seal of the Conlederile 
treasury. It is an iron affair with a heavy handle, and 
its emblem is the palmetto tree of South Carolina. 

The die is a little larger around than a trade dollar, 
and around the outside of it run the words, ''Con federate 
States of America," while inside and just ovei me pal- 
metto tree reads: ''The Treasury Departme at. ' 

The great seal of the Confederacy was made sho-lly 
before its fill, and aflerth.it it mysteriouslv disappeared. 
One of its authors wns Col. A. R. Botelar, now of the 
attorney genersi's ')ffice who gave tbe design for the 
seal. This was -ieuf 'j(T tathe Confederate minister at 
London, ind the greai seal was made of pure silver by 
Wyatt, the man who has for years made the great seals 
of England. When the Confederate Government left 
Richmond this seal wa.*- taken along, and I saw a letter 
from Abbeville. S. C, recently, which states that it was 
thrown into a well alona the way and that the well had 
since caved in. Whether '.his be true or not I do not 
know. 

The Confederate Government had very little bullion, 
and the war department has possession ofoneoftheonly 
4 silver half-dollars which were coined by it at the Louis- 



iana mint. This mint was turned over to the Confederate 
Government in February, 1861, and in April Mi. Mein- 
minger, Confedeiatt treasurer, sent out a.sking for 
designs for silver half-dollars. Severa' were received, 
but the one approved Vote on one side a representation 
of the Goddess ot Libenv surrounded by thirteen stars, 
denoting the thirteen s'i".ies of *.he confederacy, and on 
the lower rim th*' figures '1561." On ihe other side 
was a shield with seven stars, represeuliug the seceding 
states, and above the shield there is 1 helmet cap, and 
entwined around it are stalks of sugir cane and cotton. 
The inscription is 'Confederate Slates of America." 
After foi J pieces had been struck, an order was received 
from the Secretary of the Treasury s-isptnding opera- 
tions on i:coiifil if i^ic diflbcnlty of obtaining bullion, 
and the mint was closed on Aprrl 30, 1861. Of these 
four pieces coined one is in posttssion of the Goveru- 
menl here, one was presented to I'rof. Riddle, of the 
University of Louisiana, one to Dv.H. Ames, of New Or- 
leans, and the other retained by Ui. D F. Taylor, the 
coiner, who now resides in Louisiana. 
Air to Conledeiate paper tconev the archives contained 
a great quantity whea they <^ctt captured. Among 
them were half a million dollars m Contederate bonds, 
two large cheats and five bags containing millions of 
dollars of Confederate money, and, in fact, papers giv- 
ing almost a complete history of the Confederacy. 
Specimens of this money have been collected into a 
scrap-book by the clerks of the War Department, and 
this scrap-book, which is filled with blank orders 
of the Confederate Government, with money and other 
curiosities, is now worth more than its weight in gold. 



310 



THE AMERICAN MAXVAL. 



Br^AYEr^ oh^ ©Ar^DiNAL gIames Gibbons. 



At The Centennial Of The Constitution, Philadelphia. 




p E pray Thfe, oh God of might, wisdom, 

|l^ and justice, through Whom authority is 

IK rightly administered, laws are enacted, 

l ^rr!*jL 9.iud judgment decreed, assist with Thy 

holy spirit of counsel and fortitude the 

President of these United States, that his 

*/j^^"' administration may be conducted in right- 

/»i' eousness and be eminently useful fo Thy 

t ' people over whom he presides, by encour- 

^ aging due respect for virtue and religiou, 

by a faithful execution of the laws injustice and mercy, 

and b.. r^st aining vice and immorality. 

l,et the 1 gilt of Thy divine wisdom direct the delib- 
erations of Congress and shine forth in all their pro- 
ceedings and laws framed for our rule and government, 
So that they may tend to the presers-atiou of peace, the 
promotion of national happiness, the increase of in- 
dustry, sobriety, and useful knowledge, and may per- 
petuate to us the blessings of equal liberty. 

We pray Thee for all judges, magistrates, and other 
officers who are appointed to guard our political wel- 
fare; that they may be enabled by Thy powerful pro- 
tection to discharge the duties of their respective sta- 
tions with honesty and ability. 

We pray Thee especially for the judges of our Su- 
preme court, that they may interpret the laws with 
even-banded justice. May they ever be the faithful 
guardians of the temple of the constitution whose con- 
struction and solemn dedication to our countrj-'s liber- 
ties we commemorate to-day. May they stand as 
watchful and incorruptible sentinels at the portals of 



this temple, shielding it from profanation and hostile 
invasion. 

May this glorious charter of our civil rights be deeply 
imprinted on the hearts and memories of our people. 
May it foster in them a spirit of patriotism. 

May it weld together and assimilate in national 
brotherhood the diverse races that come to seek a home 
among us. May the reverence paid to it conduce to 
the promotion of social stability and order, and may it 
hold the aegis of its protection over us and generations 
yet unborn, so that the temporal blessings which we 
enjoy maj' be perpetuated. 

Grant, oh Lord, that our republic, unexampled in the 
history of the world in material prosperity and g^rowth 
of population, may be also under Thy over-ruling 
providence a model to all nations in upholding liberty 
without license, and in wielding authority without 
despotism. 

Finally, we recommend to Thy unbounded mercy 
all our brethren and fellow-citizens throughout the 
United States, that they may be blessed in the knowl. 
edge and sanctified in the observance of Thy most holy 
law; that they may be preserved in union and in that 
peace which the world cannot give, and, after enjoying 
the blessings of this life, be admitted to those which 
are eternal. 

May the blessing of Almighty God, Father, Son, and 
Holy Ghost, descend upon our beloved countrj- and 
upon all her people, and abide with them forever. 
Amen. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



311 



BOSTAIi FjAiPES In IZ92 




[^ OW that :he two-cent postage law 
has gone into effect, the following 
^-i provisions of the first law of Con- 
gress on the subject will be read 
with interest: 
A February 20, 1792, was the date 

^ of the first act fixing rates of postage 

on domestic letters, and established the fol- 
lowing rates, to take effect June i, 1792: 

Act February 20, 1792, Section 9, by land: 
For every single sixty miles, eight cents. 

For every single letter over tliirty miles and 
not exceeding sixty miles, eight cents. 

For every single letter over sixty miles and 
not exceeding 100 miles, 10 cents. 

tor every single letter over 100 miles and 
not exceeding 150 miles, I2j^ cents. 



For every single letter over 150 miles and 
not exceeding 200 miles, 15 cents. 

For every single letter over 200 miles and 
not exceeding 250 miles, 17 cents. 

For every single letter over 250 miles and 
not exceeding 350 miles, 20 cents. 

For every single letter over 350 miles and 
not exceeding 450 miles, 22 cents. 

For every single lettei over 450 miies, 25 
cents. 

For every double letter, double the said 
rates. 

For every triple letter, triple the said rates. 

For every packet weighing one ounce av- 
oirdupois, to pay at the rate of four single let- 
ters for each ounce, and in that proportion foi 
an)- greater weight. 






312 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



BhiiiIP Holan. 



The Original Agent in the Independence of Texas. 



EDWARD EVERETT HALE. 



f HE settlement of tlie west began as 
early as 1775. The city of Lexington 



2*^=^Ky., was named by the early settlers 
;[yN who had just heard of the news of 
the battle of Lexington, in 1775. At 
this time the adventurous Daniel 
Boone and his companions were pressing 
their discoveries in the west and attracting 
the attention of the continent It was about 
this time that Philip Nolan was born in the 
town of Frankfort, a little town in Kentucky. 
He grew up to be a spirited, brave young fel- 
low, under the patronage of WyclifFe. When 
the independence of the United States had 
been secured he was a boy not old enough to 
know what had occurred. He took to mili- 
tary adventure early in life. He would tell 
tliem, as well as he could, what an adventur- 
ous life was. We had gained by treaty the 
right to the eastern shore of the Mississippi 
River. Kentucky planters, and Tennessee 



planters, and Ohio farmers at that time were 
not inclined to be circumscribed by the route 
to the sea by the way of the Mississippi, [which 
was denied them by the Spanish government, 
which held the supremacy in the south. From 
the beginning of his career Philip Nolan was 
identified with honest and earnest efforts to 
secure a passage to the sea, unimpeded by 
any roj-al embargo, There were various ne- 
gotiations and intrigues and interviews set on 
foot by European governments " to maintain 
their power here. 

Philip Nolan first appeared in history in 
1791. He was then acting as a merchant, and 
was thoroughly acquainted with Indian life. 
He loved the woods, and was well pleased 
with a life of adventure. He was fond of 
horses, and traveled far into the wilds of Tex- 
as to secure wild horses, which he brought to 
New Orleans and sold. He longed for a cam- 
paign, and Vtas animated by military ardor. 



THE AMERICAA' MANUAL. 



313 



The life of Nolan was mostly spent in 
tlie depths of the wilderness west of the Mis- 
sissippi. He had once been encountered and 
challenged by a company of SpanishMexicans, 
who had halted and then followed him, and 
this was the beginning of that feeling which 
resulted finally in the independence of Texas. 
The language of signs which Nolan greatly re- 
lied upon in communicating with the savages 
was explained. Nolan had said that by this means 
everything could be expressed but the Decla- 
ration of Independence. All bread-and-butter 
talk could be understood. The earth, the sky, 
and the rain could be easily expressed. No- 
lan in his wanderings had obtained consider- 
able influence among the savages, and a trai- 
tor in his band had given an exaggerated 
account of the plan and purposes of his ex- 
peditions to the Spanish governor. A company 
of dragoons numbering 150 men, well armed 
and equipped were sent against him. Nolan 
was sleeping in his corral with his little band 
of 12 men, where he was surprised and sur- 
rounded by these dragoons in the night. When 
daylight came the Spaniards opened fire on 
the little camp, and the first man that fell 
was Philip Nolan, who was shot in the head 
by a musket ball. -The little band held out, 
and finally concluded to 'retreat. All day long 
they protected themselves from a force 16 



times their number, bearing two wounded 
men with them. 

When night came, a white flag was exhib- 
ited by the Americans, and the party surren- 
dered prisoners of war. They were conveyed 
to Nachitoches and disarmed. There they re- 
mained six years, when tardy orders were 
received from Madrid to decimate the 
prisoners. They had become, in the mean- 
time, endeared to their captors, and the 
Spanish officers humanely construed the 
order to mean that one of them should be 
shot. One quiet Sabbath morning, Ephraim 
Blackman, upon whom the lot had fallen, was 
taken out and executed. At that time the 
United States was a weak nation, Spain was 
strong. Twelve American citizens had cross- 
ed into Spanish lands under the protection of 
the Spanish governor, and some of them had 
lost their lives and all their liberty in so do- 
ing. Yet the United States never made the 
least comjjlaint of that violation of hospitality. 

Nothing now remained as a monument to 
the memory of this brave man, but the river 
which bore his name. Yet his fame was not 
forgotten, and it has been proposed to erect a 
monument to perpetuate his fame, at Wash- 
ington, so that the deeds of this brave man 
should not be forgotten. 



'^U 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



p[ F^ISTOr^IGAL ©ANB. 

The Composition of ISIr. Robert Yale's AVonderful Walking Stick. 




OBERT YALE of Norwich, N. Y., 
has a historical cane which probably 
is the oddest walking-stick ever 
built in this or any other country. 
It contains 2,000 pieces of wood; and 
each inlaid piece is given an artistic 
and symbolic form, so that the cane by its va- 
rious colored woods is given a :noi't artistic 
look, although no color is used upon it. Sixty 
of the 2,000 pieces of wood are relics of great 
value to the relic-hunter, and comprise a piece 
of wood from the olilest tenantable house in 
America, the Fairbank residence, built in 1620 
and now occupied by the seventh generation. 
The head of the cane is from the tree at Crown 
Point to which Gen. Putnam was tied after 
being condemned to death by burning by the 
Indians. Set in the cane is a wreath of hair 
from the head of Rebecca Eates, one of the 
heroines whose strateg>' drove the British to 
their shipping after landing to attack Scituate, 



T.Iass. There is a piece of wood from the 
Charter Oak; another from the house of Han- 
cock, the first signer of the Declaration of 
Independence; another from the house whore 
witchcraft originated in Salem, and another 
from the house where the victims of that craze 
were tried. Set in the cane is a small piece 
of Plymouth Rock, and also a piece of wood 
from the Mayflower; also wood from five dif- 
ferent forts on Lake Champlain, from Haw- 
thorne's residence at Salem, from the church 
where Roger Williams preached, and from the 
tree beneath which Jonatlian Edwards preach- 
ed to the Indians at Stockbridge, Conn. ; also 
a piece from the curbing of the well commem- 
orated by Wadsworth in his poem, "The Old 
Oaken Bucket," etc. The only foreign relic 
in the collection is a piece of wood from the 
Tasso Oak, The cane is a unique and attract- 
ive piece of work and is valued at ;f5oo by its 
ownier. 



815 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Session op jphb Hoi^iphwesjii ©ei^i^iiiioi^y. 



HE three centennial celebrations of 
the first settlement of Ohio which 
^4f^g=^ will be held this year at Marietta, 
;r^ Coluniljus, and Cincinnati have been 
made the basis of an article in the 
March number of the Magazine of 
Ai)icrican History by Mr. Douglas Campbell 
in which he corrects an error that appears not 
only in school-books but in American histories 
relative to the cession of the Northwest terri- 
tory, including the present States of Ohio, 
Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin, 
to the Union, and Kcutucby, which was other- 
wise disposed of. 

It has been generally assumed that this 
cession was made by the State of Virginia. 
Neither Bancroft nor Ilildreth makes any 
mention of the real facts in the case. IMr. 
Llaine, in his "Twenty Years of Congress," 
leaves the reader with this general impression, 
and Gen. Walker, the Superintendent of the 
census, in his "Statistical Atlas," published 
by the Government, also allows Virginia's 
claim to go unchallenged. Mr. Campbell, 
however, brings forward an overwhelming ar- 



ra}- of proofs showing that the cession was 
made by New York and that the credit which 
Virginia had enjoyed so long does not belong 
to her. The cjuestion is one of great historical 
importance, as the cession led to the formation 
of the confederation and thus to our present 
Union. A brief statement of Mr. Campbell's 
evidence will therefore be of as much interest 
in Illinois as in Ohio, since Illinois was part 
of the territory conveyed. 

In 1780, it was apparent that the Revolution- 
ary War w^ould be successful, and the c^uestion 
of the ownership of the vast area west of the 
Appalachian Mountains and east of the Mis- 
sissippi River came up. New York put in her 
claim for the whole of it, and so did Virginia, 
while Llassachusetts and Connecticut asserted 
ownership over a strip of the northern jDortion. 
The other States, however, protested on the 
ground that it was common property wrested 
from the enemy, and the contention became 
so hot that Maryland refused to join the con- 
federation until some settlement was made, 
and other States threatened to withdraw. 

New York at once came forward and 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ceded the whole area to tlie Govern- 
ment, which pacified Maryland, and she 
joined the Confederation, thus making 
the union complete. Virginia, Massachusetts, 
and Connecticut also proposed deeds of con- 
cession, accompanied by certain conditions. 
The next year all these propositions were re- 
ferred to a Congressional committee of five 
members. After a long and careful investiga- 
tion this committee reported that the territory 
belonged to New York, advised the acceptance 
of her offer and the rejection of the others, 
suggesting, however, that Virginia, Massachu- 
setts, and Connecticut should make releases to 
the Government so as not to invalidate tlie 
title. The report was adopted by Congress 
and its recommendations carried out. The re- 
leases were subsequently made, with these 
exceptions; that Virginia retained Kentucky, 
which she subsequently sold, while Connecti- 
cut did the same witli about 4,000,000 acres in 
Ohio, now known as the Western Reserve. 

Mr. Campbell not only states results but 
accompanies them with a strong array of 
proofs. When the Congressional committee 
was appointed Virginia refused to lay any evi- 
dence before it to establish her claim. As a 
matter of fact she had none, except the chart- 
er of 1609 granted by James I., and conveying 
"a tract of land along the seacoast extending 



for two hundred miles in each direction north 
and south from Old Point Comfort, and all 
that space and circuit of land Ipng from the 
seacoast of the precinct aforesaid up into tlie 
land throughout from sea to sea, west and 
northwest" — a description so A-ague that it 
would have carried Virginia's ownership to 
the Pacific Ocean. The description was not 
only vague but, even if valid, it could not by 
any rule of legal construction be made to em- 
brace the area of the present Western States. 
Further than this, the charter was annulled 
by legal proceeding in 1624, and thencefor- 
ward Virginia continued a royal province. 
More fatal still to her claim is it that when 
the charter was granted "England did not 
own the region in dispute, and only gained it 
afterwards by a title derived tlirough the Prov- 
ince of New York," whose title in turn came 
through tha Six Nations, which were appen- 
dant to its government and lived in Central 
New York. In closing his interesting article 
Mr. Campbell said: 

"How well this report is sustained by the 
facts is shown in the preceeding pages; its 
conclusions of law are likewise unassailable. 
By the Revolution, which severed the connec- 
tion between the colonies and the mother 
country, each State succeeded to the title of 
Great Britain to all public or crown property 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



317 



within its limits. The confederation was sim- 
ply a league owning nothing and succeeding 
to no rights. It was the individual State which 
took to itself the quit rents of tlie crown, with 
all the otlier crown property, such as forts, 
court-houses, and the unsold or unappropri- 
ated lands. In the same way New York suc- 
ceeded to Great Britain's jurisdiction over the 
Six Nations and their tributaries, and tliereby 
secured the exclusive privilege of buying or 
conquering their land, a right which as to the 
Indians residing in the other States was never 
questioned. Her title to the soil was not ab- 
solute, for it was subject to the occupation of 
the natives, but it was the only one claimed at 
that time by the European Powers to any laud 



on tliis continent, and under it the Indian > 
lands in the West are held by the United 
States to-day." 

It is a little remarkable that so important a 
matter as the action of Congress upon the 
deeds of cession, bearing directly upon the 
formation of tlie Union, should be passed over 
withotit notice by the historians. Mr. Camp- 
bell has done good service in bupplying their 
omissions, and the contribution comes at an 
important time, for it establishes a bond of 
sisterhood not only between Ohio and New 
York but also Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and 
Wisconsin, for the proofs in the one case are 
th*^ nroofs in all. — The Chicw'-o Tribune. 



318 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



©HE f^iSJPor^Y OP niHB (iiviL Wm{ fflusfp HoJH 

Be iGNor^ED. 



THE RT. REV. SAIMUEL FALLOWS, D. D. 




ITERATURB is joined witli monu- 
ments and historical reminiscences 
as a potent factor in securing needed 
unity, and this needed literature in 
our own country the war has given 
us. 

However well intentioned may be the sug- 
gestions or the design to eliminate from the 
history of the United States, as studied in our 
public schools, the account of the civil war, we 
cannot afford seriotisly to entertain a thought 
in that direction. I know that the desire lying 
back of the feeler just thrown out in this city 
speedily as possible a full reconciliation be- 
tween the North and South. But we cannot 
conveniently drop out of history, the record of 
a conflict that shook the globe, and wrought 
the most momentous social and political 
changes in our land. The memories of the 
brave boys who fought against each other are 
not so treacherous that they can forget what 
they did on some of the bloodiest battle fields 



of history. Reconciliation never will come 
b}' ignoring, but by accepting the situation. 
The principles for which the Union armies con- 
tended are as permanent as the Republic itself. 
It would be the most stupendous act of historical 
hari-kari ever known, for the North and the 
South to attempt to take out of the national 
record, in order that the children of the Re- 
public may know nothing of it, the history of 
the struggle which emancipated four millions 
of men and demonstrated to the world that we 
were one nation. 

Keep forever before our youth the heroic 
deeds of the men who served the Republic, 
and those of the equally heroic deeds of the 
misguided men who sought to disrupt it. Add, 
in the successive editions of your common 
school histories, if you choose, that hundreds 
of Confederate officers, since the war has closed, 
have been members of the national Congress. 
Relate how the gallant heroes who opposed 
each other in that terrible, decisive battle of 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



CIO 



Gettysburg, have been arm in arm over the 
fateful field, to find out the exact location of 
their regiments, brigades and divisions, so 
that the simple truth relating to the conflict 
might be told; narrate how, when the appeal 
was made in Richmond and in New York for 
a home for disabled Confederate soldiers, Cor- 
poral Tanner, the eloquent United. States Dis- 
trict Attorney for Brooklyn, representing 
scores of thousands of Union soldiers, stumped 
about on his wooden legs and made the most 
glowing effort of his life, in order that the re- 
quired help might be given. Let it be told, 
and I hope it may be soon told, that an Amer- 



ican Westminister Abbey or Walhalla has 
been erected to the memory of our distinguihed 
dead, where, ranged within, may be found the 
sculptured busts and statues of Washington 
and Franklin, Adams and Jefferson, of Web- 
ster and Clay, of Lincoln and Garfield, Mc- 
pherson and Rawlins, of Thomas and Hooker, 
of Stonewall Jackson and Polk, of Lee and 
Stephens; but do not commit the supreme 
folly of trying to wink out of existence the 
conflict which has given our country its un- 
disputed nationality, and the world the pro- 
phetic assurance of ultimate and universal 
Freedom. 



320 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



England and ^Imbi^iga.. 



A Common System of Jurisprudence Must Cement National Friendship, 



THE HON. THOMAS A. HENDRICKS. 




bf DO not know liow a free and intelli- 
gent people may more emphatically 
*f express their respect and regard for 
another free and intelligent people 
than by an adoption of their laws. 
It is to say yo\i are virtuous, and wise. 
and strong, and we will trust for our future to 
tlie influences that have made you so. National 
and artificial boundaries may mark political 
divisions, and standing armies and hostile at- 
titudes may maintain established political re- 
lations, but a jurisprudence common to both 
is an assurance of mutual sympathy and per- 
petual peace. Both people bow to the author- 
ity of the same laws, and if there must come 
between them trouble, and strife, and blood- 
shed, it shall be charged to the foil}' of a vicious 
diplomacy or to tlie gratification of a reckless 
ambition, and not to the pacifying influence 
of a common jurisprudence. It was in 1807 
when this great region of the Northwest was 



as yet in a territorial condition, that the Terri- 
torial IvCgislature adopted the common law of 
England, and the general statutes passed in 
aid thereof prior to the fourth year of James L, 
excepting three or four statutes, perhaps, of 
Henry VIII. and Elizabeth, and excepting 
also certain provisions of the law and statutes 
as might be in conflict with our Constitution 
and laws. It may be that this was unnecessary 
— that we need not have adopted the laws of 
England, but, lest there might be uncertainty 
as to the extent of their application in our 
country, this Territorial I/egislature, composed 
of men not cultured in the laws, representing 
scattered settlements, adopted them. It may 
be, and I dare say it would have been so, that 
these laws would have been ours anyhow, so 
far as they were suited to our condition and 
consistent with our institutions; but by their 
adoption certainty was secured, and such laws 
as were not suited to our condition were ex- 



THE AMERICA \' MANUAL. 



321 



eluded. When the lyOrd-Chief-Justice, of Eng- 
land visited our country it was not to seek the 
gratification of curiosity amid scenes and pop- 
ulations to which he is a stranger, but he came 
here to observe and to contemplate the devel- 
opment of the liberal element of the institutions 
of his own country upon an area and among a 
people in the highest degree adapted to such 
development. He could but be gratified when 
he saw enormous commerce regulated in a 
large degree by the usages of the merchants 
as the}' existed long before the brilliant policy 
of Lord Mansfield. He saw that the common 
law as he administers it at home has overtaken 
the railroad train, and the rules for the gov- 
ernment of the common carrier have become 
the law- of their control. The passenger has 
the protection of the same rule of law, requir- 
ing care and diligence on the part of railroi d 
employees from Edinburg to London and from 
Chicago to New York. The American who 
has just arrived in London knows his legal 
rights quite as well as if he were at home, while 



the Englishman just landed at New York 
knows his legal rights as well also as if he 
were in London. Perhaps one of these parties 
— I need not say which — is more disposed than 
the other to stand upon his rights to the very 
uttermost. If the Chief-Justice of England 
and the Chief-Justice of the United States 
should exchange places the judicial machinery 
of the two great nations would move on with- 
out interruption or disturbance. 

I have made visits to courts in England, 
where I heard the same arguments used as 
here and the same appeals to justice, and I 
felt that every man I saw was an American, 
because I heard the language of the law com- 
mon to both countries. And I heard discussed 
in the House of Commons the cause of human- 
ity against the power and strength of one high 
in position, who had murdered a subordinate, 
and had not been tried for it: and I felt that I 
might be proud of the country from which my 
ancestors in part have come. 



323 



THE AMERICAxV MANUAL. 



Our^ For^EiGN gopULAiriON. 



KEY. CEO. C. LOPvLMEP., D. D, 




"^Va,=i^ HE alien on our sliores i3 of the r-cime 
origin with ourselves, and however 
one may be disposed to criticize his 
influence, it has never been as preju- 
'■jK dicial to native American interests as 

I has been the native American's and 

that of their fathers on the destiny of the red 
man. Few persons are familiar with the facts 
concerning; immigration, and as a consequence 
there are many faulty generalizations current 
leading to unwarranted fears on the one hand 
and to groundless hopes on the other. It is 
therefore necessary, if these erroneous conclu- 
sions are to be questioned, and if we are to 
form a just estimate of the relations which 
foreigners sustain to America and to American 
institutions, that we ascertain with proximate 
accuracy their numbers and the rate of their 
increase. 

Statistics of Iiniiiig'rntioii. 
No statistics of immigration were kept be- 
fore 182c-; but from those subsequently given 



to tlic 2:)ublic we learn that from September 30, 
1S19, to December 30, i860, there arrived by 
sea from other lands a total of 5,062,414 souls, 
2,977,603 males, and 2,035,536 females. The 
author of the census report, C. G. Kennedy, 
reminds us "that the distribution is materially 
different from that of a settled population; the 
females are less than the males in the ratio of 
two to three; almost precisely one-half of the 
total passengers are between fifteen and thirty 
years of age." In alluding to the "dispropor- 
tion between the rate of gain in the north and 
sovith respectively, ' ' he says that it is manifestly 
to some extent caused by the more congenial 
climate of the former section, combined with 
the variety of occupations open to the people, 
and the dignity wherewith respectable employ- 
ment is there invested. During the stormy 
period of our history — 1S61-1S65 — we gather 
from the American Almanac that 793,903 per- 
sons arrived in the United States; and from 
the same source, in its issue for the year iSSi, 



THE AMERICAX MANUAL. 



we learn that the forthcoming census will 
show that the total number of alien-bom peo- 
ple in this country is 10,138,758, among a pop- 
nlatioii of 50,152,866, of whom the Chinese 
form t!ie inconsiderable portion of 105,679, 
ami the civilized and taxed Indians even less- 
some 65,880 souls; that ib,, the foreign popula- 
tion is about one to every five of the native. 
The Rate Of Increase Will Xot Diiiiinisli. 

Nor does this rate of increase promise to 
diminish. Dr. Eoyd, of St. Louis, in a valua- 
ble paper on tlii^ sulject, states that recently 
"on one claj, in tlic single port of New York 
almost 5,oco immis;i-ants were landed; and that 
one steamship line has contracted to bring 
over 80,000 more from Norwav and Sweden." 
He adds that there is a decided tendency on 
the part of tliese new comers to settle in the 
larger towns; tliat "New York, city is the third 
German city in the world. Vienna is first; 
Berlin, second; Nev.- York, third;" and thr.t 
"with tlie Germans of New York a city could 
be forrtied whose population would exceed that 
ofHamburg and Bremen put together." Otliei 
great centers of wealth and activity, such as 
Cincinnati, St. Louis, and Chicago, exhibit a 
similr.r f tate o( things; and we have ever>' rea- 
son for believing that foreign influence in 
these centers will not decline lor many a day. 

Tlie Stability of .Viiii<ri<-:;:) : it<<iituli4>ii?:>. 



Now it is not unnatural in view of this tre- 
mendous influx that apprehensions should be 
felt regarding the stability of American insti- 
tutions. Many of these strangers are socialists, 
communists, infidels, many are ignorant and 
superstitious, and but few are prepared to ap- 
preciate the spirit and genius of our govern- 
ment. Can it be, the timid ask, that the 
United States can endure this strain? Has the 
country a digestive system of such ostrich-like 
capacity as to assimilate such a heterogeneous 
mass? And is it not probable that the invisi- 
ble destinies mean to rcenact the history of 
the past and permit our civilization to fall be- 
fore the alien, as the savages were swept before 
our sires? We shall be Romanized, cries one 
party, we shall be rationalized, cries another; 
we shall be Germanized, responds a third; 
and that we shall become something unnama- 
bly bad these fluttering ones at least very con- 
fidently believe. I do not share in this alarm; 
perhaps as one not native bom, it is impossible 
that 1 should. But my convictions on this 
subject are not the result of race prejudice; 
they have grown with my study of the facts 
involved, and out of the philosophy of historj-. 
Lord Macaul-W says: "Ever since I began 
to observe I have been seeing nothing but 
}Jlc^^lh, and hearing of nothing but decay." 
Such has also been my own experience. In 



324 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



my boj-hood I was told that England with her 
Chartist riots, and her monster Irish demon- 
strations, was hasteoing to destruction; in my 
youth I was assured that the union and pros- 
perity of these states were drawing to a close; 
and in manhood I half believed that the vitter 
ruin of France was inevitable, and yet these 
nations siu-vive and are tolerably vigorous 
stiU. 

Suspicious of Alarmists. 
I have, therefore, become suspicious of 
alarmists, with their direful prophecies of ap- 
proaching social and political cataclysms. 
Nor is there anything I know of in historj- that 
imparts to those which are now being ut- 
tered the least color of probability. The move- 
ment of the ancient Arj-ans to the banks 
of the Indus is not analogous to the inflow 
of foreigners into America, the incursions 
of the Huns, Goths, and Vandals into 
Italy were of a tolerably different character; 
they were warlike invasions, not peaceful mi- 
grations; but whenever large bodies of people 
have emigrated from one country to another, 
as the Huguenots from France into England, 
they have uniformly contributed to the pros- 
perity of their adopted land and have gradual- 
ly been assimilated to its people. Hegel, in 
his "Philosophy of Histon.-," calls attention 
to the arrival of colonies in ancient Greece; 



an Egyptian, Cecrops, founding Athens; the 
Phoenician, Cadmus, founding Thebes, while 
other indi\-idual aliens, such as Danaus and 
Pelops, were the means of advancing the civ- 
ilization of that favored country. And wher- 
ever similar instances are found, the same 
beneficial effects may be traced; and, in view 
of such cases, ! shall not despair while I admit 
the difficulties in the way and the perils to be 
encountered of the ultimate homogeneousnesH 
of the various nationalities which compose our 
population. 

Ilopcfnl View. 

There are also facts not generally ■weighed, 
but which deserve to be noted, and which in 
my judgment are fitted to inspire tlie most 
skeptical with this feeling of hope. 

An eastern paper. The Watchman, of Boston, 
states in a recent editorial that of the multi- 
plied thousands who seek our shores, not less 
than 15 per cent, fall out by death or return, 
and Dr. Boyd, in the paper already alluded to, 
says: "The last census shows that owing to 
the large death rate among our foreign pop- 
ulation, while the aggregate population of the 
country increased twelve million during the 
last period, the addition of the foreign popula- 
tion was but a little more than a Eaillion;"and 
he endorses the statement made by The 
Watchman, that the ratio or percentage of 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. "S") i 

foreign born to native inhabitants is steadily should be shielded from a prolane assault 

diminishing. The ravages of mortality, in- Moreover, the avenues that are open to their 

duced probabh- by change of climate, by ambition under our democratic forms can 

strange and exhausting methods of life, and hardly fail to increase their attachment. In free 

by out-door labors in malarious districts, act America, as in free Athens, where the armorer's 

as a check on the undue enlargement of the son, Demosthenes, rose to commanding power: 

alien element. Thus a providential arrange- where the courier, Diodorus, rose to the dig- 

mcnt seems to shield our institutions, and re- nity of embassador; and where the commedian, 

proves the alarm which oversensitive national- Aristophanes, exerted marked influence in the 

isls have expressed. affairs of state, all are permitted to contend for 

Iiiiniis'rant<« JPatriotio. the highest offices — with two exceptions — in 

Supt. Kennedy, in the census for iS6o. bears the gift of the people. No hairier has been 

this testimony— "the great mass of the immi- reared by class prejudice, no restrictions have 

grants are found to cherish true patriotism for been imposed, and persons of any nationality 

the land of their adoption;" a testimony that can achieve the place of honors to which their 

has been confirmed by many acts of devotion merits entitle them. This is a powerful stim- 

in peace and war. It would be unnatural for uiant to loyalty, and must tend to convert our 

Ihem to feel otherwise. Having escaped from most tigerish radicals into the most lamb-like 

the scepter of rulers unlike the heathen mon- conservatives. Nor should it be overlooked, in 

arch, Demophoon in the tragedy of Euripides, judging the effect of foreign immigration on 

who would not treat his people as barbarians, American institutions, that we have the rec- 

and who felt himself liable if he did unjustly ords of the past to aid us in shaping our hor- 

tosuffer justly, they must surely be inspired oscope o* the future 

by sentiments of loyalty to a government that Xiiiiibor ol" Alien Binli in isco. 

not only ofTers them an asvlum, but admits In iS6o we had of alien birth among us, 463 

them to share in its administration. While 704 merchants, 1,529,674 farmers, 815:048 nie- 

anarchists among them may fret at the re- chanics, 8,652 clergj'men, 5,352 lawyers, 14, 

straints of ''aw and clamor for revolution, the 218 physicians, and a fair porportion of other 

^rcat mass must feel that principles which callings, most of whom lived in northern 

have done so much for them are sacred, and states. These strangers could have seriously 



THE AMEKICAX MANUAL. 



embarrassed tlie national cause, if not totally 
impeded it, had they been so minded. Never 
was a nation more helpless, and never was the 
time more favorable to plots, counterplots and 
revolutions. And yet, with the exceptions of 
a few riots in connection with the draft, our 
foreign population was as patriotic and as 
self-sacrificing as the native. No obligation 
did they shun, no danger did they shrink from 
and no exaction did. they refuse to bear for the 
sake of their adopted country. Is it not, there- 
fore, ungenerous to suspect them now of un- 
friendly intentions towards a government in 
whose behalf they spent their treasures and 
shed their blood? And is it not more probable 
from the course they pursued when the ship 
of state was tossed on the mad billows of in- 
ternal strife, that should rebellion, in the name 
of socialism, communism, or nihilism, ever rear 
its serpent head they would be among the first 
to resist its attacks, even though weapons in 
Its defense should be borne by misguided ras- 
cals from the old world? Consult the annals of 
a grateful nation, and observe how foreigners 
have felt and acted towards her; note the es- 
teem in which they have been held, and then 
answer whether we should not be slow to chal- 
lenge the fealty of their kindred to the insti- 
tutions of America? 

Revolutionary Heroes of Forelgrn Birth. 

Dtoring the Revolutionary war there were 



distinguished generals of foreign birth, whose 
heroism and whose devotion to liberty may 
be mentioned in the same breath with the 
names of Washington and Putnam. There 
was the Welshman, Charles Lee, by some 
persons credited with the authorship of the 
celebrated "Letters of Junius," not without 
blame, but an ardent friend of the colonies; 
there was the Englishman, Gen. Gates, who 
received the sword of Burgoync, and who was 
publicly honored by congress; there were 
the Scotchmen, Hugh Mercer, Arthur St. 
Clair, both distinguished soldiers, and John 
Paul Jones, the first of our naval heroes, and 
the last to be forgotten; there were the Irish- 
men, Commodore Earry and IMaj. Gen. Rich- 
ard Montgomery, the second of whom had 
fought under Wolfe at Quebec, and incurred 
the personal spite of England's prime minister 
on account of his devotion to liberty; there 
was the Prussian, Earon Steuben, who was 
with Washington at Valley Forge, and whose 
vast military knowledge was of eminent ser- 
vice to the Revolutionary army; there was the 
Polish patriot, Kosciusko, who, after conse- 
crating his genius to the American cause, 
among other achievements executing the 
works at West Point, returned to his own 
country and was wounded when struggling 
against the tyranny of Russia — 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



32T 



Hope for a season bade the world farewell, 
And freedom shrieked as Kosciusko fell; 

and there was the Frenchmen, Baron de Kalb, 
who gloriously fell at the battle of Camden, 
dying a soldier's death, as he had desired to 
die, "for the rights of the people," and the 
immortal Lafayette, who not only with the 
sword won for himself a place in the affection of 
our people, but with the pen expressed such 
sentiments as must endear his name to all fu- 
ture time — for it was he who said: "American 
interests will always be more dear to me than 
my own," and in a letter written to his wife, 
"intimately allied to the happiness of the 
whole human family is that of America, des- 
tined to become the respectable and sure 
asylum of virtue, honesty, toleration, equality, 
and of a tranquil liberty." 

Loyal Citizens of Foreign Birtli. 
In days more recent, but less trying to lo)'- 
alty and valor, we find in positions of grave 
trust prominent representatives of alien na- 
tloiialties. who bore themselves nobly in the 
strife. I need not recall their names — they are 
familiar to us all. The 24th Illinois volun- 
teers, composed largelv of Germans, was heard 



from on many a field, and they and their gal- 
lant commander bear witness to the enduring 
affection of the foreign citizen for the land of 
his adoption. Other professions likewise fur- 
nish illustrious instances of laborers from the 
cation on that subject, is to bring about as 
of Chicago by a member of the board of edu- 
old world, through whose enlightenment, ener- 
gj-, enterprise, and sagacity the fortunes of 
the new have been promoted. It is perhaps 
impossible to decide how much of our business 
prosperity and how much of our educational 
and religious growth are traceable directly to 
their influence. The Swiss, Louis Agazziz, re- 
flected undying luster on fair Harvard; the 
Englishman, Dr. Harper, won golden opinions 
for American science; and as for our natural- 
ized merchants, all that I can say is that when 
one of the leaders among them, like the la- 
mented Geo. Armour, sinks quietly into the 
arms of death, the entire community is made 
conscious of a loss which requires more than 
ordinary integrity, virtue, common sense and 
piety to fill. 



333 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



QQgSlellan's liBTiPEr^ op ^Iggeptangb. 



Orange, New Jersey, Sept. Sth, 1S64. 
Gentlemen: — 

I have the honor to acknowledge the rec«*i|)t of 
your letter, informing me of my nomination by the 
]>eiii»erattic National Coiiveiition, recently 
held at Chicago, as their can«li(late at the next elec- 
tion for President of the United States. 

It is unnecessary for me to say to jou that this noin- 
illation comes to me unsought. 

I am happy to know that when the nomination was 
made, the recor«l of my life was kept in view. The 
effect of long and varied s^ervice in the Army, during 
war and peace, has been to strengthen and make in- 
delible in my mind and heart, the love and reverence 
for the Union, Constitution, L.aiV!» and Flag' of 
onr country, impressed upon me in early youth. 

These feelings have thus far g'ui<le«l the course of 
my life and must continue to do so to its end. The e.x- 
istence of more than one Government over the 
reg:lon which once owned our flas' is inj^npatible 
with the peace, the power and the iiappine<»»i of 
the people. The preservation of our I'nion was 
the sole avowed object for which the War was com- 
menced. It should have been conducted for that ob- 
ject only and in accordance with those principles 
which I took occasion to declare when in active ser- 
vice. Thus conducted, the work of reconcilia- 
tion would have been easy, and we might have reaped 
the benefits of our many victories on land and sea. 
The I'nion was originally formed b\' the exercise of 
a spirit ot conciliation and compromise. To 
restore and preserve it, tlie same spirit must pre- 
vail in our Councils and in the hearts of the people. 

The re-establishuient of the Union in all its in- 
tegrity, is, and must continue to be, the indispensa- 
ble con«lition in any settlement. So soon as it is 
clear and es-eu prubable, that our present adversaries 



are ready for peace, upon the basis of the Union, 

we should exhaust all the resources of Statesmanship 
practiced by civilized nations, and taught by the 
traditions of the American people, consistent with 
the honor and interests of the Country to secure 
such peace, establish the Union, and guarantee 
for the future the Constitutional rights of every 
State. The Union is the one condition of peace, we 
ask no more. 

Let me add what I doubt not was, although unex- 
pressed, the sentiment of the Coni-ention, as it is 
of the people they represent, that when any one State 
is willing to return to the Union, it shouldbe received 
at once, with a lull guarantee of all its Consti- 
tutional rights. 

If a frank, earnest and persistent effort to obtain 
tho.se objects sliould I'ail, the responsibility for 
further consequences will fall on those who remain 
in arms against the Union. But the Union must be 
preserved at all hazards. 

I could notlook iu the faceofmj' gallant comrades 
of the army and navy, who have survived so many 
bloody battles, and tell them that their labors and the 
sacrilice of so many of our slain and wounded breth- 
ren had been iu vain; that we had abandoned that 
Union for which we have so often periled our lives. 

A vast majority of our people, whether iu the 
army and navy or at home, would, as I would, hail with 
unbounded joy the permanent restoration of peace 
on the basis of the Union underthe Constitution 
without the efl'usion of another drop of blood. But no 
peace can be permanent without Union. 

As to the other subjects presented in the resolu- 
tions of the Convention, I need only say that I should 
seek, in the Constitution of the United States, and 
the laws framed in accordance therewith, the rule 
of my duty, and the limitations of Executive power, 
endeavor to restore economy iu public expenditure, 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



329 



re-establish the snpr«inau^ of law, and by the oper- 
ation of a more rigorous iiHtionnlity, resume our 
commanding pos^itioai among the nations of the 
earth. 

The condltioM of our finances, the deprecia- 
tion of our paper money, and the burdens thereby 
imposed on labor and capital, urge upon us the necess- 
ity of a return to a sound financial system, while the 
rights of citizens and the rights of iStates, and the 
binding authority of law over President, Army 
and People, are subjects of not less rival importance 
in wrar than in peace. 

Believing that the views here expressed are those of 



the convention and the people you represent, I 
accept the nomination. I realize the welg-lit of the 
responsibility to be borne, should the people ratify 
your choice. Conscious of my own weakness, I can 
only seek fervently the guidance of the Rulerof the 
Universe, and relyin;; on his all powerful aid, do my 
best to restore I'nion and Peace to a suffering peo- 
ple, and to establish and guard their liberties and 
rights. 

I am. Gentlemen, Very Respectfully, Your obedient 
Ser^'ant, Geo. B. McClellan, 

■ Hon. Horatio Sevmour and Others; Committee. 






:^i^:^ 



f'd'' 



%(s e) 



'•<:^^^, 






330 THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

« 

Ql AMFICATIOXS REQlIREn FOR SUFFRAGE IX EACH OF THE 38 STATESl. 




Excluded from Voting. 



Alabama. . . . 

Arkansas. . , 

California. . . 

Colorado, . . . 

Connecticut. . 

Delaware. . . 

Florida. . . . 

Georgia. . . . 
Illinois. . . . 
Indiana. . . . 

Iowa 

Kansas. . . . 
Kentucky. . . 
Louisiana. . . 

Maine 

.TVIarylatid. . . 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. . . 
Minnesota. . . 
Mississippi. . 

Missouri. . . . 

Nebraska. . . 
Nevada. . . . 
N. Hampshire. 
New Jersey. . 
New York. . . 
North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon. . . . 
Pennsylvania. 
Rhode Island. 

South Carolina 

Tennessee. . . 

Texas 

Vermont. . . . 

Virginia. . . . 

West Virginia. 
Wisconsin. . . 



Leg. may regulate . . . . I Idiots, Indians, convicted of crime. 
Prohibitc-^d as a bar to suf Idiots, Indians, convicted of crime. 
Reg. rciU red by law . . Idiots, Indians, convicts, Chinese. 
Requirc<i by Coi'istituiiou !Persons in prison. 

Required by law | Those unable to read and convicts. 

No registration required ildiots, insane, paupers, criminals. 
Required bv Constitution I J.^'ots,'ns.ine, criminals, bettors on elec 

' - ' \ tious, duellists. 

Leg. may regulate, no act Idiots, insane, crimifaals and non-tax-payei S. 
Required by law .... Convicts. 
No law fur registration . Fraudulent voters and bribers. 

Idiots, insane, criminals. 

Idiots, insane, convicts, rebels. 

Bribery, robbery forgery, &c. 

Idiots, insane, criminals. 

Paupers, Indians not taxed. 

Lunatics, convicts and gr.ilty of bribery. 
(Paupers, persons under guardians, non-tax.. 
( payers and men unable to read and writs:. 

Duellis^.s. 

Idiots, insane, convicts. 

Idiots, insane, criminals. 

("Inmates of asylums, poorhouses and pris» 
( ons, U. S. arn'iy. 

Idiots, convicts. U. S. army. 



Required by law . . . . 
Required in cities only . 
No registration required 
Leg. may regulate . . . 
Required by law . . . . 
Required by Constitution 

Required by law . . . . 

Required by law . . . . 
Required by law . . . . 
Required by Constitution 
f Required'by Constitu 



tion in cities only. 
Required by law . . 

Required by Constitution I Idiots, insane, convicts 
Required by law .... {Paupers. 
Req'd in cities of 10,000 . jPaupers, idiots, insane, convicts. 
Req d in cities of 10,000 . Election betlors or bribers, convicts. 
Required by Constitution ;Convicts. 
No registration required ;Idio!s, insane. 

Ildiots, insane, convicts. V . S. armv, Chinese. 

Required by Constitution Nou-taxpayers, political bribers. 
Required by law . . . . Persons without property to value of $1 ',4. 
Required bv Constitution! flnsane, inmates, of a.sylum.s, almshouses 

^ - I [and prisons I . S. army, duellists. 

No registration requirediNon-payers of poll-tax. 

Prohibited by Constitu'ntl.uratics, idi,.ts, paupers, convicts, U. S. army, 
Required by law .... Bribers. 

r Lunatics, idiots, convicts, duellists, U. S. 
[ army. 

Lunatics, paupers, convicts. 
Insane, idiots, con v'ts, bribers, bettors, duellists 



Required by law .... 

Prohibited by Constitu'n 
Required by law .... 



Note. — All the ,•',8 States limit suffrage to male citizens, but in Colorado, Massachu- 
sett.s and some other States women may vote at school-district electicas. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



331 



^UAMFICATIOXS RE<ll'IREI> FOR SUFFRAGE IX EACH OF TISE 38 STATES. 



Alabama. . . . 
Arkansas. . . 
California. . . 
Colorado, . . . 
Connecticut. . 
Delaware. , . 

Florida. . . . 

Georgia. . . . 
Illinois. . . . 
Indiana. . . . 

Iowa 

Kansas. . . 
Kentucky. . . 
Louisiana. . . 

Maine 

Marj'land. . . 

Massachusetts. 

Michigan. . . 
Minnesota. . . 
Mississippi. . 

Missouri. . . . 

Nebraska. . . 
Nevada. . . . 
N. Hajnpshire. 
New Jersey. . 
New York. . . 
North Carolina 

Ohio 

Oregon. . . . 
Pennsylvania. 
Rhode Island. 

South Carolina 

Tennessee. . 
Texas. . . . 
Vermont. . . 

Virginia. . . 



West Virginia 
Wisconsin. . 



Requirement 

as to 
Citizenship. 



iCitizens or declared intention 

iCitizens or declared inttuiiun 

.Actual citizens 

Citizens or declared intention 

.•Vctnal citizens 

Actual County ta.vpayers. . . 
f United States citizens or 
( declared intention. 

Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 

Citizens c.r declared intention. 

Actual citizens 

Citizens or declared intention. 

Free wiiUe male citizens. . 

Citizens or (ieclared intention. 

.\ctual citizens 

Actual citizens 

Citizens 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Citizens or declared intention. 
Actual citizens 

Citizens or declared intention. 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Citizens or declared intention. 

Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 

.\ctual citizens 

.-Kctual citizens 

Citizens or declared intention. 

.Actual citizens 

-Vctual tax-paying citizens. 

Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 

Citizens or declared intention. 
Actual citizens 

Actual citizens 



Actual citizens 

Citizens or declared intention. 




I year 
I year 



Note. — All the 38 States limit suffrage to male citizens, but in Colorado, Massachu- 
setts and some other States wcmtu may vote at Echool-district elections. 



y33 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



OFFENCES FOR WHICH STATES DISFRANCHISE BY THE EXPRESS TERMS OP 

THEIR CONSTITUTIONS, OR FOR WHICH THEIR EEOISEATL'RES MAY 

MAKE DISFRANCHISEMENT A PENAETY. 



States. 


Treason. 


Felony. 


Bribery. 


Perjury. 


Forgery. 


Murder. 


Kobberv. 


Duelling-. 




Treason . 


Felony ( 1 ) . 


































Perjury* . 








Duelling . 























Bribery . . 


Perjury . . 








Duelling . 


Del; w-.re (4) 












F'elony . . 
Felony . . 


Bribery . . 










Duelling , 
Duelling . 




Treason . 









































Iowa .... 


















Kansas (5) . 


Treason . 


Felony . . 














Bribery . . 


Periurv . . 


For£;erv . , 








Louisiana (20 


Treason . 


F'elony (i) . 


Briberv U'ernn-v 










Bribery (6) 
Bribery (7) 












Marj^land , 
































. . . . . . 










Duelling . 




Treason . 


Felony . . 


Bribery . . 
Bribery . . 










Perjury . . 


l-'orgery . . i ' 

! 


Duelling (7) 










Treas :)n Felony (8) 














Trej'son (9) Pr'lmiv (n^ 


Bribery (10) 
















J 













New Jersey 


Treasonui) 




Bribery . . Perjury (11) 


Forgery (11) 


Murder (11) 


Robbery(ii) 





















Ohio 




Bribery . . 




























Pemi 






Briberj'(i2) 
Bribery . . 












Rhodelsland 































Murder . . Robbery . 


Duelling . 








Bribery (14) 
Bribery . . 
Bribery (16) 












Texas 




Felony (15) 


Perjury . . 








Duelling . 














Virginia . . 
W. Vir. (iS) 


Treason . 


Felony . . 










Duelling . 












Treason . 


Felony . . 












Duelling (7) 











I. A crime punishable by death or imprisonment in a State prison. 

2.* The constitution adopted by California in 1S79 expressly disfranchises for any infamous crime, embezzlement 
or misappropriation of public money, and duelling, and says that laws shall be made to exclude from the right of 
suffrage persons convicted of the above starred crimes. 

3. Theft is the term used in the constitution of Connecticut. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



333 



4. The legislature may make the forfeiture of the right of suffrage a punishment for crime. 

5. No person who has been dishonorably discharged from the service of the United States, or who has vol- 
untarily borne arms against the Government of the United States, is qualified to vote or hold office in Kansas. 

6. Since 1876 "the legislature may enact laws excluding from the right of suffrage for a term not exceeding ten 
years" for this crime. 

7. These crimes forever disqualify for voting. 

8. "Under the law of the State or of the United States unless restored to civil rights." 

9. "In any State or Territory of the United States unless restored to civil rights." 

10. The constitution of Nevada, Art. 4, sec. 10, makes ineligible for office persons convicted of embezzlement 
or defalcation of public funds or bribery, and empowers the legislature to make these crimes punishable as fel- 
onies; and by Art. 2, sec. i, felony disfranchises. 

11. Theconstitutionof New Jersey, Art. 2, sec. 1, says that "no person convicted of a crime which now excludes 
him from being a witness, unless pardoned or restored by law to the right of suffrage, shall enjoy the right of an 
elector." The laws of the State make persons convicted of the above tabulated crimes incompetent as witnesses, 
and if the crime is perjury or subornation of perjury a pardon does not remove the incompetency. 

12. Disfranchise at such election, as do all corrupt offers to give or receive money or other valuable thing for a 
vote in both New York and Pennsylvania. 




334 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



States. 


Enihezzlenient 

of Public Funds. 

Fraud. 


Electoral 
Misdemeanors. 


Infamous 
Crimes. 

1 


Larceny. 


Other Offences. 


Alabama . . 


Embezzlement 
of public funds 






Larceny 




Arkansas . 








California . 


Embezzlement or 
misappropriation 
of pub. moneys (2) 




Infamous crimes 

(2) 




Malfeasance in office or 


Colorado . . 




other high crimes* 


Connecticut 


Fraudulent bank- 
ruptcy 




Infamous crimes iLarceiiv (.■C\ 




Delaware (4) 
Florida . . . 




(19) 








Election wager 


Infamous crimes 


Larceny 




Georgia . . 


Embezzlement of 
public funds 




Illinois . . . 










Indiana . . 






Infamous crimes 
Infamous crimes 






Iowa .... 










Kansas (5) . 
Kentucky . 


Defrauding U. S. 








or any of the 
Statesthereof 










Louisiana (20 










misdemeanors 


Maine . . . 












Mar\'land . 




Illegal voting (7) 


Infamous crimes 


Larceny 




Mass 






Michigan 












Minnesota . 






Infamous crimes 
Infamous crimes 

Infamous crimes 






Mississippi . 










Missouri . . 




Election misde- 
meanor 


misdemeanors 


Nebraska 








Nevada . . 


Embezzlement or 
defalcation of 
public funds uo) 










New Hanip. 










New Jersey- 
New York 








Larceny 


Subornation of perjury, 
blasphemy, piracy, arson, 
rape, sjdoniy, polygamy, 
Cvytispiracy 




E'.ection wager (12) 


Infamous crimes 
Infamous crimes 
lufam^^us crimes 


N. Carolina 








Ohio .... 




















Peuu. . . . 




Wilful violation 
oftlie E.ectiju 
laws (13) 








Rhodelsland 




Infamous crimes 






S. Carolina . 










Tennessee . 






Infamous crimes 






Texas . . . 








Other high crimes 


Vermont . . 












Virginia . . 


Embezzlement of 
public funds 






Larc'y (17) 




W Vir (iS) 





























THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



335 



13 Any person convicted of this offense "shall, in addition to any penalties provided by law, be deprived of the 
right of suffrage absolutely for a term of four years." 

14 "Any elector who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote, in meat, drink, money, or otherwise, shall 
suffer such punishment as the laws shall direct." 

15 "Subject to such exceptions as the legislature may make." 

16 'Any elector who shall receive any gift or reward for his vote in meat, drink, mone3', or otherwise shall 
forfeit his right to elect at that time, and suffer such other peiialtj* as the law shall direct." 

17 "Petit larceny." 

iS "No psrsjn who is under the con victiort of treason, felony, or bribery in an election shall be permitted to 
vote while such disability continues." (Con. of West Va., art 4, sec. i.) This phrase "while disability continues" 
has not received judicial interpretation in West Virginia, but is construed by election officers to mean during 
imprisonment. 

19 "These crimes are treason, felony, and the crimen falsi"— which term includes crimes which involve a 
charge of such falsehood as may injuriously affect the public administration of justice by the introduction! there- 
in of falsehood and fraud, such as forgery, perjury, subornation of perjury, or conspiracy to procure the absence 
ol a witness. 

20 And persons 'who may be under interdiction." 




336 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



©HB I^BPUBLIGAN AND DeMOGI^ATIG ©AI^JIIIBS 

ON ©r^OHIBIJITION. 



Republican. — The organization of temper- 
ance men in Alabama meets our hearty ap- 
proval", and we recognize in it Uie spirit of 
Him who came among us and taught, "A new 
command I give." I would that ye love one 
another. (Adopted \>y State committe.) 

Democratic. — No mention. 

ARKAXSAS. 

Rep. — ^We recognize the fundamental prin- 
ciples of Government that all power is in the 
People, and we therefore favor a submission to 
the people of the State of an amendment to 
the Constitution, prohibiting the manufacture 
and sale of alcoholic liquors in the State. 

Dem. — No mention. 

CAI^IFORBflA. 

Rep, — That the property of our viticultural 
and horticultural indvistries is of paramount 
importance to this State. In order to encour- 
age their rapid improvement and freer exten- 
sion of trade in domestic and foreign markets, 
and to prevent unjust discrimination in favor 
of foreign products, a revision of the internal 
revenue laws and amendments to the tariff are 
demanded as of immediate necessity to our 
People; and the Legislature should by suitable 
legislation provide for the extermination of 
fruit pests. 

Dem. — That in view of the brilliant future 
that awaits California, in the development of 
its wine interests, we most heartily favor the 
bills now pending in Congress for the release 



from taxation of spirits used !n the fortifica- 
tion of sweet wines, and the piotection of our 
wine industries from the injurious effects of 
fraud and the unrestricted sale of spurious 
wines, and we also favor Legislation provid- 
ing for the protection of the wine industry. 
That we re-affirm the principles contained in 
the National Democratic platforms, declaring 
that the Democratic party is unalterably op- 
posed to all Sumptuary Legislation. 

COLORADO. 

Rep. — That we shall, in the future as in the 
past stand firm in our advocacy of temperance 
and sobriety, and to the advancement of mo- 
rality and virtue, and pledge ourselves to furth- 
er the adoption of laws tending to control vice, 
and lift this People to higher planes of 
thought and action. 

Dem. — No mention. 

CONSfECTlCUT. 

Rep. — The traffic in intoxicating liquors is 
justly chargeable with being a great cause of 
poverty, ignorance and crime. Our existing 
local option laws are in accord with the State's 
ancient theories of local government, and the 
Republican party is ready, as it always has 
been, for the enactment of such laws, tending 
to eradicate the evils of intemperance, as may 
be demanded by public sentiment. 

Dem. — In Legislative enactments the Dem- 
ocratic party pays due regard to the fullest 
liberty of the individual consistent with law 
and order. We recognize the fact that no law 
to prevent the abuse in the use of alcoholic 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



83; 



liquors can be enforced against public senti- 
ment; and we adhere to the views heretofore 
expressed by the Democratic party that a well- 
regulated License Law, thoroughly executed, 
will best promote the cause of temperance and 
good order in society. But a License Law under 
the control of an exclusively partisan board of 
County Commissioners, who act for their party 
rather than the welfare of society, will fail of 
its primary object. 

DELAWARE. 

Rep. — No convention. 

Deni. — No mention. 

FLORIDA. 

Rep — No convention. 

Dem. — No mention. 

OEORGIA. 

Rep. — No convention. 

Dem. — No mention. 

ILLI.VOIS. 

Rep. — No mention. 

Dem. — That while we have no purpose to 
interfere with just laws for the regulation of 
the traffic in intoxicating liquors and for the 
prevention or correction of the evils to society, 
growing out of abuses in their rule, we declare 
that it is out of the Ic^timate province of Gov- 
ernment to control the habits, tastes, appetites, 
and liberties of the People so long as they are 
orderly and peaceable, and do not encroach 
upon the rights of others or of society We 
therefore declare that the Prohibition by Con- 
stitution or by general law of the manufacture 
or sale of vinous, malt, or spiritous liquors, 
would be in violation of individual and per- 
sonal rights and contrary to the fundamental 
principles offree Government. 
IXDIABTA. 

Rep. — The domination by the liquor league 
of political parties and Legislation is a men- 
ace to free inst'tutions which must be met and 
defeated. The traflic in intoxicating liquors 



has always been under Legislative restraint, 
and we favor such laws as will permit the Peo- 
ple in their several localities to invoke such 
measures of restriction as they may deem wise 
to compel the traffic to compensate for the 
burdens it imposes on society and relieve the 
oppressions of local taxation. 

Z?^w;.— That the Democratic party of Indiana 
is now, as it has always been, opposed in 
principle to all Sumptuary Laws and Prohibi- 
tory Legislation, but it is in favor of just and 
proper measures for regulating the traffic in 
spiritous and intoxicating liquors, under a li- 
cense system designed to repress the evils of in- 
temperance, and it favors a reasonable in- 
crease of the license tax, -discriminating be- 
tween malt liquors and wines and distilled 
spirits, so as to place the highest license on 
distilled spirits, the proceeds of such tax to be 
applied to the support of common schools. 
IOWA. 

Rep.—lo^a. has no compromise to hold 
•with the saloon. We declare in favor of the: 
vigorous and faithful enforcement in all parts- 
of the State, of the Prohibitory Law. The 
Pharmacy Law and the County Permit Law 
should be so amended as to prevent the drug- 
store or wholesale liquor store from becoming 
in any manner the substitute or successor of 
the saloon. 

Dem. We are opposed to all Sumptuary 
Legislation and in favor of the repeal of the ■ 
present Prohibitory liquor Law, and substitai-- 
tion in its stead of a local option and carefully- 
guarded License Law with a minimum license 
fee for better control of the liquor traffic. 
KAXSAS. 

Rep. The People of Kansas have adopted 
Prohibition as the settled policy of this Sute, 
and have deliberately decided that the sfdoon 
with its corrupt and demoralizing influences 
and associations, wherebv overv form of vice, 
immorality and crime is iostered, must go, and 



338 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



we are in favor of carrying into effect this ver- 
dict of the People by such amendments of the 
present law as practical experience has shown 
to be necessary, and by the election "of law 
officers who will so firmly and faithfully en- 
force it as to render it impossible to sell intox- 
icating liquors in the State, except for purposes 
specified in the Prohibition Amendment to the 
Constitution. 

Dein. — That we are in accord with the Na- 
tional Democracy in opposition to all Sumpt- 
uary Legislation, either State or National; 
that we are opposed to the principle of Con- 
stitutional Prohibition; and demand the re- 
submission of the Prohibitory Amendment in 
this State to a vote of the Electors, so that the 
question may be finally and intelligently set- 
tled and whereby the interests of true temper- 
ance may be promoted and the individual lib- 
erty and manhood of citizens respected and 
restored. Instead of Constitutional or Statu- 
tory Prohibition, we favor a well-regulated 
and just License System. 

KENTUCKY. 

Rep. — No mention. 

Z><?;;/.— We are opposed to all Sumptuary 
Laws. We contend that there are already on 
our statute books sufficient general laws hav- 
ing local application to protect the public 
morals without infringing on private rights. 

liOVISIANA. 

Rep. — No mention. 
Dent. — No mention. 

Rep. — Resolved, That the Republicans of 
Maine now, as heretofore,indorse and approve 
the Law for the prohibition of the sale of in- 
toxicating liquors. The Law and its several 
amendments were enacted bj' Republican 
T>egislators, and this Convention now declares 
ill answer to misrepresentations in many 



quarters, that the general effect of the Prohib- 
itory Law has been beneficent, and has proved 
in a marked degree helpful to the cause of 
temperance in Maine. It has largely reduced 
the consumption of alcoholic liquors, and has 
in many ways contributed to the moral and 
material welfare of the State, 

Detn. — No mention. 

MARYI^AND. 

Rep. — No mention. 

Dent. — No mention. 

MASSACHUSETTS. 

Rep. — Recognizing intemperance as the 
most fruitful source of pauperism, crime, etc., 
in politics and social degradation, we affirm 
our belief in the most thorough restriction of 
the Liquor Traffic and the enforcement of the 
laws for its suppression. We approve the 
action of the last Legislature in enacting so 
many temperance statutes, and demand the 
continued enactment of progressive temper- 
ance measures as the policy of our Party. We 
repeat the recommendation of last year's 
Convention, as follows: "Believing, also, that 
whenever a great public question demands set- 
tlement an opportunity should be given the 
People to express their opinion thereon; We 
favor the submission to the People of an 
Amendment to our Constitution prohibiting 
the manufacture and sale of alcoholic liquors 
to be used as a beverage. In order to have 
the matter placed before the People, we call 
upon all those who are opposed to the political 
control of the grog-shops to unite with the Re- 
publican party in electing Senators and Rep- 
resentatives who will vote for the submission 
of this Am ndment." 

Deni. — We, the Democrats of Massachusetts 
in Convention assembled, renew our adherence 
to the principles of Democracy declared by 
the last National Convention, at Chicago. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



339 



MICHIGAX. 

Rep. — The Republican party has redeemed 
its promise made in its platform of 1882, and 
reiterated in subsequent State platforms, by 
submitting to the People an Amendment to 
the Constitution prohibiting the manufacture 
and sale of intoxicating liquors, and the adop- 
tion or rejection of the Amendment is now 
with the people, where it belongs. 

Dem. — No mention. 

^ J»INN£SOTA. 

Rep. — The Republican party of Minnesota 
is in favor of high License, local option and a 
rigid enforcement of existing laws relating 
to the Liquor Traffic. 

Deui. — The traditions of the Democratic 
party being in favor of personal liberty, there- 
fore, be it Resolved, that this party is opposed 
to all Class and Sumptuary Legislation. 

9IISSI.<iNIPPl. 



Rep.- 
Devi. 



-No convention. 
—No mention. 



MISSOURI. 



Rep. — That when a respectable number of 
the citizens of the State shall petition the 
Legislature for the submission of any propo- 
sition to amend, change or modify the Con- 
stitution in any matter which is a proper sub- 
ject of organic law, their request should be 
granted. 

Dem. — No mention. 

NEBRASKA. 

Rep. — That the Republican party of Ne- 
braska is in favor of submitting the question 
of an Amendment to the State Constitution 
prohibiting the manufacture, sale and impor- 
tation of any malt, spiritous or vinous liquor 
in the State. 

Dem. — We denounce Prohibition and regard 
the attempt of the Prohibitory party to force 



Sumptuary Laws on this State as dangerous to 
the liberty of the citizen, and hostile to the 
welfare of the People. 

XEVAI>A. 

Rep. — No mention. 

Dem. — Heartily endorses the National Dem- 
ocratic Platform. 

NEW HAMPSHIRE. 

Rep. — We believe that the principle of Pro- 
hibition, which has prevailed as the policy of 
this State for thirty years, has done much to 
render the Liquor Traffic odious, built up the 
temperance sentiment of the State and re- 
duced to the minimum the unmitigated evil of 
the sale and use of intoxicating liquors. To 
supplant this principle by license would over- 
throw for a paltry revenue all that has been 
gained in moral advance and substantial pro- 
gi'ess in this reform, and we call on all well- 
wishers of their State and of their fellow-men 
to join us in preventing the restoration of a 
License Policy as proclaimed by the Demo- 
cratic party of New Hampshire, and to the 
faithful enforcement of the law. 

Dent. — We recognize the evils of intemper- 
ance, and we profoundly sympathize with all 
well-directed efforts to eradicate these evils, 
and, in view of past experience, we are con- 
vinced that a judicious License Law, properly 
enforced, is the best remedy therefor, and will 
really promote the cause of temperance. 
NEW JERSEY. 

Rep — The Republican party had its founda- 
tion in the belief in the virtue and intelligence 
of the People; it has always held with its great 
leader, Abraham Lincoln, that it is a Govern- 
ment of the People, by the People, and for the 
People; we therefore declare that the Republi- 
can party of New Jersey is in favor of the sub- 
mission of the question of the regulation, 
control or prohibition of the Liquor Traffic to 
the votes of the People, at elections specially 



340 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



provided for that purpose. 

Dent. — Endorses the National Democratic 
Platform. 

XEW YORK. 

Rep. — We heartily endorse the purpose of 
the Repiiblicaii majority of the Legislature in 
passing the bills to limit and restrict the Liq- 
uor Traffic, and we condemn the vetoes of the 
Governor as hostile to that purpose. We rec- 
ommend comprehensive and efficient Legisla- 
tion by giving local option by counties, towns 
and cities, and restriction by taxation in such 
localities as do not by their option exclude ab- 
solutely the Traffic. 

Dem. — We favor a revised Excise Law, ap- 
plicable without unjust discrimination, through 
out the State. We oppose all Sumptuary 
Laws, needlessly interfering with the personal 
liberties and reasonable habits and customs of 
any portion of our citizens. We believe that 
excise reveimes, like other proper local reve- 
nues, should be applied in lessening local 
burdens, and to the reduction of local taxa- 
tion. 

XORTH CAROI.INA. 

Rep. — No mention. 
Dem. — No mention. 

OHIO. 

Rep — We point with just pride to the en- 
actment of the Dow Law in fulfillment of the 
promises of the Republican party, and we 
pledge ourselves to such further Legislation 
as may be necessary to keep abreast of en- 
lightened public sentiment on this question, 
to the end that the evils resulting from the 
Liquor Traffic be restrained to the utmost 
possible extent in all parts of the State. 

Dem. — We declare in favor of the proper 
regulation of the Liquor Traffic, and believe 
it to be the duty of all good citizens to aid in 
reducing to a mininuim the evils resulting 
therefrom, and to this end favor the submis- 
sion of an Amendment to the Constitution 
providing for the license of such Traffic. 



OREGON. 

Rep. — Resolution in favor of submitting the 
Prohibitor}' Amendment. 

Dc'u. — That we favor the submission to the 
voters of the State of Oregon, of the pending 
Amendment to the Constitution of our State 
regulating the Liquor Traffic. 

I'EXNSYI.VANIA. 

Rep. — That they reaffirm their declaration 
of iSS6 in favor of submittiug to a vote of the 
People the Prohibitory Constitutional Amend- 
ment. 

Dem. — We renew our allegiance to the prin- 
ciples and declaration of the platform adopted 
at Chicago in 1SS4. 

RlIOUEISLiAND. 

Rep. — We recognize the fact that the adop- 
tion ofthe Fifth Amendment to our State Con- 
stitution was not a partisan measure, and that 
such Amendment has become a part of our 
P'undamental Law, in obedience to the will of 
the Constitutional majority. We demand the 
enactment of Laws adequate to carry this 
Amendment into effect, and such laws shall be 
rigidly enforced, recognizing at the same time 
the right of the People to agitate for the re- 
peal of this or any other Constitutional pro- 
vision which time may prove to be unwise or 
ineffectual. 

Dem. — No mention. 

SOUTH CAROLINA. 

Rep. — No convention. 

Dem. — No mention. 

TEXNESSEE. 

Rep. — That we, recognizing the sovereignty 
of the People, do, in response to the demand 
made through their Representatives in the 
last Legislature, pronounce in favor of sub- 
mission to them, for their adoption or rejec- 
tion, the proposed Constitutional Amendment. 

Dem. — Recognizing the sovereignty of the 
People, and in response to their demands 
through their Representatives in the last Gen- 
eral Assembly, we favor submitting to thein 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



3'±i 



for their adoption or rejection, the proposed 
Constitutional Amendment prohibitin.y; the 
mannfafture and sale of intoxicating liquor as 
a beverage in Tennessee. 

TKXAS. 

Rep. — The People in a republic being the 
source of po'.ver, we believe it to be the duty 
of the Legislature to submit to the People, for 
their ratification or rejection, such Amend- 
ments to our Organic Laws as they may ask, 
such submission, when petitioned by a suf- 
ficient number, being in accordance with the 
bill of rights. 

Dcni, — We do not believe that the views of 
any citizen upon the question of local option 
should interfere with his standing in the Dem- 
ocratic party; and we declare the question to 
be one on which every Democrat may indulge 
his own views without affecting his Democra- 
cy. 

ver:»ioxt. 

Rep. — That we deplore the evils of intem- 
perance. We reaffirm the position of the Re- 
publican party in this State upon that question, 
and declare that in our opinion the Prohibi- 
tion of the Dicjuor Traffic, as expressed in our 
statutes, be and should remain the settled pol- 
icy of the State; that the influence of the liq- 
uor saloon is as debasing in politics as it is 
baleful in social life. The Republican party 
should everywhere reject all overtures for open 
or secret alliance with it. 

Dein. — We favor such Legislation as shall 
control the traffic in intoxicating liquors and 
increase the revenue rather than the burden of 
taxation, and, though opposed to Sumptuary 
Laws, we demand the enforcement of existing 
laws until repealed, whenever practicable. 
VIR«IMA. 

Rep. — For a gene-ral law providing that 
every Connty, city, town and district in this 
Commonwealth may determine for itself, by a 
majority of all votes cast, at a special election 
held for the purpose under due regulations, 



whether or not the sale of spiritou-j liquors 
shall be allowed within its limits. 
_ Devi. — Reaffirming the traditional opposi- 
tion of the Democratic party to all Sumptuary 
Laws, or laws vuiduly interfering with indi- 
vidual liberty, we recommend to "the General 
Assembly to pass such laws as will permit each 
County or District, at a special election held 
for that purpose, under proper regulations for 
ascertaining the popular will, to determine for 
itself whether the sale of spiritous liquors shall 
be legally permitted within its limits. 
WKST VIRGIXI.%. 

Rep. — A State Conference favored the sub- 
mission of a Prohibitory Constitutional Amend- 
ment. 

Dent. — No mention. 

Rep. — Recognizing the evils of intemperance, 
the Republican party desires to adopt the most 
effective means for its suppression. But we 
recognize the fact that the statute regnlations 
which are not supported by public opinion are 
inoperative, and tend to bring all law into dis- 
repute, and we believe that in the present con- 
dition of public sentiment the existing laws of 
this State, which permit communities, accord- 
ing to the sentiment prevailing in them, to 
prohibit the Traffic in intoxicating liquors or 
to control it by police regulations and to limit 
it by High License, offer the best and most 
practical means of dealing with the evils re- 
sulting from the Liquor Traffic. 

Deui. — That the intemperate and excessive 
use of intoxicating liquors is earnestly to be 
deplored, and we believe that the Liquor Traffic 
should be regiilated by reasonable and liberal 
laws. Laws, whether general or local, designed 
exclusivly for arbitrary regulation of the 
personal habits of citizens, as an exercise of 
Legislative power, are iinw-arranted by the 
Constitution, contrary to the fundamental 
principles of all free governments, and are 
justified b}' no practical results j-et attained iu 
the experience of mankind. 



343 



THE AMERICAN MNUAL. 



DEMOCRATIC 




REPUBI.ICAW 




NATIONAI^ tO.llMITTEE. 




XATIOBTAl. COMMITTEE. 




18S8. 




ISSS. 




Wm. H. Barnum, Chairman, 

Lime Rock, Conn. 




B. F. Jones, Chairman, 

and Treasurer, ex-officio, 




F. O. Prince, Secretary, 

Boston, Mass. 

Charles J. Canda, Treasurer, 

52 Williams St.. New York City. 




Pittsburgh, Pa. 
Samuel Fessenden, Secretary, 

Stamford, Conn. 





Hen'ry C. Sample . . . 
S. R. Cockrill, Jr. . . 
M. F. Tarpey . . . . 
Charles S. Thomas . . 
Wm. H. Barnum . . . 
Ignatius C. Grubb . . 
Samuel Pasco .... 
Patrick 'Walsh .... 
S. Corning Judd . . . 
Austin H. Brown . . . 
M. M. Ham ... 
Charles W. Blair . . . 
Henry D. McHenry . 
B. F. Jonas 



Arthur P. Gorman . 
Fred'k O. Prince . 
Don M. Dickinson . 

P. H. Kelly 

C. A. Johnston . . . 
John G. Prather . . 
James E. Boyd . . . 
John H. Denning . 
Alvah W. Sulloway . 
Miles Ross 



M. W. Ransom . . 
Wm. W. Armstrong 

A. Noltner 

Wm. A. Wallace . . 
J. B. Barnaby . . . 
F. W. Dawson . . . 
R. F. Looney .... 

O. T. Holt 

Bradley B. Smalley 
John S. Barbour . . 
Lewis Baker .... 
William F. Vilas . . 
W- K. Mead .... 

M. H. Dav 

\Villiam Dickson . . 
Tohn Hiilev .... 
W.J. McCohnick . . 
Geo. W. Fox .... 
J B. Roseborough . 

J. H. Kuhn 

M. F. Post 



Montgomery . 
Little Rock . 
East Oakland 
Denver .... 
Lime Rock . 
V/ilmington . 
Monticello . . 
Augusta . . . 
Chicago . . . 
Indianapolis . 
Dubuque . . . 
Leaven-worth . 
Hartford . . . 
New Orleans . 



Laurel . . . 
Boston . . . 
Detroit . . . 
St. Paul . . 
Columbus . 
St. Louis . . 
Omaha . . . 
Tuscarora . 
Franklin . . 
New Brutiswick 
New York City 
Weldon . . . 
Cleveland . . 
Portland . . . 
Clearfield . . 
Providence 
Charleston . . 
Memphis . . 
Houston . . . 
Burlington . . 
Alexandria 
Wheeling . . 
Madison . . . 
Tombstone 
Springfield 
Washington . 
Idaho City . . 
Mis.soula . . . 
Socorro . . . 
Salt Lake Citv 
Ft. Townsend 
Laramie City 



Alabanin. . . . 
ArUniisas . . . 
California . . . 
Colorado . . . 
i'onnectiout . 
Delaware . . . 
Florida ... . 
Oeors-ia .... 
Illinois .... 
Indiana ... . 

Iowa 

Kansns 

Kentnoky . . . 
liOnisiana . . . 

Maine 

Maryland . . . 
Massaohnsetts 
Michigan . . . 
Minnesota . . 
Mississippi . . 
Missonri .... 
Nebraska . . . 

IVevada 

New Hainpshir 
New .Tersey . . 
New York . . . 
North Carolina 

Ohio 

•^regron .... 
Pennsylvania . 
Rhode Island 
Kouth t'arolina 
Tennessee . . . 

Texas 

Vermont .... 
Virgrinia .... 
West Virginia 
Wiseonsin . . . 
.Vrizoiia .... 

Dakota 

Dist. Colninbia 

Idaho 

Montana .... 
New Mexico . 

[fTtali 

> ii'ashins'ton . . 
IWyoniing: ... 



Theo. Youngblood 
Powell Clayton . . 
Horace Davis . . . 
William A. Hamill 
Samuel Fessenden 
Daniel J. Layton . 
Jesse p. Cole . . . 
F. H. Putner . . . 

D. T. Littler . . . 
John C. New . . . 
J. S. Clarkson . . . 
Cyrus Leland Jr. . 
J. B. Moore . . . 
Frank Morey . . 
J. M. Haynes . . . 
James A. Gary . . 
William W. Crapo 
John P. Sanborn . 
Robert G. Evans . 
John R. Lvnch . . 
R. T. Van Horn . 
Church Howe . . 
Thomas Wren . . 
Edward H. Rollins 

JGarret H. Hobart 
John D. Lawson . 
jR. W. Humphrey 

A. L. Conger . . . 
J. T. Apperson . . 

B. F. Jones .... 
Horace A. Jenks . 

E. M. Brayton . . , 
W. P. Brownlow . 
N. W. Cunev . . . 
George W. Hooker 
Frank S. Blair . . 
John W. Mason . 
Edward Sanderson 
Clark Churchill . 
John E. Bennett . 
Perry H. Carson . 
Sherman M. Coffin 
Tames H. Mills . 
"Stephen B. Elkins 

C. W. Bennett . . 
Thomas T. Miner 
Joseph M. Carey . 



. I Union Springs. 

. j Eureka Springs. 

. San Francisco. 

. JGeorgetiiwn. 

. Stamford. 

. Georgetown, 

. Monticello. 

. Hardawav. 

. Springfteld. 

. Indianapolis. 

. Des Moines. 

. Troy. 

. Owensboro', 

. Dalton. 

. Augusta. 

. Baltimore. 

. New Bedford. 

. Port Huron. 

. Minneapolis. 

. Natchetz. 

. Kansas City. 

. Auburn. 

. Eureka. 

. Dover. 

. |Paterson. 

. I New York City. 

. IGoldboro'. 

. 'Akron. 

. Oregon City. 

. Pittsburgh. 

. Woonsocket. 

. Columbia. 

. Jonesboro*. 

. Galveston. 

. Brattleboro'. 

. Richmond. 

. Grafton. 

. Milwaukee. 

. Prescott. 

. Clark. 

. Washington. 

. Boise City. 

. Deer Lodge. 

. 92 B'wav. N. Y. 

. Salt Lake Citv. 

. Pt. Townsend. 

. Chej-enne. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



.343 



Execntive Coininittpe of the National Dem- 
ocratic Coniniittee. 



■William H. Banium, 

A. P. Gorman, 

Wm. A. Wallace, 
William F. Vilas, 
John S. Barbour, 

B. F. Jonas, 
P. H. Kelly, 
Austin H. Brown, 
Henrj^ D. McHenry, 



Alvah W. Sulloway, 
M. W. Ransom, 
M. M. Ham. 
Wm. W. Armstrong, 
Bradley B. Smalley, 
F. W. Dawson, 
Miles Ross, 
S. Corning Judd, 
J. B. Barnaby, 
John G. Prather. 



Executive Committee of the Xatioiial Re- 
publican Committee. 



John C. New, 
Stephen B. Elkins 
John W. Mason, 

E. H. Rollins, 
J. M. Hayncs, 
W. W. Crapo, 
E. Sanderson, 
G. A. Hobart, 
Eeo. W. Hooker, 
John W. I,awson, 



Frank S. Blair, 
R. W. Humphrey, 
Powell Clayton, 
Frank Morey, 
A. L. Conger, 
John P. Sanborn, 
Church Howe, 
Cyrus Iceland, Jr. 
John R. Lynch, 
J. S. Clarkson, 
D. J. Lavton. 




344 



THE AM ERIC AX MAX UAL. 

BRIEF HISTORY OF NATIONAL POLITICAL CONVENTIONS. 



National Conventions for the nomination ot can- 
didates lor President and Vice-President are of compara- 
tively recent orijjin. In the earlier political history of the 
United States, under the Federal Constitution, candidates 
for President and Vice-President were nominated by con- 
gressional and leg-islative caucuses. Washington was 
elected as first President under the Constitution, and re- 
elecied for i second term by a unanimous or nearly i:nan- 
i ous concurrence of the American people; but an oppo- 
sition party gradu. lly grew up in Congress, which be- 
came tormidable during its second term, and which ulti- 
mately crystalized into what was then called the Repub- 
lican party. John Adams, of Massachusetts, was promi- 
nent among the leading Federalists, while Tnomas Jetler- 
son, ot Virginia, W2s pre-eminently the author and oracle 
of the Republican party, and, by common consent, they 
w.re the opposing candidates for the Presidency, on 
Washington's retirement in 1796-7, 

The first Congressional caucus to nominate candidates 
fnr President and \'ice-President, is said to have been 
held in Philadelphia, in tlie year iSoo, and to have 
nomin ited Mr. Jefferson for the first office and Aaron 
Burr for the second. These candidates were elected after 
a desperate struggle, beating John Auams, and Charles C. 
Pinckney, of South Carolina. In 1S04, Mr. Jefferson was 
re-elected President, with George Clinton, ot New York, 
for Vice, encountering but slight opposition; Messrs. 
Charles C. Pinckney and Rufus King, the opposing can- 
didates, receiving only 14 out of 176 electoral votes. We 
liave been unable to find any record as to the manner of 
their nomination. 

In January, 1S08, when Mr. Jefi'erson's second term was 
about to close, a Republican Congressional Caucus was 
held af Washington to decide as to the relative claims of 
Madison and Monroe for the succession, the Legislature 
of Virginia, which had been said to exert a potent 
influence over such questions, being, on this occasion, un- 
able to agree as to which of her favored sons should have 
the preference. Ninety- four cut of the 136 Republican 
members ot Congress atten Jed this caucus, aud declared 
their preference of Mr. Madison who received S3 votes, 
the remaining 11 votes being divided between Mr. Mon- 
roe and George Clinton. The opposition supported Mr, 
Pinckney, but Mr. Madison was elected hy a large ma- 
jority. 

Toward the close of Mr. Madison's earlier term he was 
nominated for re-election by a Congressional Caucus, held 
at Washington in May, 1S12. In Sepiember of the 
same year, a convention of the opposition, representing 
eleven StPtes, was held in the city of New Vork, which 
nominated De Witt Ciinton, of New York, for President. 
He was also pnt in nomination hv the Republican Legis- 
1 iture of New York. 1 he ensuing canvass resulted in 
the re-electioa of Mr. Madison, who received 12S electoral 
votes to 89 for UeWitt Clinton. 

In 1816, the RfpubKcan Congressional Caucus nomi- 
nated James Monroe, who received in the caucus Ciijyotes, 
to 5t for Wni. H. Crawford, of Georgia. The opposition, 
or Federalists, nan.ed Rufus King, of New York, who 



received only 34- electoral votes out of 217. There was no 
opposition to the re-election of Mr. Monroe in 1S20, a single 
(Republican) vote being cast against him, and for John 
Quincy Adams. v 

In 1S24, the Republican party could not be induced to 
abide by the decision of a Cougressional Caucus. A 
large majority of the Republican members formally re- 
fused to participate in such a gathering, or be governed 
by its decision; still a caucus was called, and attended by 
the friends of Mr. Crawford alone. Of the 261 members 
of Congress at this time, 216 were Democrats or Repub- 
licans; yet only 66 responded to their names at roll c.^U, 64 
of whom voted for Mr. Crawford as the F.epublican nom- 
inee for President. This nomination was very extensively 
repudiated throughout the country, and three competing 
Republican candidates were brought into the field through 
legislative and other machinery, vi'.: Andrew Jackson, 
Henry Clay and John Quincy Adams. The result of this 
famous " scrub race " for the Presidency, was that no one 
was elected by the people. Gen. Jackson receiving 99 
electoral votes, Mr. Adams S4, Mr. Crawford 41, and Mr. 
Clay 37. The election then devolved upon the House of 
Rei)resentatives, when Mr. Adams was chosen, receiving 
the votes of 13 States, against 7 for Gen. Jackson, and 4 
for Mr. Crawford. This was the end of ' King Caucus." 

Gen. Jackson was immediately thereafter put in nomi- 
nation tor the ensuing term by the Legislature of Tennes- 
see, having only Mr. Adams for an opponent in 182S, 
when he was elected by a decided majority, receiving 17S 
electoral votes, to S3 for Mr. Adams, 

The first political N.itional Convention in this country 
of which \ve have any record was held at Philadelphia in 
September, 1S30, styled the United Stales Anti-Masonic 
Convention. It was composed of 06 delegates. Francis 
Granger, of New York, presided, but no business was 
transacted. 

In compliance with its call, a National Anti-Masonic 
Convention was held at Baltimore in September, 1831, 
which nominated William Wirt, of Maryland, for Presi- 
dent, and Amos EUmaker, of Pennsylvania, for Vice- 
President. 

The candidates accepted the nomination, and received 
the electoral vote of Vermont only. 

There was no open opposition in the Democratic Party 
to the nomination of Gen. Jackson for a second term in 
1832, but the party was not so well satisfied v/ith Mr. Cal- 
houn, the Vice-President, so a convention was called to 
meet at Baltimore, in JMay, 1S32, to nominate a candidate 
for the second office. 

Mr. Van Buren received more than two-thirds of all the 
votes cast, and was declared nominated. 

The Nat oual Republicans met in convention at Balti- 
more, December 12, 1S31. Seventeen States and the 
District of Columbia were represented by 1S7 delegates, 
who cast a unanimous vote for Henry Clay, of Kentucky, 
for President. 

In May, 183.=;, a Democratic National Convention, rep- 
resenting twinty-one States, assembled .at Bait more. A 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



345 



rule was ai'.optccl that two-thirds of the whole number of 
votes sliourd be necessary to make a nominution, or to de- 
cide any question connec ed therewith. On the hrst bal- 
lot for I'rcsident Mr. Van Buren was nominated unani- 
mously, rcc-iving' 265 votes. 

In iS.55', Gen. William H. Harrison was nominated for 
President, with Fi ancis Granger for Vice-President, by a 
VVhigf State Convention at Harrisburg, Pa. Gen. Harri- 
son also received nomination in Maryland, New York, 
Ohio and other States. 

A Whig National Convention, representing twenty-one 
States, met at Harrisburg, Pa., December <), 1S39. James 
Barbour, of Virginia, presided, and the result of the 
first ballot was the nomination of Gen. William H. Harri- 
son, of Ohio, who received 148 votes to 90 for Henry Cliy, 
and 16 for Gen. Winfield Scott. John Tyler, of Virginia, 
was unanimously nominated as the Whig candidate for 
Vice-President. 

A Convention of Abolitionists was held at Warsaw, N. 
v., on the 13th of November, 1S39, and nominated for 
Presidentjames G. Birney, ofNew York, and for Vice- 
President, Francis J. Lemovne, of Pennsylvania. These 
gentlemen declined the nomination. Nevertheless they 
received a total of 7,609 votes in various Free States. 

A Democratic National Convention met at Baltimore, 
Mav S, iS+o, to nominate candidates for President and 
Vice-President. The Convention then unanimously nom- 
inated Mr. \'an Buren for re-election as President. 

A Whig National Convention assembled in Baltimore 
on the 1st of May, iS).*, at which every State in the Union 
was represented, and Mr. Clay was nominated for Presi- 
dent by acclamation. 

A Democratic National Convention assembled at Balti- 
more on the 27th of May, 1S44, adopted tie two-thirds 
rule, and, after a stormy session of ihree days, James 
K. Polk, of Tennessee, was nominated for President, and 
Silas Wright, of New York, fcr Vice-President. Mr, 
AV'righl declined tlie nomination, and George -M. Dallas, 
ot Pennsylvania, was selected. 

The Liljtrly I'arly National Convention met at Buffalo 
on the 30lh of August, 1S43. James w. Birney, of Michi- 
gan, was unanimously nominated for President, with 
Thomas Morris, of Ohio, for Vice-President. 

A Whig National Convention met at Philadelphia on 
the 7th of June, I S4S. After a rather stormy session of 
three days. Gen. /.ichary Taylor, of ]^ouisi.ina, was nom- 
inated for President, and Millard Fillmore, of New York, 
for Vice-President. 

The Democratic National Convention for 1S48 assem- 
bled in Baltimore on the 22d of May. Tlie two-thirds 
rule was adopted, and Gen. I^ewis Cass was nominated 
for President on the fourth ballot. 

On the 9' h of August. 1 84S. a free Democratic or Free 
Soil Convention was heid at Buffalo, which was attended 
by delegates from seventeen States. Charles Francis 
Adams, of Massachusetts, presided, and the Convention 
nominated Messrs. Van Buren and Adams as candidates 
for President and Vice-President. 

The Whig National Convention of 1852 assembled at 



Baltimore on the i6th of June, and after an exciting session 
of six days, nominated Gen. Winfield Scott as President, 
on the fifty-third ballot. 

'I he Democratic Convention of 1852 assembled at Balti- 
more on the ist of June, and the two-thirds rule was 
adopted. Gen. Franklin Pierce, of New Hampshire, was 
nominated for President on the forty-ninth ballot. 

The Free Soil Democracy held a National Convention 
at Pittsburg, on the i ith of August, 1S52, Henry Wilson, 
of Massachusetts, presiding. All the Free States were 
represented, with Delaware, Virginia. Kentucky and 
Miryland. John P. Hale, of New Hampshire, was nomi- 
nated for President, with George W. Julian, of Indiana, 
for Vice-President. 

The Republican National Convention of 1S56 met at 
Philadelphia on the 17th of June. Col. John C. Fremont 
was uuanimouslv nominated, having received 359 votes on 
the first ballot aganst 196 for John iVTcLean. 

On February 22d, 1856, the American National Nomi- 
nating Convention organized at Philadelphia, with 227 
delegates in attendance. Mllard Fillmore was declared 
to be the nominee, with Andrew Jackson Donelson, of 
Tennessee, for Vice-President. 

The Democratic National Convention of iS0 met at 
Cincinnati on the 2d of June, and nominated James Bu- 
chanan on the seventeenth ballot. John C. Breckinridge, 
of Kentucky, was unanimously nominated for Vice- 
President. 

A Republican National Convention assembled at Chi- 
cago on May 16, 1S60, delegates being in attendance 
from all the Free States, as also from Delaware, Mary- 
land, Virginia, Kentucky and Missouri. Abraham Ltn- 
coln was nominated for the Presidency on the third bal- 
lot, receiving 3i;4 out of 466 votes; his principal competi- 
tors being William H. Seward, Salmon P. Chase, and 
Edward Pates. 

■ A Democratic National Convention assembled at 
Charleston, S. C, on the 23d of April, jS6o, with full del- 
egations present from every State. Dissensions arising, 
chiefly out of questions of slavery in the Territories, too 
great to be reconciled, the delegatirns from seven Southern 
Stages withdrew, and the convention adjourned, after 
fifty-seven ineffectual ballots for a candidate, to meet at 
Ballimore, June 18. Here Stephen A. Douglas was 
nominated for President, and B. Fitzpatrick for Vice- 
President. The latter declined, and II. V.Johnson was 
substituted bvthe National Committee. The Convention 
of Seceders nominated John C. Breckinridge and Joseph 
I.ane. 

A "Constitutional Union" Convention irom twenty 
States met at Baltimore, May 9, 1S60, and nominated 
John Bell and Edward Kvere'tt for the Presidency and 
Vice- Presidency. 

iS(;)4. 

The Republican National Couvenlion met at Bal- 
timore, June 7. The renomination, for President, of 
Abraham Lincoln, of Illinois, was made unanimous, he 
h .ving received the votcsof all the States except Alissouri, 



346 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



cast for Gen. Grant. For Vicc-PresiUcnt, An(.lre^vJolln- 
son, of Tennessee, ^vas nominated tn the second ballot, 
his principal competitors being- D. S. Dickinson and H. 
Hamlin. 

The Democratic National Convention met at Chicag-o, 
111., August 29. Nominations — President, Georgu B. 
McClella'n, of New Jersey; Vice-President. Georg-e H. 
Pendleton, of Ohio. 

1S68. 

The Republican National Convention met at Chicago, 
111., May 20th. Nominations — President, Ulysses S. 
Grant, of Illinois; Vice-President, Schuyler Colfax, of 
Indiana. 

The Djemocratic National Convention met at New 
York, July 4th. Nominations — President, Horatio Sey- 
mour, of New York*. Vice-)"resident, F"rancis P. Blar, 
Jr., of Missouri. 

1S72. 

The Liberal Republican Convention met at Cincinnati, 
Ohio, May ist. Nominations — President, ICorace Gree- 
ley, of New York, on the sixth ballot, by 4S2 votes, 
against 1S7 for David Davis, of Illinois ; Vice-President, 
B. Gratz Brown, of Missouri, on the second ballot. 

The Republican National Convention met at Philadel- 
phia, Pa., June 5th. Nominations — Ulysses S. Grant, on 
the first ballot, unanimously; Vice-President, Henry Wil- 
son, of Massachusetts, receiving' 364 V4 votes against 321}^ 
for Schu - ler Colfax. 

The Democratic National Convention met at Baltimore, 
Maryland, July Qth. Nominations — President, Horace 
Greeley, on the first ballot, receiving 685 votes to 38 St at- 
tering; Vice-President, B. Gratz Brown, who received 
713 votes. 

The Democratic ("Straight Out") Convention met at 
Louisville, Ky., September 3d. Nominations — President, 
Cha les O'Connor, of New York; Vice-President, John 
Qj Adams, of Massachusetts. The nominations were de- 
clined. 

1S76. 

The Republican National Convention met at Cincinnati, 
Ohio, June 14. Nominations — President, Rutherford B. 
Haves, of Ohio, on the 7th ballot, receiving' 3S4 votes, to 
351 for J. G. Blaine, and 21 for B. H. Bristow; A'ice-Pres- 
ident, William A. Wheeler, of New York. 

The Democratic National Convention met at St. Louis, 
Mo., June 27th. Nominations — President, Samuel J. Til- 
den, ofNcw York, on the second ballot, receiving 535 
voti.s, against Si; for Hendricks, 54 for Wm. Allen, .i;S for 
W. S. Hanc'ck, and 6 scattering; Vice-President, Thom- 
as A. Hendricks, of Indiana. 

A " National Greenback Convention," composed of 
men opposed to specie resumption and in favor of natio - 
al paper money to take the place of bank issues, met.ai 
Indianapolis, May 17, with nineteen States represented 
Peter Cooper, of New York, and Samuel F. Cary, ofOhto, 
were nom.inated for President and Vice-Presidant. 

"A Prohibition Reform Partv " Convention m--* "t 



Cleveland. May 17th. and nominated Green Clay "^ ith 
of Kentucky, and R. T. Stewart, of Ohio. 



The Republican National Convention met at Chicago, 
June 2, 1880. Nominations— President, James A. Garfield, 
of Ohio, on the 36th ballot, received 399 votes to 306 for 
Ulysses S. Grant, 42 for James G. Blaine, 5 for E. B. 
Washburne, and 3 for John Sherman ; Vice-President, 
Chester A. Arthur, of New York. 

The Democratic National Convention met at Cincin- 
nati, Ohio, June 22, 1880. Winfield Scott Hancock was 
nominated for President. 

The National Greenback Convention met at Chicago, 
June 9, 1880, and nominated General J. B. Weaver, of 
Iowa, for President, and B. J. Chambers, of Texas, for 
Vice-President. 

The Prohibition Reform Party met at Cleveland, Ohio, 
June 17, 1880, and Nominated General Neal Dow of Maine, 
for President, and the Rev. Dr. Thompson, of Ohio, for 
Vice-President. 

The American Party's condidates for 1880, were Gen- 
eral John W. Phelps, of Vermont, for President, and Hon. 
S. C. Pomeroy, of Kansas, for Vice-President. 



The Republican National Convention met at Chicago, 
June 3, 1884. Nominations— President, James G. Blaine, 
of Maine, on the 4th ballot received 541 to 207 for Arthur, 
40 for Edmunds, 15 for Hawley, 7 for Logan, 2 for Lin- 
coln, Vice-President, John A. Logan, of Illinois. 

The Democratic National Convention met at Chicago, 
Julys, 1884, Nominations— President, Grover Cleveland, 
of New York, on the second ballot received 683 votes to 
Bayard 8iJ^2, Hendricks 45^^, Thurman 4 Randall 4, 
McDonald 2 ; Vice-President, Thomas A. Hendricks, of 
Indiana. 

The Prohibition National Convention met at Pittsburg, 
July 23, 1S84. Nominations— President, John P. St. John, 
of Kansas, on the first ballot, received 602 votes ; Vice- 
President, William Daniel, of Maryland. 

The National Greenback Convention met at Indianap- 
olis. Nominations — President, Benj. F. Butler ; Vice- 
President, General A. M. West. 
18S8. 

The Prohibition National Convention met at Indianap- 
olis, May 31, iSSS. Nominations — President, Clinton B, 
Fisk, of New Jersey, and John A. Btooks, of Missouri, 
for Vice-President. 

The Democratic National Convention met at St. Louis, 
Mo., June 6, iSSS. Nominations — President, Grover 
Cleveland, of New York, on the first ballot, by acclama- 
tion, Vice-President, Allen G. Thurmnn, of Ohio. 

The Republican National Convention met at Chicago, 
June 10, 1SS8. Nominations — President, Benjamin Har- 
rison, of Indiann, on the eighth b-il'ot received 544 voies 
to I iS for John Sherman, 100 for Alger 59 for Gr, sham, g 
for Blaine, 4 for McKinlev; Vice-President, Levi P. 
Morton, of New York. 




HON. LEONARD SWETT. 



34S 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



UOLLTIGAL ls?IiAi?FOr^MS Fl^OM I860 JPO 1388. 



1$60.— Constitutional Union Platform. 

Baltimore, Alay g. 

\Vheieas, Experience has demoriPtrated that 
platforms adopted by the partisan conventions 
of the Country have had the effect to mislead 
and deceive the people, and at the same time 
to widen the political divisions of the Country, 
by the creation and encouragement of geo- 
graphical and sectional parties; therefore, 

Resolved, That it is both the part of pair'ot- 
ism and of duty to yvro^/n'^if no political- prin- 
ciples other than The Constitution ob the 
Country, the Union of the States, and 
THE Enforcement of the Laws; and that 
as representatives of the Constitutional Union 
men of the Country, in National Convention 
assembled, we hereby pledge ourselves to main- 
tain, protect, and defend, separately and 
iniitedly, those great principles of public liberty 
and national safety against all enemies at home 
and abroad, believing that thereby peace may 
once more be restored to the Country, the 
rights of the people and of the States re-estab- 
lished, and the Government again placed in 
that condition of justice, fraternity, and equal- 
ity, which, under the example and constitution 
of our fathers, has solemnly bound every cit- 
izen of the United States to maintain a more 
perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic 
tranquillity, provide for the common defense, 
promote the general vvelfare, and secure the 
blessings of liberty to ourselves and our poster- 
ity. 



ISGO. -Republican Platform. 



Chicago, May ij. 

Resolved, Thatwc, the delegated representa- 
tives of the Republican eJencrs of the United 
States, in convention c>tsenih1ed, in discharge 
of the duty we owe to our coi:£l)tueiits and our 
Country, unite in ihe following c)eclarat;ons: 

1. That the history of the Nation, during the 
last foui years, has fully eslabliEhed the pro- 
pnet-y and necessity of the organization and 
perpetuation of the Republican party, and that 
tht causes which called it into existence are 
permanent in their nature, and now, more than 
ever before, demand its peaceful and constitu- 
tional triumph. 

2. That the maintenance of the principles 
promulgated in the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence and embodied in the Federal Constitution, 
"That all men are created equal; that they are 
endowed by their Creator with certain inalien- 
able rights; that among these are life, liberty, 
and the pursuit of happiness; that to secure 
these rights, governments are instituted among 
men, deriving their just powers from the con- 
sent of the governed," is essential to the 
preservation of our Republican institutions; 
and that the Federal Constitution, the rights of 
the States, and the union of the States, muot 
and shall be preserved. 

3. That to the union of the States this Na- 
tion owes its unprecedented increase in popu- 
lation, its surprising development of material 
resources, its rapid augmentation of wealth, 
its happiness at home and its honor abroad; and 
we hold in abhorrence all schemes for disunion, 
come from whatever source they may; and we 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



349 



congratulate the Country that no Republican 
member of Congress has uttered or counten- 
anced the threats of disunion so often made by 
Democratic members, without rebuke and with 
applause from their political associates; and 
we denounce those threats of disunion, in 
case of a popular overthrow of their ascend- 
ency, as denying the vital principles of a free 
government, and as an avowal of contemplated 
treason, which it is the imperative duty of an 
indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever 
silence. 

4. That the maintenance inviolate of the 
rights of the States, and especially the right of 
eadi State to order and control its own domes- 
tic institutions according to its own judgment 
exclusively, is essential to that balance of pow- 
ers on which the perfection and endurance of 
our political fabric depends; and we denounce 
the lawless invasion, by armed force, of the 
soil of any state or territory, no matter under 
what pretext, as among the gravest of crimes. 

5. That the present Democratic administra- 
tion has far exceeded our worst apprehensions, 
in its measureless subserviency to the exac- 
tions of a sectional interest, as especially 
evinced in its desperate exertions to force the 
infamous Lecompton constitution upon the 
protesting people of Kansas; in construing the 
personal relations between master and servant 
to involve an unqualified property in persons; 
in its attempted enforcement, everywhere, on 
land and sea, through the intervention of Con- 
gress and of the Federal courts, of the extreme 
pretensions of a purely local interest; and in its 
general and unvarying abuse of the power 
entrusted to it by a confiding people. 

6. That the people justly view with alarm 
the reckless extravagance which pervades ev- 
ery department of the Federal Government; 

" that a return to rigid economy and accounta- 
bility is indispensable to arrest the systematic 
plunder of the public treasury by favored par- 
tisans; while the recent startling developments 



of frauds and corruptions at the Federal metrop 
olis, show that an entire change of administra- 
tion is imperatively demanded. 

7. That the new dogma, that the Constitution, 
of its own force, carries slavery into any or all 
of the territories of the United States, is a dan- 
gerous political heresy, at variance with the 
explicit provisions of that instrument itself, 
with contemporaneous exposition, and with 
legislative and judicial precedent — is revolu- 
tionary in its tendency, and subversive of the 
peace and harmony of the country. 

8. That the normal condition of all the ter- 
ritory of the United States is that of freedom; 
that as our republican lathers, when they had 
abolished slavery in all our national territory, 
ordained that "no person shall be deprived of 
life, liberty, or property, without due process 
of law," it becomes our duty, by legislation, 
whenever such legislation is necessary, to 
maintain this provision of the Constitution 
against all attempts to violate it; and we deny 
the authority of Congress, of a territorial legis- 
lature, or of any individuals, to give legal 
existence to slavery in any territory of the 
United States. 

9. That we brand the recent reopening of the 
African slave trade, under the cover of our na- 
tional flag, aided by perversions of judicial 
power, as a crime against humanity and a burn- 
ing shame to our Country and age; and we call 
upon Congress to take prompt and eflicient 
measures for the suppression of that execrable 
traffic. 

10. That in the recent vetoes, by their Fede- 
ral governors, of the acts of the legislatures of 
Kansas and Nebraska, prohibiting slavery in 
those territories, we find a practical illustration 
of the boasted Democratic principle of non- 
intervention ayd popular sovereignty, embod • 
ied in the Kansas-Nebraska bill, and a demon- 
stration of the deception and fraud involved 
therein. 



350 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



11. That Kan=;a~ should, of right, be imme- 
diately admitted as a state under the con- 
stitution recently formed and adopted by her 
people, and accepted by the House of Repre- 
sentatives. 

12. That, rtaile providing rceaue for the 
support of the General Gove^r.men* by duties 
upon imports, 5ound policy -'equires such an 
adjustment of these imports as to encourage 
the development of C2.t industrial interest of 
the whole country; aad we commend that 
policy of national exchanges which secures to 
the working m;-. liberal wages, to agriculture 
remunerutive price-:, to mechaaics and manu- 
facturers an adequate reward for their skill, 
labor, and enterprise, and to the Nation com- 
mercial prosperity and independence. 

13. That we protest against any sale or al- 
ienation to others of the public lands held by 
actual settlers, and against any view of the 
homestead policy which regards the settlers as 
paupers or suppliants for public bouuty ; and we 
demand the passage by Congress of the com- 
plete and satisfactory homestead measure which 
has already passed the House. 

14. That the Republican party is opposed to 
any change in our naturalization laws, or any 
state legislation by which the rights of citizen- 
ship hitherto accorded to immigrants from 
foreign lands shall be abridged or irnpaired; 
and in favor of giving a full and efi&cient pro- 
tection to the rights of all classes of citizens, 
whether native or naturalized, both at home and 
abroad. 

15. That appropriations by Congress for riv- 
er and harbor improvements of a national 
character, required for the accommodation and 
security of an existing commerce, are author- 
ized by the Constitution and justified by the 
obligations of Government to protect the lives 
and property of its citizens. 

16. That a railroad to the Pacific ocean is 
imperatively demanded by the interest of the 



■whole country; that the Federal Government'i 
ought to render immediate and efficient aid in 
its construction; and iliat as a pieliminary 
thereto, a daily overland mail should be prompt- 
ly established. 

17. Finally, having thus? .'■c'l fonb oui dis- 
tinctive principles and views' we inviit the 
co-operation of all citizens howevei diflenug 
on other quest'ons wbc f.ub&tst;lial]y agree 
with us in their affirmance aud suppcrl. 



IS60,-Domocri\lic (1>'Hw»as!s) Platform. 
Charleston, April ;>j, and Baltiinote, June 18. 

1. fitiolved, That we, the Democracy of the 
Union, in convention assembled, hereby de- 
clare our affirmance of the resolutions unani- 
mously adopted and declared as a Platform of 
principles by the Democratic convention at 
Cincinnati, in the year 1856, believing that 
democratic principles are unchangeable in their 
nature when applied to the same subject-mat- 
ters; and we recommend, a.'- the only further 
resolutions, the following: 

Inasmuch as differences of opinion exist in 
the Democratic party as to the nature and 
extent of a territorial legislature, and as to the 
powers and duties of Congress, under the 
Constitution of the United States, over the in- 
stitution of slavery within the Territories: 

2. Resolved, That the Democratic party will 
abide by the decisions of the Supreme Court 
of the United States on the questions of consti- 
tutional law. 

3. Resolved, That it is the duty of the United 
States to afford ample and complete protection 
to all its citizens, whethei at home or abroad, 
and whether native or foreign. 

4. Resolved, That one of the necessities of 
the age, in a military, commercial, and postal 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



351 



point of view, is speedy communication be- 
tween the Atlantic and Pacific states; and the 
Democratic party pledge such constitutional 
government aid as will insure the construction 
of a railroad to the Pacific coast at the earliest 
practicable moment. 

5. Resolved, That the Democratic party are 
in favor of the acquisition of the island of Cuba, 
on such terms as shall be honorable to our- 
selves and just to Spain. 

6. Resolved, That the enactments of State 
legislatures to defeat the faithful execution of 
the Fugit A'e Slave Law are hostile in character, 
subversive of the Constitution, and revolution- 
ary in their effect. 

7. Resolved, That it is in accordance with 
the true interpretation of the Cincinnati plat- 
form, that, during the existence of the territo- 
rial governments, the measure of restriciioii, 
whatever it may be, imposed by the Federal 

■ Constitution on the power of the territorial 
legislature over the subject of domestic rela- 
tions, as the same has been, or shall hereaiter 
be, finally detennined by the vSupreme Court 
of the United States, shall be respected by all 
good citizens, and enforced with promptness 
and fidelity by every branch of the General 
Government. 



1860.— Doinocfatic(Breckiiirld^e) Pint form. 

C/mrleslon and Baltimore. 

Resolved, That the platform adopted by the 
Democratic party at Cincinnati be aflirmed, 
with the following explanatory resolutions: 

I. That the government of a territory, or- 
ganized by an act of Congress, is provisional 
and temporary; and, during its existence, all 
citizens of the United States have an equal 
right to settle, with their property in the Ter- 
ritory, without their rights, either of person 



or property, being destroyed or impaired by 
congressional or territorial legislation. 

2. That it is the duty of the F'ederal Govern- 
ment, in all its departments, to protect, when 
necessary, the rights of persons and property 
in the Territories, and wherever else its con- 
stitutional authorit}' extends. 

3. That when the settlers in a territory hav- 
ing an adequate population form a State con- 
stitution in pursuance of law, the right of 
sovereignty commences,aud,being consumated 
by admission into the Union, they stand on 
an eqvial footing with the people of other 
vStates, and the State thus organized ought to 
be admitted into the Federal Union, whether 
its constitution prohibits or recognizes the in- 
stitution of slavery. 

4. That the Democratic party are in favor 
of the acquisition of the Island of Cuba, on 
such terms as shall be honorable to ourselves 
and just to Spain, at the earliest practicable 
moment. 

5. That the enactments of State legislatures 
to defeat the faithful execution of the Fugitive 
Slave Law are hostile in character, subversive 
of the Constitution, and revolutionary in their 
effect. 

6. That the Democracy of the United States 
recognize it as the imperative duty of this 
Government to protect the naturalized citizen 
in all his rights, whether at home or in foreign 
lands, to the same extent as its native-born 
citizens. 

JF/z<?;r«.y, One of the greatest necessities of 
the age, in a political, commercial, postal, and 
military point of view, is a speedy communi- 
cation between the Pacific and Atlantic coasts; 
therefore, be it 

Resolved, That the Democratic party do 
hereby pledge themselves to use everj' means 
in their povser to secure the passage of some 
bill, to the extent of the constitutional author- 
ity of Congress, for the construction of a Pa- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



353 



cific railroad from the Mississippi river to the 
Pacific ocean, at the earliest practicable mo- 
ment. 



1S64.— Radical Platform. 

Cleveland, May 31. 

1. That the Federal Union shall be pre- 
served. 

2. That the constitution and laws of the 
United States must be observed and obeyed. 

3. That the Rebellion must be suppressed 
by force of arms, and without compromise. 

4. That the rights of free speech, free press 
and the habeas corpus be held inviolate, save 
in districts where martial law has been pro- 
claimed. 

5. That the Rebellion has destroyed slavery: 
and the Federal Constitution should be so 
amended as to prohibit its re-establishment, 
and to secure to all men absolute equality be- 
fore the law. 

6. That integrity and economy are demand- 
ed, at all times in the administration of 
the government, and that in time of war the 
want of them is criminal. 

7. That the right of asylum, except for 
crime and subject to law, is a recognized prin- 
ciple of American liberty; and that any viola- 
tion of it can not be overlooked, and must 
not go unrebuked. 

8. That the National policy known as the 
"Monroe Doctrine," has become a recognized 
principle;and thatthe establishment of an anti- 
republican government on this continent by 
any foreign power can not be tolerated. 

9. That the gratitude and support of the Nation 
are due to the faithftil soldiers and the earnest 
leaders of the Union army and navy, for their 
heroic achievements and deathless valor in de- 



fense of our imperiled Country and of civil 
liberty. 

10. Thatthe one-term policy for the presi-^ 
dency, adopted by the people, is strengthened 
by the force of the existing crisis, and should 
be maintained by constitutional amendment. 

11. That the Constitution should be so 
amended that the President and Vice Presi- 
dent shall be elected by a cUrect vote of the 
people. 

12. That the question of the reconstruction 
of the rebellious States belongs to the people, 
through their representatives in Congress, 
and not to the Executive. 

13. That the confiscation of the lands of the 
rebels, and their distribution among the sol- 
diers and actual settlers, is a measure of 
justice. 



1864.— Republican Platform, 

Ballimore, June 7. 
Resolved, That it is the highest duty of 
every American citizen to maintain, against 
all their enemies, the integrity of the Union 
and the paramount authority of the Constitu- 
tion and laws of the United States; and that, 
laying aside all differences of political opin- 
ions, we pledge ourselves, as Union men, ani- 
mated by a common sentiment and aiming at. 
a common object, to do everything in out' 
power to aid the Government in quelling, by 
force of arms, the Rebellion now raging;; 
against its authority, and in bringing to the 
punishment due to their crimes the rebels and 
traitors arrayed against it. 

Resolved, That we approve the determina- 
tion of the Government of the United States 
not to compromise with the rebels, nor to offer 
them any terms of peace, except such as may 
be based upon an "unconditional surrender" 



B54 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



•of their hostility and a return to their alle- 
giance to the Constitution and laws of the 
United States; and that we call upon the Gov- 
ernment to maintain this position, and to 
prosecute the war with the utmost possible 
vigor to the complete supprcs.sion of the Re- 
bellion, in full reliance upon the self-sacrific- 
ing patriotism, the heroic valor, and the 
undying devotion of the American people to 
the Country and its free institutions. 

Resolved, That as slavery was the cause, 
and now constitutes the strength, of this Re- 
bellion, and as it must be always and every- 
where hostile to the principles of republican 
government, justice and the National safety 
demand its utter and complete extirpation 
from the soil of the Republic; and that we up- 
hold and maintain the acts and proclamations 
by which the Government, in its own defense, 
has aimed a death-blow at the gigantic evil. 
We are in favor, futhermore, of such an 
amendment to the Constitution, to be made 
;by the people in conformity with its provis- 
; ions, as shall terminate and forever prohibit 
i the existence of slavery within the limits or 
Jurisdiction of the United States. 

Resolved, That the thanks of the American 
people are due to the soldiers and sailors of 
the army and nay>', who have periled their 
lives in defense of their country and in vindi- 
cation of the honor of its flag; that the Nation 
owes to them some permanent recognition of 
their patriotism and their valor, and ample 
and permanent provision for those of their 
survivors who have received disabling and 
honorable wounds in the service of the Coun- 
,try; and that the memories of those who have 
'fallen in its defense shall be held in grateful 
and evei lasting remembrance. 

Resolved, That we approve and applaud the 
practical wisdom, the unselfish patriotism, and 
the unswerving fidelity to the Constitution 
and the principles of American liberty with 
which Abraham Lincoln has discharged, under 



circumstances of unparalleled difficulty, the 
great duties and responsibilities of the pres- 
idential oflSce; that we approve and indorse, 
as demanded by the emergency and essential 
to the preservation of the Nation, and as with- 
in the provisions of the Constitution, the 
measures and acts which he has adopted to 
defend the Nation against its open and secret 
foes; that we approve, especially, the Procla- 
mation of Emancipation, and the employment 
as Union soldiers, of men heretofore held in 
slaver}' ;and that we have full confidence in his 
determination to carry these, and all other 
constitutional measures essential to the salva- 
tion of the Country, into full and complete 
effect. 

Resolved, That we deem it essential to the 
general welfare that harmony should prevail 
in the National councils, and we regard as 
worthy of public confidence and official trust 
those only who cordially indorse the principles 
proclaimed in these resolutions, and which 
should characterire the administration of the 
Government. 

Resolved, That the Government owes to all, 
men employed in its armies, without regard 
to distinction of color, the full protection of 
the laws of war; and that any violation of 
these laws, or of the usages of civilized nations 
in the time of war, by the rebels now in arms, . 
should be made the subject of prompt and 
full redress. 

Resolved, That foreign immigration, which 
in the past has added so much to the wealth, : 
development of resources, and increase of 
power to this Nation — the asylum of the op- 
pressed of all nations-should be fostered and 
encouraged by a liberal and just policy. 

Resolved, That we are in favor of the speedy 
construction of the railroad to the Pacific 
coast. 

Resolved, That the National faith, pledged 
for the redemption of the public debt, must be 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



355 



kept inviolate; and that, for this purpose, we 
recommend economy and rigid responsibility 
in the public expenditures and a vigorous and 
just system of taxation; and that it is the duty 
of every loyal state to sustain the credit and 
promote the use of the National currency. 

Resolved, That we approve the position tak- 
en by the Government, that the people of the 
United States can never regard with indiffer- 
ence the attempt of any European power to 
overthrow by force, or to supplant by fraud, 
the institutions of any republican government 
on the western continent, and that they will 
\'iew with extreme jealousy, as menacing to 
the peace and independence of this, our Coun- 
try, the efforts of any such power to obtain 
new footholds for monarchical governments, 
sustained by a foreign military force, in near 
proximity to the United States. 



1864,— Democratic Platrorm. 

Chicago, August, 29. 

Resolved, That in the future, as in the past, 
we will adhere with unswerving fidelity to the 
Union under the Constitution, as the only solid 
foundation of our strength, security, and hap- 
piness as a people, and as a frame-work of 
Government equally conducive to the welfare 
and prosperity of all the States, both northern 
and southern, 

Resolvedy^hat this convention does explicit- 
ly declare, as the sense of the American peo- 
ple, that after four years of failure to restore 
the Union by the experiment of war, during 
which, under the pretense of a military ne- 
cessity of a war power higher than the Con- 
stitution, the Constitution itself has been 
disregarded in every part, and public liberty 
and private right alike trodden down, and the 
material prosperity of the Country essentially 



impaired, justice, humanity, liberty, and the 
public welfare demand that immediate efforts 
be made for a cessation of hostilities, with a 
view to an ultimate convention of all the 
States, or other peaceable means, to the end 
that, at the earliest practicable moment, peace 
may be restored on the basis of the federal ' 
union of all the States. 

Resolved, That the direct interference of, 
the military authority of the United States 
in the recent elections held in Kentucky, 
Maryland, Missouri and Delaware, was a 
shameful violation of the Constitution; and 
the repetition of such acts in the approaching 
election will be held as revolutionary, and re- 
sisted with all the means and power under our 
control. 

Resolved, That the aim and object of the; 
Democratic party is to preserve the Federal | 
Union and the rights of the States unimpaired; j 
and they hereby declare that they consider the 
administrative unsurpation of extraordinaryi 
and dangerous powers not granted by the Con-( 
stitution, the subversion of the civil by the 
military law in states not in insurrection, the 
arbitrary military arrest, imprisonment, trial,, 
and sentence of American citizens in States 
where civil law exists in full force, the sup- 
pression of freedom of speech and of the press, 
the denial of the right of asylum, the open- 
and avowed disregard of state rights, the em- 
ployment of unusual test-oaths, and the inter- 
ference with and denial of the right of the, 
people to bear arms in their defense, as calcu-' 
lated to prevent a restoration of the Union 
and the perpetiiation of a government deriving 
its just powers from the consent of the gov- 
erned. 

Resolved, That the shameful disregard of 
the administration of its duty in respect to our 
fellow-citizens who now are, and long have 
been, prisoners of war,in a suffering condition, 
deserves the severest reprobation, on the 



S.IG 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



score alike of public policy and common hu- 
manity. 

Resolved, That the sympathy of the Demo- 
cratic party is heartily and earnestly extended 
to the soldiery of our army and the sailors of 
our navy, who are and have been in the field 
and on the sea under the flag of their Country; 
and, in the event of our attaining power, they 
will receive all the care and protection, regard 
and kindness, that the brave soldiers of the 
Republic have so nobly earned. 



1868.— Repnblicnn Platform. 

Chicago, May 20. 

1. We congratulate the Country on the as- 
sured success of the reconstruction policy of 
Congress, as evinced by the adoption, in the ma- 
jority of the States lately in rebellion, of con- 
stitutions securing equal civil and political 
rights to all; and it is the duty of the Govern- 
ment to sustain those institutions and to pre- 
vent the people of such States from being 
remitted to a state of anarchy. 

2. The guarantee by Congress of equal suf- 
frage to all loyal men at the south was de- 
manded by every consideration of public 
safety, of gratitude, and of justice, and must 
be maintained; while the question of suffrage 
in all the loyal States properly belongs to the 
people of those States. 

3. We denounce all forms of repudiation as 
a National crime; and tlie National honor re- 
quires the payment of the public indebtedness 
in the uttermost good faith to all creditors at 
home and abroad, not only according to the 
letter but the spirit of the laws under which it 
was contracted. 

4. It is due to the labor of the Nation that 
taxation should be equalized and reduced as 
rapidly as the National faith will permit 



5. The National debt, contracted as it has 
been for the preservation of the Union for all 
time to come, should be extended over a fair 
period for redemption; and it is the duty of^ 
Congress to reduce the rate of interest ihereon 
whenever it can be honestly done. 

6. That the best policy to diminish our bur- 
den of debts is to so improve our credit that 
capitalists will seek to loan us money at low- 
er rates of interest than w-e now pay, and must 
continue topa}' so long as repudiation, partial or 
total,open or covert, isithreatened or suspected. 

7. The Government of the United States 
should be administered with the strictest econ- 
omy; and the corruptions which have been so 
shamefully nursed and fostered by Andrew 
Johnson call loudly for radical reform. 

8. We profoundly deplore the tragic death 
of Abraham L,incoln, and regret the accession 
to the Presidency of Andrew Johnson, who has 
acted treacherously to the people who elected 
him and the cause he was pledged to support; 
who has usurped high legislative and judicial 
functions;who has refused to execute the laws; 
who has used his high office to induce other 
oflScers to ignore and violate the laws; who has 
employed his executive powers to render inse- 
cure the property, the peace, liberty, and life 
of the citizen; who has abused the pardoning 
power; who has denounced the National legis- 
lature as unconstitutional ;who has persistently 
and corruptly resisted, by every means in his 
power, every proper attempt at the reconstruc- 
tion of the States lately in rebellion; who has 
perverted the public patronage into an engine 
of wholesale corruption; and who has been 
justl)' impeached for high crimes and misde- 
meanors, and properly pronounced guilty 
thereof by the vote of thirty-five Senators. 

9. The doctrine of Great Britain and other 
European powers, that because a man is once' 
a subject he is always so, must be resisted at 
every hazard by the United States, as a relic 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



35 



of feudal times, not authorized by the laws of 
nations, and at war with our National honor 
and independence. Naturalized citizens are 
entitled to protection in all their rights of 
citizenship as though they were native-born; 
and no citizen of the United States, native or 
naturalized, must be liable to arrest and im- 
prisonment by any foreign power for acts 
done or words spoken in this Country; and, 
if so arrested and imprisoned, it is the duty of 
the Government to interfere in his behalf. 

10. Of all who were faithful in the trials of 
the late war, there were none entitled to 
more special honor than the brave soldiers 
and seamen who endured the hardships of 
campaign and cruise, and imperiled their 
lives in the service of the Country. The boun- 
ties and pensions provided by the laws for 
these brave defenders of the Nation are obli- 
gations never to be forgotten; the widows and 
orphans of the gallant dead are the wards of 
the people — a sacred legacy bequeathed to the 
Nation's protecting care. 

11. Foreign immigration, which in the past 
has added so much to the wealth, develop- 
ment, and resources, and increase of power to 
this Republic, the asylum of the oppressed of 
all nations, should be fostered and encour- 
aged by a liberal and just policy. 

12. This convention declares itself in sym- 
pathy with all oppressed people who are 
struggling for their rights. 

13. That we highly commend the spirit of 
magnanimity and forbearance with which 
men who have served in the Rebellion, but 
who now frankly and honestly co-operate 
with us in restoring the peace of the Country 
and reconstructing the Southern state govern- 
ments upon the basis of impartial justice and 
equal rights, arereceived back into the commun- 
ion of the loyal people ;and we favor the remov- 
al of the disqualifications and restrictions im- 
posed upon the late rebels, in the same meas- 



ure as the spirit of disloyalty shall die out.and 
as may be consistent with the safety of the 
loyal people. 

14. That we recognize the great principles 
laid down in the immortal Declaration of In- 
dependence, as the true foundation of 
democratic government; and we hail with 
gladness every effort towards making these 
principles a living reality on every inch of 
American soil. 



IS6S.— Democratic Platform. 

New York, July 4. 

The Democratic party, in National conven- 
tion assembled, reposing its trust in the intel- 
ligence, patriotism, and discriminating Justice 
of the people, standing upon the Constitution' 
as the foundation and limitation of the powers 
of the Government and the guarantee of the 
liberties of the citizen, and recognizing the 
questions of slavery and secession as having 
been settled, for all time to come, by the war 
or voluntary action of the Southern States in 
constitutional conventions assembled, and 
never to be revived or reagitated, do, with the 
return of peace, demand — 

1. Immediate restoration of all the States to 
their rights in the Union under the Constitu- 
tion, and of civil government to the American 
people. 

2. Amnesty for all past political ofiFenses, 
and the regulation of the elective franchise in 
the States by their citizens. 

3. Payment of all the public debt of the 
United States as rapidly as practicable — all 
money drawn from the people by tax- 
ation, except so much as is requisite for the 
necessities of the Government, economically 
administered, being honestly applied to such 
payment; and where the obligations of the 



858 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Government do not expressly state upon their 
face, or the law under which they were issued 
does not provide that they shall be paid in 
coin, they ought, in right and in justice, to 
be paid in the lawful money of the United 
States. 

4. Equal taxation of every species of prop- 
erty according to its real value, including Gov- 
ernment bonds and other public securities, 

5. One currency for the Government and 
the people, the laborer and the office holder, 
the pensioner and the soldier, the producer 
and the bondholder. 

6. Economy in the administration of the 
Government; the reduction of the standing 
army and navy; the abolition of the Freed- 
man's Bureau and all political instrumentali- 
ties designed to secure negro supremacy; sim- 
plification of the system and discontinuance 
of inquisitorial modes of assessing and col- 
lecting internal revenue; that the burden of 
taxation may by equalized and lessened, and 
the credit of the Government and the currency 
made good; the repeal of all enactments for 
enrolUng the state militia into National forces 
in time of peace; and a tariff for revenue upon 
foreign imports, and such equal taxation 
tinder the internal revenue laws as will afford 
incidental protection to domestic manvifactures, 
and as will, without impairing the revenue, 
impose the least burden upon, and best pro- 
mote and encourage, the great industrial in- 
terests of the Countiy. 

7. Reform of abuses in the administration; 
the expulsion of corrupt men from office; the 
abrogation of useless offices; the restoration of 
rightlul authority to, and the independence 
of, the Executive and Judicial departments of 
the Government; the subordination of the mil- 
itary to the civil power, to the end that the 
usurpations of Congress and the despotism 
of the sword may cease. 

8. Equal rights and protection for natural- 
ized and native-bom citizens, at home and 



abroad; the assertion of American nationality 
which shall command the respect of foreign 
powers, and furnish an example and encour- 
agement to people struggling for national in- 
tegrity, constitutional liberty and individual 
rights; and the maintenance of the rights of 
naturalized citizens against the absolute doc- 
trine of immutable allegiance and the claims 
of foreign powers to punish them for alleged 
crimes committed beyond their jurisdiction. 

In demanding these measures and reforms, 
we arraign the Radical party for its disregard 
of right and'the unparalleled oppression and 
tyranny which have marked its career. After 
the most solemn and unanimous pledge of 
both Houses of Congress to prosecute the war 
exclusively for the maintenance of the Gov- 
ernment and preservation of the Union tinder 
the Constitution, it has repeatedly violated the 
most sacred pledge under which alone was 
rallied that noble volunteer army which car- 
ried our flag to victory. Instead of restoring 
the Union, it has, so far as in its power, dis- 
solved it, and subjected ten states, in time of 
profound peace, to military despotism and ne- 
gro supremacy. It has nullified there the right 
of trial by jury; it has abolished the habeas 
corpus, that most sacred writ of liberty; it has 
overthrown the freedom of speech and press; 
it has substituted arbitrary seizures and arrests, 
and military trials and secret star-chamber 
requisitions, for the constitutional tribunals; it 
has disregarded, in time of peace, the right 
of the people to be free from searches and 
seizures; it has entered the post and telegraph 
offices, and even the private rooms of individ- 
uals, and seized their private papers and let ' 
ters, without any specific charge or notice of 
affidavit, as required by the organic law. It 
has converted the American capitol into a 
bastile; it has established a system of spies 
and official espionage to which no constitution- 
al monarchy of Europe would now dare to 
resort. It has abolished the right of appeal, 
on important constitutional questions, to the 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



359 



supreme judicial tribunals, and threatens to 
curtail or destroy its original jurisdiction, 
whicli is irrevocably vested by the Constitu- 
tion; while the learned Chief Justice has been 
subjected to the most atrocious calumnies, 
merely because he would not prostitute his 
high office to the support of the false and 
partisan charges preferred against the Presi- 
dent. Its corruption and extravagance have 
.exceeded anything known in history; and, by 
fraud and monopolies, it has nearly doubled 
the burden of the debt created by the war. It 
has stripped the President of his constitution- 
al power of appointment, even of his own cab- 
inet. Under its repeated assaults, the pillars 
of the Government are rocking on their base; 
and should it succeed in November next, and 
inaugurate its President, we will meet, as a 
subjected and conquered people, amid the 
ruins of liberty and the scattered fragments of 
the Constitution. 

And we do declare and resolve that ever 
since the people of the United States threw off 
all subjection to the British crown, the priv- 
ilege and trust of suffrage have belonged to 
the several States, and have been granted, 
regulated, and controlled exclusively by the 
political power of each State respectively; and 
that any attempt by Congress, on any pretext 
whatever, to deprive any State of this right, or 
interfere with its exercise, is a flagrant usur- 
pation of power which can find no warrant in 
the Constitution, and,if sanctioned by the peo- 
ple, will subvert our form of government, and 
can only end in a single, centralized, and con- 
solidated, government, in which the separate 
existence of the States will be entirely ab- 
sorbed, and an unqualified despotism be es- 
tablished in place of a federal union of co-equal 
States. And that we regard the construction 
acts (so called) of Congress as usurpations, and 
unconstitutional, revolutionary, and void. 

That our soldiers and sailors, who carried 
the flag of our Country to victory against the 



most gallant and determined foe, must ever be 
gratefully remembered, and all the guarantees^ 
given in their favor must be faithfully carried 
into execution. 

That the public lands should be distributed 
as widely as possible among the people, and 
should be disposed of either under the pre- 
emption of homestead lands or sold in reason- 
able quantities, and to none but actual occu- 
pants, at the minimum price established by the 
Government. When grants of public lands, 
may be allowed, necessary for the encourage- 
ment of important public improvements, the 
proceeds of the sale of such lands, and not the 
lands themselves, should be so applied. 

' That the President of the United States, 
Andrew Johnson, in exercising the power of 
his high office in resisting the aggressions of 
Congress upon the constitutional rights of the 
States and the people, is entitled to the grati- 
tude of the whole American people; and, on 
behalf of the Democratic party, we tender him 
our thanks for his patriotic efforts in that re-, 
gard. 

Upon this platform, the Democratic party 
appeal to every patriot, including all the con- 
servative element and all who desire to sup- 
port the Constitution and restore the Union, 
forgetting all past differences of opinion, 
to unite with us in the present great struggle 
for the liberties of the people; and that to all 
such, to whatever party they may have here- 
tofore belonged, we extend the right hand of 
fellowship, and hail all such, co-operating 
with us, as friends and brethren. 

Resolved, That this convention sympathizes 
cordially with the working men of the United 
States in their efforts to protect the rights and 
interests of the laboring classes of the Coun- 
try. 

Resolved, That the thanks of the conven- 
tion are tendered to Chief Justice Salmon P. 
Chase, for the justice, dignity,and impartiality 



360 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



vdtli which he presided over the court of im- 
peachment on the trial of President Andrew 
Johnson. 



1973.— labor Reform Platform. 

Columbus, February, 21. 

We hold that all political power is inherent 
in the people, and free government founded 
on their authority and established for their 
benefit; that all citizens are equal in political 
rights, entitled to the largest religious and 
political liberty compatible with the good or- 
der of society, as also the use and enjoyment 
of the fruits of their labor and talents: and no 
man or set of men is entitled to exclusive sep- 
arable endowments and privileges or immuni- 
ties from the Government, but in consideration 
of public services, and any laws destructive of 
these fundamental principles are without mor- 
al binding force, and should be repealed. And 
believing that all the evils resulting from un- 
just legislation now affecting the industrial 
classes can be removed by the adoption of the 
principles contained in the following declara- 
tion: therefore. 

Resolved, That it is the duty of the Govern- 
ment to establish a just standard of distribution 
of capital and labor, by providing a purely 
national circulating medium, based on the 
faith and resources of the Nation, issued di- 
rectly to the people without the intervention 
of any system of banking corporations, 
which money shall be legal tender in the pay- 
ment of all debts, public and private and 
'interchangeable, at the option of the holder, 
'for government bonds bearing a rate of inter- 
est not to exceed 3.65 per cent, subject to fu- 
ture legislation by Congress. 

2. That the national debt should be paid in 
good faith, according to the original contract, 
at the earliest option of the Government, with- 



out mortgaging the property of the people or 
the future exigencies of labor to enrich a few 
capitalists at home and abroad. 

3. That justice demands that the burdens of 
Government should be so adjusted as to bear 
equally on all classes, and the exemption from 
taxation of government bonds bearing extrav- 
agant rates of interest, is a violation of all 
just principles of revenue laws. 

4. That the Public lands of the United 
States belong to the people, and should not be 
sold to individuals nor granted to corporations 
but should be held as a sacred trust for the 
benefit of the people, and should be granted 
to landless settlers only, in amounts not ex- 
ceeding one hundred and sixty acres of land. 

5. That Congress should modify the tariff 
so as to admit free such articles of common 
use as we can neither produce nor grow, and 
lay duties for revenue mainly upon articles of 
luxury and upon such articles of manufacture 
as will, we having the raw materials, assist 
in further developing the resources of the 
Country. 

6. That the presence in our Country of 
Chinese laborers,' imported by capitalists in 
large numbers for servile use is an evil entail- 
ing want and its attendant train of misery 
and crime on all classes of American people, 
and should be prohibited by legislation. 

7. That we ask for the enactment of a law 
by which all mechanics and day-laborers em- 
ployed by, or on behalf of the Government, 
whether directly or indirectly, through persons, 
firms, or corporations, contracting with the 
State shall conform to the reduced' standard' 
of eight hours a day, recently adopted by 
Congress for National employes; and also for 
an amendment to the acts of incorporation for 
cities and towns, by which all laborers and 
mechanics employed at their expense shall 
conform to the same number of hours. 

8. That the enlightened spirit ot the age de- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



361 



tnands the abolition of the system of contract 
labor in our prisons and other reformatory in- 
stitutions. 

9. That the protection of life, liberty, and 
property are the three cardinal principles of 
government, and the first two are more sacred 
than the latter; therefore, money needed for 
prosecuting wars, should, as it is required, be 
assessed and collected from the wealthy of the 
Country, and not entailed as a burden on pos- 
terity. 

10. That it is the duty of the Government to 
exercise its power over railroads and telegraph 
corporations, that they shall not in any case be 
privileged to exact such rates of freight, trans- 
portation, or charges, by whatever name, as 
may bear unduly or unequally on the produ- 
cer or consumer. 

Ti. That there should be such a reform in 
the civil service of the National Government 
as will remove it beyond all partisan influence 
and place it in the charge and under the di- 
rection of intelligent and competent business 
men. 

12. That as both history and experience 
teach us that power ever seeks to perpetuate 
itself by every and all means, and that its 
prolonged possession in the hands of one per- 
son is always dangerous to the interests of a 
free people, and believing that the spirit of 
our organic laws, and stability and safety of 
our free institutions are best obeyed on the 
one hand, and secured on the other, by a reg- 
ular constitutional change in the chief of the 
Country at each election; therefore, we are in 
favor of limiting the occupancy of the Presi- 
dential chair to one term. 

13. That we are in favor of granting general 
amnesty and restoring the Union at once on 
tlae basis of equality of rights and privileges 
to all, the impartial administration of justice 
being the only true bond of union to bind the 



States together and restore the government of 
the people. 

14. That we demand the subjection of the 
military to the civil authorities, and the con- 
finement of its operations to national purposes 
alone. 

15. That we deem it expedient for Congress 
to supervise the patent laws so as to give labor 
more fully the benefit of its own ideas and in- 
ventions. 

16. That fitness, and not political or person- 
al considerations, should be the only recom- 
mendation to public office, either appointive 
or elective; and any and all laws looking to 
the establishment of this principle are heart- 
ily approved. 



1S73.— Proliibition Platform. 

Columbus, Ohio, February 22. 

The preamble recites that protection and 
allegiance are reciprocal duties; and every cit- 
izen who yields obediently to the full com- 
mands of Government should be protected in 
all the enjoyment of personal security, personal 
liberty, and private property. That the trafiic 
in intoxicating drinks greatly impairs the per- 
sonal security and personal liberties of a great 
mass of citizens, and renders private property 
insecure. That all political parties are hope- 
lessly unwilling to adopt an adequate policy 
on this question: therefore, as a National Con- 
vention, we adopt the following declaration of 
principles: 

That while we acknowledge the true patriot- 
ism and profound statesmanship of those pa- 
triots who laid the foundation of this Govern- 
ment, securing at once the rights of the States 
severally in their inseparable union by the 
federal constitution, we would not merely gar- 
nish the sepulchres of our republican lathers, 
but we do hereby renew our pledges of solemn 



363 



777^ AMERICAN MANUAL. 



fealty to the imperishable principles of civil 
and religious liberty embodied in the Declara- 
tion of Independence and our Federal Consti- 
tution. 

That the traffic in intoxicating beverages is 
a dishonor to Christain civilization, a political 
wrong of unequalled enormity, subversive of 
ordinary objects of government, not capable 
of being regulated or restrained by any system 
of license whatever, and imperatively de- 
mands, for its suppression, effective legal 
prohibition, both by State and National legis- 
lation. 

That there can be no greater peril to a nation 
than existing party competition for the liquor 
vote. That any party not opposed to the traf- 
fic, experience shows will engage in this com- 
petition — will court the favor of criminal 
classes-will barter away the public morals, the 
purity of the ballot, and every object of good 
government, for party success. 

That, as prohibitionists, we will individually 
use all efforts to persuade men from the use of 
intoxicating liquors; and we invite all persons 
to assist in this movement. 

That competence, honesty, and sobriety are 
indispensable qualifications for holding office. 

That removals from public office for mere 
political differences of opinion are wrong. 

That fixed and moderate salaries of public 
officers should take the place of fees and per- 
quisites; and that all means should be taken 
to prevent corruption and encourage economy. 

That the President and Vice President 
should be elected directly by the people. 

That we are in favor of a sound National 
currency, adequate to the demands of business, 
and convertible into gold and silver at the will 
of the holder, and the adoption of every meas- 
ure compatible with justice and public safety 
to appreciate our present currency to the gold 
standard. 

That the rates of ocean and inland postage, 



and railroad telegraph lines and water trans- 
portation, should be made as low as possible 
by Jaw. 

That we are opposed to all discrimination, 
in favor of capital against labor, as well as all' 
monopoly and class legislation. 

That the removal of the burdens imposed in 
the traffic of intoxicating drinks will emanci- 
pate labor, and will practically promote labor 
reform. 

That suffrage should be granted to all per- 
sons, without regard to sex. 

That the fostering and extension of common 
schools is a primary duty of the Government. 

That a liberal policy should be pursued to 
promote foreign immigration. 



1873.— Liberal Republican Platform. 

Cincijinati, May i. 

We, the Liberal Republicans of the United 
States, in National Convention assembled at 
Cincinnati, proclaim the following principles 
as essential to just government. 

1. We recognize the equality of all men be- 
fore the law, and hold that it is the duty ofi 
Government, in its dealings with the people, ' 
to mete out equal and exact justice to all, of; 
whatever nativity, race, color, or persuasion, 
religious or political. 

2. We pledge ourselves to maintain the 
Union of these States, emancipation, and en- 
franchisement, and to oppose any reopening 
of the questions settled by the thirteenth, 
fourteenth, and fifteenth amendments of the 
Constitution. 

3. We demand the immediate and absolute 
removal of all disabilities imposed on account 
of the Rebellion which was finally svibdued 
seven years ago, believing that universal am- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



363 



nesty will result in complete pacification in all 
sections of the Country. 

4. Local self-government, with impartial 
suffrage, will guard the rights of all citizens 
more securely than any centralized power. 
The public welfare requires the supremacy of 
the civil over the military authority, and the 
freedom of person under the protection of the 
habeas corpus. We demand for the individual 
the largest liberty consistent with public order, 
for the State sell-government, and for the Na- 
tion a return to the methods of peace and the 
constitutional limitations of power. 

5. The civil service of the Government has 
become a mere instrument of partisan tyranny 
and personal ambition, and an object of selfish 
greed. It is a scandal and reproach upon free 
institutions, and breeds a demoralization dan- 
gerous to the perpetuity of republican govern- 
ment. We, therefore, regard a thorough reform 
of the civil service as one of the most pressing 
necessities of the hour; that honesty, capacity, 
and fidelity constitute the only valid claims to 
public employment; that the offices of the 
Government cease to be a matter of arbitrary 
favoritism and patronage, and that public sta- 
tion shall become again a post of honor. To 
this end, it is imperatively required that no 
President shall be a candidate for re-election. 

6. We demand a system of federal taxation 
which shall not unnecessarily interfere with the 
industry of the people, and which shall provide 
the means necessary to pay the expenses of the 
Government, economically administered, the 
pensions, the interest on the public debt, 
and a moderate reduction annually of the 
principal thereof; and recognizing that there 
are in our midst honest but irreconcilable 
diff"erences of opinion with regard to the re- 
spective systems of protection and free trade, 
we remit the discussion of the subject to the 
people in their Congressional districts and the 
decision of Congress thereon, wholly free from 



Executive interference or dictation. 

7. The public credit must be sacredly main- 
tained, and we denounce repudiation in every 
form and guise. 

8. A speedy return to specie payment is de- 
manded alike by the highest considerations of 
commercial morality and honest government. 

9. We remember with gratitude the heroism 
and sacrifices of the soldiers and sailors of the 
Republic^and no act of ours shall ever detract 
from their justly earned fame or the full re- 
wards of their patriotism. 

10. We are opposed to all further grants of 
lands to railroads or other corporations. The 
public domain should be held sacred to actual 
settlers. 

11. We hold that it is the duty of the Gov- 
ernment, in its intercourse with foreign nations, 
to cultivate the friendships of peace, by treat- 
ing all on fair and equal terms, regarding it 
ahke dishonorable either to demand what is 
not right or submit to what is wrong. 

12. For the promotion and success of these 
vital principles and the support of the candi- 
dates nominated by this Convention, we invite 
and cordially welcome the co-operation of all 
patriotic citizens, without regard to previous 
political aflaiiations. 



1872.— Democratic Platiorni. 

Baltimore, July g. 

We, the Democratic electors of the United 
States, in convention assembled, do present 
the following principles, already adopted at 
Cincinnati, as essential to just government: 

[Here followed the "Liberal Republican 
Platform;" which see above.] 



364 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



1878 ,— Bepubllcan Platform. 

Philadelphia, June 5. 

The Republican party of the United States, 
assembled in National Convention in the city 
of Philadelphia, on the 5th and 6th days of 
June, 1872; again declares its faith, appeals to 
its history, and announces its position upon 
the questions before the country: 

I. During eleven years of supremacy it has 
accepted, with grand courage, the solemn 
duties of the time. It suppressed a gigantic 
rebellion, emancipated four millions of slaves, 
decreed the equal citizenship of all, and estab- 
lished universal suffrage. Exhibiting unparal- 
leled magnanimity, it criminally punished no 
man for political offences, and warmly vvel- 
comed all who proved their loyalty by obeying 
the laws and dealing justly with their neigh- 
bors. It has steadily decreased, with firm hand, 
the resultant disorders of a great war, and ini- 
tiated a wise and humane policy toward the 
Indians. The Pacific railroad and other simi- 
lar vast enterprises have been generously aided 
and successfully conducted, the public lands 
freely given to actual settlers, immigration 
protected and encouraged, and a full acknowl- 
edgment of the naturalized citizen's rights 
secured from European powers. A uniform 
National currency has been provided, repudia- 
tion frowned down, the National credit sus- 
tained inider the most extraordinary burdens, 
and new bonds negotiated at lower rates. The 
revenues liave been carefully collected and 
honestly applied. Despite annual large reduc- 
tions of the rates of taxation, the public debt 
has been reduced during General Grant's 
presidency at the rate of a hundred millions a 
3'ear, great financial crises have been avoided, 
and peace and plenty prevail throughout the 
land. Menacing foreign difliculties have been 
peacefully and honorably compromised, and 
the honor and power of the Nation kept in high 
respect throughout the world. This glorious 
record of the past is the party's best pledge for 



the future. We believe the people will not 
intrust the Government to any party or combi- 
nation of men composed chiefly of those who 
have resisted every step of this beneficent pro- 
gress. 

2. The recent amendments to the National 
Constitution should be cordially sustained 
because they are right, not merely tolerated 
because they are law, and should be carried out 
according to their spirit by appropriate legisla- 
tion, the enforcement of which can safely be 
intrusted only to the party that secured these 
amendments. 

3. Complete liberty and exact equality in 
the enjoyment of all civil, political, and public 
rights should be established and effectually 
maintained throughout the Union by efficient' 
and appropriate State and Federal legislation. 
Neither the law nor its administration should 
admit any discrimination in respect to citizens 
by reason of race, creed, color, or previous^ 
condition of servitude. 

4. The National Government should seek to' 
maintain honorable peace with all nations,: 
protecting its citizens everywhere, and sym- 
pathizing with all peoples who strive for great- 
er liberty. 

5. Any system of civil service under which 
the subordinate positions of the Government 
are considered rewards for mere party zeal is 
fatally demoralizing; and we, therefore favor a 
reform of the system, by laws which shall abol- 
ish the evils of patronage, and make honesty,; 
efficiency, and fidelity the essential qualifica- 
tions for public positions, without practically 
creating a life tenure of office. 

6. We are opposed to further grants of the 
public lands to corporations and monopolies,: 
and demand that the National domain be sett 
apart for free homes for the people. 

7. The annual revenue, after paying current 
expenditures, pensions, and the interest on the 
public debt, should furnish a moderate bal- 
ance for the reduction of the principal; and 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



C65 



that revenue, except so much as may be de- 
rived from a tax upon tobacco and liquors, 
should be raised by duties upon importations, 
the details of which should be so adjusted as 
to aid in securing remunerative wages to labor, 
and promote the industries, prosperity, and 
growth of the whole Country. 

8. We hold in undying honor the soldiers 
and sailors whose valor saved the Union. 
Their pensions are a sacred debt of the Nation, 
and the widows and orphans of those who died 
for their country are entitled to the care of a 
generous and grateful people. We favor such 
additional legislation as will extend the boun- 
ty of the Government to all our soldiers and 
sailors who were honorably discharged, and 
who in the line of duty became disabled, with- 
out regard to the length of service or the cause 
of such discharge. 

9. The doctrine of Great Britain and other 
European powers concerning allegiance-"once 
a subject always a subject" — having at last, 
through the efforts of the Republican party, 
been abandoned, and the American idea of 
the individual's right to transfer allegiance 
having been accepted by European nations, it 
is the duty of our Government to guard with 
jealous care the rights of adopted citizens 
against the assumption of unauthorized claims 
by their former governments, and we urge 
continued careful encouragement and protec- 
tion of voluntary immigration. 

10. The franking privilege ought to be abol- 
ished, and a way prepared for a speedy reduc- 
tion in the rates of postage. 

11. Among the questions which press for 
attention is t|jat which concerns the relations 
of capital and labor; and the Republican 
party recognizes the duty of so shaping leg- 
islation as to secure full protection and the 
amplest field for capital, and for labor, the 
creator of capital, the largest opportunities and 
a just share of the mutual profits of these two 



great servants of civilization. 

12. We hold that Congress and the President 
have only fulfilled an imperative duty in their 
measures for the suppression of violence and 
treasonable organizations in certain lately re- 
bellious regions, and for the protection of the 
ballot-box; and, therefore, they are entitled to 
the thanks of the Nation. 

13. We denounce repudiation of the public 
debt, in any form or disguise, as a National 
crime. We witness with pride the reduction 
of the principal of the debt, and of the rates of 
interest upon the balance, and confidently ex- 
pect that our excellent National currency will 
be perfected by a speedy resumption of specie 
payment. 

14. The Republican party is mindful of its 
obligations to the loyal women of America for 
their noble devotion to the cause of freedom. 
Their admission to wider fields of usefulness 
is viewed with satisfaction; and the honest de- 
mand of any class of citizens for additional' 
rights should be treated with respectful con-' 
sideration. 

15. We heartily approve the action of Con- 
gress in extending amnesty to those lately in 
rebellion, and rejoice in the growth of peace 
and fraternal feeling throughout the land. 

1 6. The Republican party proposes to respect 
the rights reserved by the people to themselves 
as carefully as the powers delegated by them 
to the States and to the Federal Government. 
It disapproves of the resort to unconstitutional 
laws for the purpose of removing evils, by in- 
terference with rights not stirrendered by the 
people to either the State or the National Gov- 
ernment. 

17. It is the duty of the General Government 
to adopt such measures as may tend to encour- 
age and restore American commerce and ship- 
building. 

18. We believe that the modest patriotism, 



3GG 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



the earnest purpose, the sound judgment, the 
practical wisdom, the incorruptible integrity, 
and the illustrious services of Ulysses S. Grant 
have commended him to the heart of the Amer- 
ican People; and vv^ith him at our head, we 
start to-day upon a new march to victory. 

19. Henry Wilson, nominated for the Vice- 
Presidency, known to the whole land from the 
early days of the great struggle for liberty as 
an indefatigable laborer in all campaigns, au 
incorruptible legislator and representative 
man of American institutions, is worthy to as- 
sociate with our great leader and share the 
honors which we pledge oiur best efforts to be- 
stow upon them. 



1S72.— Democratic (Straig:bt-ont) Platform. 

Louisville, Kentucky, September j. 

Whereas, A frequent recurrence to first prin- 
ciples and eternal vigilance against abuses are 
the wisest provisions for liberty, which is the 
source of progress, and fidelity to our constitu- 
tional system is the only protection for either: 
therefore. 

Resolved, That the original basis of our whole 
political structure is consent in every part 
thereof. The people of each State voluntarily 
created their State, and the States voluntarily 
formed the Union; and each State provided by 
its written constitution for everything a State 
could do for the protection of life, liberty, and 
property within it; and each State, jointly with 
the others, provided a federal union for foreign 
and inter-state relations. 

Resolved, That all governmental powers, 
whether State or Federal, are trust powers 
coming from the people of each State, and that 
tliey are limited to the written letter of the 
Constitution and the laws passed in pursuance 



of it; which powers must be exercised in the 
utmost good faith, the Constitution itself stat- 
ing in what manner they may be altered and 
amended. 

Resolved, That the interests of labor and 
capital should not be permitted to conflict, but 
should be harmonized by judicious legislation.. 
While such a conflict continues, labor, which 
is the parent of wealth, is entitled to paramount 
consideration. 

Resolved, That we proclaim to the world 
that principle is to be preferred to power; that 
the Democratic party is held together by the 
cohesion of time honored principles, which 
they will never surrender in exchange for all 
the ofl&ces which Presidents can confer. The 
pangs of the minorities are doubtless excrucia- 
ting; but we welcome an eternal minority, un- 
der the banner inscribed with our principles, 
rather than an almighty and everlasting ma- 
jority, purchased by their abandonment. 

Resolved, That having been betrayed at 
Baltimore into a false creed and a false leader- 
ship by the Convention, we repudiate both, 
and appeal to the people to approve our plat- 
form, and to rally to the polls and support the 
true platform and the candidates who embody 
it. 



1S75.— The American National Platform. 

Adopted in Mass Meeting, Pittsbutg, June p. 
We hold: 

1. That ours is a Christian and not a heathen 
nation, and that the God of the Christian 
Scriptures is the author of civil government. 

2. That God requires and man needs a Sab- 
bath. 

3. That the prohibition of the importation, 
manufactiure, and sale of intoxicating drinks 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



36'; 



as a beverage, is the true policy on the temper- 
ance question. 

4. The charters of all secret lodges granted 
by our Federal and State legislatures should 
be withdrawn, and tueir oaths prohibited by 
law. 

5. That the civil equality secured to all 
American citizens by articles 13th, 14th, and 
15th of our amended constitution should be 
preserved inviolate. 

6. That arbitration of dififerences with nations 
is the most direct and sure method of secxu'iug 
and perpetuating a permanent peace. 

7. That to cultivate the intellect without im- 
pro\'ing the morals of men is to make mere 
adepts and experts: therefore, the Bible should 
be associated with books of science and litera- 
ture in all our educational institutions. 

8. That land and other monopolies should 
be discountenanced. 

9. That the Government should furnish the 
people with an ample and sound currency and 
a return to specie payment, as scon as practi- 
cable. 

10. That the maintenance of the public 
credit, protection to all loyal citizens, and jus- 
tice to Indians are essential to the honor and 
safety of our Nation. 

XI. And, finallj', we demand for the Ameri- 
can people the abolition of electoral colleges, 
and a direct vote for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States. 

[Their Candidates were James B. Walker, 
Wheaton, Illinois, for President; and Donald 
Kirkpatrick, Syracuse, New York, for Vice- 
President.] 



187C.— Prohibition Reform Platform. 

Cleveland, Ohio, May //. 
The Prohibition Reform party of the United 



States, organized in the name of the people, to 
revive, enforce, and perpetuate in the Govern- 
ment the doctrines of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, submit, in this centennial year of the 
republic, for the suffrages of all good citizens, 
the following platform of National reforms and 
measures: 

Fhst. The legal prohibition in the District 
of Columbia, the territories, and in every other 
place subject to the laws of Congress, of the 
importation, exportation, manufacture, and 
traffic of all alcoholic beverages, as high crimes 
against society; an amendment of the National 
Constitution, to render these prohibitory meas- 
ures imiversal and permanent; and the adoption 
of treaty stipulations with foreign powers, to 
prevent the importation and exportation of all 
alcoholic beverages. 

Second. The abolition of class legislation and 
of special privileges in the Government, and 
the adoption of equal suffrage and eligibility 
to office, without distinction of race, religious 
creed, property, or sex. 

Third. The appropriation of the public lands, 
in limited quantities, to actual settlers only; 
the reduction of the rates of inland and ocean 
postage; of telegraphic communication; of 
railroad and water transportation and travel, 
to the lowest practical point, by force 
of laws, wisely and justly framed, with 
reference, not only to the interest of capital 
employed, but to the higher claims of the gen- 
eral good. 

Fourth. The suppression, by laws, of lotteries 
and gambling in gold, stocks, produce, and 
every form of money and property, and the 
penal inhibition of the use of the public mails 
for advertising schemes of gambling and lot- 
teries. 

Fifth. The abolition of those foul enormi- 
ties, polygamy and the social evil; and the 
protection of purity, peace, and happiness of 
homes, by ample and efficient legislation. 



368 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Sixth. The National obsv^rvance of the Chris- 
tian Sabbath, established by laws prohibiting 
ordinary labor and business in all departments 
of public service and private employment 
(works of necessity, charity, and religion ex- 
cepted) on that day. 

Seventh. The establishment, by mandatory 
provisions in National and State constitutions, 
and by all necessary legislation, of a system of 
free public schools, for the universal and forced 
education of all the youth of the land. 

Eighth, The free use of the Bible, not as a 
ground of religious creeds, but as a text-book 
of the purest morality, the best liberty, and 
the noblest literature in our public schools, 
that our children may grow up in its light, and 
that its spirit and principles may pervade our 
Nation. 

Ninth. The separation of the Government 
in all its departments and institutions, including 
the public schools and all funds for their main- 
tenance, from the control of every religious 
sect or other association, and the protection 
alike of all sects by equal laws, with entire 
freedom of religious faith and worship. 

Tenth. The introduction into all treaties 
hereafter negotiated with foreign governments 
of a provision for the amicable settlement of 
international difficulties by arbitration. 

Elevetith. The abolition of all barbarous 
modes and instruments of punishment; the 
recognition of the laws of God and the claims 
of humanity in the discipline of jails and pris- 
ons, and of that higher and wiser civilization 
worthy of our age and Nation, which regards 
the reform of criminals as a means for the pre- 
vention of crime. 

Twelfth. The abolition of executive and leg- 
is'' ative patronage, and the election of President, 
Vice-President, United States Senators, and of 
all civil officers, so far as practicable, by the 
direct vote of the people. 

Thirteenth. The practice of a friendly and 



liberal policy to immigrants from all nations, 
the guaranty to them of ample protection, and 
of equal rights and privileges. 

Fourteenth. The separation of the money of 
Government from all banking institutions. 
The National Government, only, should exer- 
cise the high prerogative of issuing paper mon- 
ey, and that should be subject to prompt 
redemption on demand, in gold and silver, the 
only equal standards of value recognized by 
the civilized world. 

Fifteenth. The reduction of the salaries of 
public officers in a just ratio with the decline 
of wages and market prices; the abolition of 
sinecures, unnecessary offices, and official fees 
and perquisites; the practice of strict economy 
in government expenses; and a free and 
thorough investigation into any and all al- 
leged abuses of public trusts. 



1S76.— Independent (Oreenback) Platform. 

Indianapolis, Ind., May ij. 

The Independent party is called into exist- 
ence by the necessities of the people, whose 
industries are prostrated, whose labor is de- 
prived of its just reward by a ruinous policy 
which the Republican and Democratic parties 
refuse to change; and, in view of the failure of 
these parties to furnish relief to the depressed 
industries of the Country, thereby disappoint- 
ing the just hopes and expectations of the 
suffering people, we declare our principles, 
and in\ate all independent and patriotic men 
to join our ranks in this movement for finan- 
cial reform and industrial emancipation. 

First. We demand the immediate and un- 
conditional repeal of the specie resumption 
act of January, 14, 1875, and the rescue of our 
industries from ruin and disaster resulting 
from its enforcement; and we call upon all 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



309 



patriotic men to organi/.e in every congression- 
al district of the Country, witii a view of 
electing representatives to Congress who will 
carry out the wishes of the people in this re- 
gard and stop the present suicidal and de- 
structive policy of contraction. 

Secojid. We believe that a United States 
note, issued directly by the Government, and 
convertible, on demand, into United States 
obligations, bearing a rate of interest not ex- 
ceeding one cent a day on each one hundred 
dollars, and exchangeable for United States 
notes at par, will atlbrd the best circulating 
medium ever devised. Such United States 
notes should be full legal tenders for all pur- 
poses, except for the payment of such obliga- 
tions as are, by existing contracts, especially 
made payable in coin; and we hold that it is 
the duty of the Government to provide such 
a circulating medium, and insist, in the lan- 
guage of Thomas Jefferson, that "bank paper 
must be suppressed, and the circulation re- 
stored to the Nation, to whom it belongs." 

Third. It is the paramount duty of the 
Government, in all its legislation, to keep in 
view the full development of all legitimate 
business, agricultural, mining, manufacturing, 
and commercial. 

Fourth. We most earnestly protest against 
any further issue of gold bonds for sale in for- 
eign markets, by which we would be made,for 
a long period, "hewers of wood and drawers of 
water," to foreigners especially as the Ameri- 
can people would gladly and promptly take 
at par all bonds the Government ma}^ need to 
sell, provided they are made payable at the 
option of the holder, and bearing interest at 
3,65 per cent, per annum or even a lower rate. 

Fifth. We further protest against the sale of 
government bonds for the purpose of purchas- 
ing silver to be used as a substitute for our 
more convenient and less'fluctuating fractional 
currency, which, although well calculated to 
enrich owners of silver mines, yet in operation 



it will still further oppress, in taxation, an al- 
ready overburdened people. 



1S76.— Republican Platform. 

Cincinnati, Ohio, June 14. 

When, in the economy of Providence, this 
land was to be purged ot human slavery, and 
when the strength of the Government of the 
people, by the people, and for the people, was 
to be demonstrated, the Republican party 
came into power. Its deeds have passed into 
history, and we look back to them with pride. 
Incited by their memories to high aims for 
the good of our Country and mankind, and 
looking to the future with un faltering courage, 
hope, and purpose, we, the representatives of 
the party, in National Convention assembled, 
make the following declaration of principles: 

1. The United States of America is a Nation, 
not a league. By the combined workings of 
the National and State governments, under 
their respective constitutions, the rights of 
every citizen are secured, at home and abroad^ 
and the common welfare promoted. 

2. The Republican party has preserved 
these governments to the hundredth annivers- 
ary of the Nation's birth, and they are now 
embodiments of the great truths spoken at its 
cradle — "That all men are created equal; that, 
they are endowed by their Creator with cer- 
tain inalienable rights, among which are life,, 
liberty,and the pursuit of happiness;that for the 
attainment of these ends governments have 
been instituted among men, deriving their 
just powers from the consent of the governed."' 
Until these truths are cheerfully obeyed, or,, 
if need be, vigorously enforced, the work of 
the Republican party is unfinished. 

3. The permanent pacification of the south- 
ern section of the Union, and the complete 



370 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



protection of all its citizens in the free enjoy- 
ment of all their rights, is a duty to which the 
Republican party stands sacredly pledged. 
The power to provide for the enforcement of 
the principles embodied in the recent consti- 
tutional amendments is vested, by those 
amendments, in the Congress of the United 
States; and we declare it to be the solemn ob- 
ligation of the Legislative and Executive de- 
partments of the Government to put into im- 
mediate and vigorous exercise all their con- 
stitutional powers forremoving any just causes 
of discontent on the part of any class, and for 
securing to every American citizen complete 
liberty and exact equality in the exercise of 
all civil, political, and public rights. To this 
end we imperatively demand a Congress and 
a Chief Executive whose courage and fidelity 
to these duties shall not falter until these re- 
sults are placed beyond dispute or recall. 

4. In the first act of Congress signed by 
President Grant, the National Government 
assumed to remove any doubt of its purpose 
to discharge all just obligations to the public 
creditors, and "solemnly pledged its faith to 
make provision at the earliest practicable peri- 
od for the redemption of the United States 
notes in coin." Commercial prosperity, public 
morals, and National credit demand that this 
promise be fulfilled by a continuous and steady 
progress to specie payment. 

5. Under the Constitution, the President 
and heads of departments are to make nomi- 
nations for office, the Senate is to advise and 
consent to appointments, and the House of 
Representatives is to accuse and prosecute 
faithless officers. The best interests of the 
public service demand that these distinctions 
be respected;that Senators and Representatives 
who may be judges and accusers should not 
dictate appointments to office. The invariable 
ru''" in appointments should have reference 
to Lhe honesty, fidelity, and capacity of the 
appointees, giving to the party in power those 



places where harmony and vigor of adminis- 
tration require its policy to be"represented,but 
permitting all others to be filled by persons 
selected with sole reference to the efficiency 
of the public ser\-ice, and the right of all citi- 
zens to share in the honor of rendering faith- 
ful service to the Country. 

6. We rejoice in the quickened conscience 
of the people concerning political aff"airs, and 
will hold all public officers to a rigid responsi- 
bility, and engage that the prosecution and 
punishment of all who betray oflacial trusts 
shall be swift, thorough, and unsparing. 

7. The public school system of the several 
States is the bulwark of the American Re- 
public; and, with a view to its security and 
permanence, we recommend an amendment to 
the Constitution of the United States, forbid- 
ding the application of any public funds or 
property for the benefit of any schools or in- 
stitutions under sectarian control. 

8. The revenue necessary for current ex- 
penditures, and the obligations of the public 
debt, must be largely derived from duties upon 
importations, which, so far as possible, should 
be adjusted to promote the interests of Ameri- 
can labor and advance the prosperity of the 
whole Country. 

9. We reaffirm our opposition to further grants 
of public lands to corporations and monop- 
olies, and demand that the National domain 
be devoted to free homes for the people. 

10. It is the imperative duty of the Gov- 
ernment, so to modify existing treaties with 
European governments, that the same protec- 
tion shall be afforded to the adopted American 
citizen that is given to the native-born; and 
that all necessary laws should be passed to 
protect emigrants in the absence of power in 
the States for that purpose. 

11. It is the immediate duty of Congress to 
fully investigate the effect of the immigration 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



871 



and importation of Mongolians upon the mor- 
al and material interests of the Country. 

12. The Republican party recognizes, with 
approval, the substantial advances recently 
made towards the establishment of equal 
rights for women by the many important 
amendments eflfected by Republican legisla- 
tures in the laws which concern the personal 
and property relations of wives, mothers, and 
widows, and by the appointment and election 
of women to the superintendence of education, 
charitiefi and other public trusts. The honest 
demands of this class of citizens for additional 
rights, privileges, and immunities, should be 
treated with respectful consideration. 

13. The Constitution confers upon Congress 
sovereign power over the Territories of the 
United States for their government; and in 
the exercise of this power it is the right and 
duty of Congress to prohibit and extirpate, in 
the territories, that relic of barbarism-poly- 
gamy; and we demand such legislation as shall 
secure this end and the supremacy of Ameri- 
can institutions in all the Territories. 

14. The pledges which the Nation has given 
to her soldiers and sailors must be fulfilled, 
and a grateful people will always hold those 
who imperiled their lives for the Country's 
preservation in the kindest remembrance. 

15. We sincerely deprecate all sectional 
feeling and tendencies. We, therefore, note 
with deep solicitude that the Democratic party 
counts, as its chief hope of success, upon the 
electoral vote of a united South, secured 
through the efforts of those who were recently 
arrayed against the Nation; and we invoke the 
earnest attention of the Country to the grave 
truth that a success thus achieved would re- 
open sectional strife, and imperil National 
honor and human rights. 

16. We charge the Democratic party with 
being the same in character and spirit as when 
it sympathized with treason; with making its 



control of the House of Representatives the 
triumph and opportunity of the Nation's re- 
cent foes; with reasserting and applauding, in 
the National capital, the sentiments of unre- 
pentant rebellion; with sending Union soldiers 
to the rear, and promoting Confederate sol- 
diers to the front; with deliberately proposing 
to repudiate the plighted faith of the Govern- 
ment; with being equally false and imbecile 
upon the overshadowing financial questions; 
with thwarting the ends of justice by its parti- 
san mismanagement and obstruction of inves- 
tigation; with proving itself through the peri- 
od of its ascendency in the lower House of 
Congress, utterly incompetent to administer 
the government; and we warn the Country 
against trusting a party thus alike unworthy, 
recreant, and incapable. 

17. The National administration merits 
commendation for its honorable work in the 
management of domestic and foreign affairs, 
and President Grant deserves the continued 
hearty gratitude of the American people for 
his patriotism and his eminent services in war 
and in peace. 

18. We present, as our candidates for Presi- 
dent and Vice President of the United States, 
two distinguished statesmen, of eminent abil- 
ity and character, and conspiciously fitted for 
those high offices, and we confidently appeal 
to the American people to intrust the admmis- 
tration of their public affairs to Rutherford B. 
Hayes and William A. Wheeler. 



1S76.— Democratic Platrorm. 

St. Lotiis Mo., June 2j. 
We, the delegates of the Democratic party 
of the United States, in National convention 
assembled, do hereby declare the administra- 
tion of the Federal Government to be in urg- 



372 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



ent need of immediate reform: do hereby en- 
join upon the nominees of this convention, 
and of the Democratic party in each State, a 
zealous effort and co-operation to this end; 
and do hereby appeal to our fellow-citizens of 
every former political connection to undertake 
with us, this first and most pressing patriotic 
duty. 

For the Democracy of the whole Country, 
we do here reaffirm our faith in the perma- 
nence of the Federal Union, our devotion to 
the Constitution of the United States, with its 
amendments universally accepted as a final 
settlement of the controversies that engen- 
dered civil war, and do here record our stead- 
fast confidence in the perpetuity of republican 
self-government. 

In absolute acquiescence in the will of the 
majority — the vital principle of republics; in 
the supremacy of the civil over the military 
authority; in the total separation of church 
and state, for the sake alike of civil and relig- 
ious freedom; in the equality of all citizens be- 
fore just laws of their own enactment; in the 
liberty of individual conduct, unvexed by 
sumptuary laws; in the faithful education of 
the rising generation, that they may preserve, 
enjoy, and transmit these test conditions of 
human happiness and hope — we behold the 
noblest product of a hundred years of change- 
ful history; but while upholding the bond of 
our Union and great charter of these our rights, 
it behooves a free people to practice also that 
eternal vigilance which is the price of liberty. 

Reform is necessary to rebuild and establish 
in the hearts of the whole people the Union, 
eleven years ago happily rescued from the 
danger of a secession of States, but now to be 
saved from a corrupt centralism wbic_h, after 
inflicting upon ten States the rapacity of car- 
pet-bag tyranny, has honey-combed the offices 
of the Federal Government itself, with inca- 
pacity, waste and fraud; infected States and 
municipalities with the contagion of misrule; 



and locked fast the prosperity of an industri. 
ous people in the paralysis of "hard times." 

Reform is necessary to establish a sound 
currency, restore the public credit, and main- 
tain the National honor. 

We denounce the failure, for all these eleven 
years of peace, to make good the promise of 
the legal tender notes, which are a changing 
standard of value in the hands of the people, 
and the non-payment of which is a disregard 
of the plighted faith of the Nation. 

We denounce the improvidence which, in 
eleven 3 ears of peace, has taken from the peo- 
ple, in Federal taxes, thirteen times the whole 
amount of the legal-tender notes, and squan- 
dered four times their sum in useless expense 
without accumulating any reserve for their 
redemption. 

We denounce the financial imbecility and 
immorality of that party which, during eleven 
years of peace, has made no advance toward 
resumption, no preparation for resumption, 
but, instead, has obstructed resumption, by 
wasting our resources and exhausting all our 
surplus income; and, while annually profess- 
ing to intend a speedy return to specie pay- 
ments, has annually enacted fresh hinderan- 
ces thereto. As such hinderance we denounce 
the resumption clause of 1S75, and we do de- 
mand its repeal. 

We demand a judicious system of prepara- 
tion, by public economies, by official retrench- 
ments, and by wise finance, which shall en- 
able the Nation soon to assure the whole 
world of its perfect ability and of its periect 
readiness to meet any of its promises at the 
call of the creditor entitled to payment. We 
believe such a system, well devised, and,above 
all, intrusted to competent hands for execu- 
tion, creating, at no time, an artificial scarcity 
of currency, and at no time alarming the 
public mind into a withdrawal of the vaster 
machinery of credit by which ninety-five per 
cent, of all business transactions are performed. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



373 



A system open, public, and inspiring general 
confidence, would, from the day of its adop- 
tion, bring healing on its wings to all our har- 
assed industries- — set in motion the wheels of 
commerce, manufactures, and the mechanic 
arts — restore employment to labor — and, re- 
new, in all its natural sources, the prosperity 
of the people. 

Reform is necessary in the sum and modes 
of Federal taxation, to the end that capital 
may be set free from distrust and labor lightly 
burdened. 

We denounce the present tariff, levied upon 
nearly four thousand articles, as a master- 
piece of injustice, inequality, and false pre- 
tense. It yields a dwindling, not a yearly rising 
revenue. It has impoverished many industries 
to subsidize a few. It prohibits imports that 
might purchase the products of American la- 
bor. It has degraded American commerce 
from the first to an inferior rank on the high 
seas. It has cut down the sales of American 
manufactures at home and abroad, and deplet- 
ed the returns of American agriculture — an 
industry followed by half our people. It costs 
the people five times more than it produces to 
the treasury, obstructs the processes of pro- 
duction, and wastes the fruits of labor. It pro- 
motes fraud, fosters smuggling, enriches dis- 
honest officials, and bankrupts honest mer- 
chants. We demand that all custom house 
taxation shall be only for revenue. 

Reform is necessary in the scale of public 
■expense— Federal, State and municipal. Our 
Federal taxation has swollen from sixty mil- 
lions gold, in iS6o, to four hundred and fifty 
millions currency, in 1870; our aggregate tax- 
ation from one hundred and fifty-four millions 
gold, in i860, to seven hundred and thirty 
millions currency, in 1870 — or, in one decade, 
from less than five dollars per head to more 
than eighteen dollars per head. Since the 
peace, the people have paid to their tax-gath- 
erers more than thrice the sum of the National 



debt, and more than twice that sum for the 
Federal Government alone. We demand a 
rigorous frugality in every department and 
from every officer of the Government. 

Reform is necessary to put a stop to the 
profligate waste of public lands, and their di- 
version from actual settlers, by the party in 
power, which has squandered 200,000,000 of 
acres upon railroads alone, and, out of more 
than thrice that aggregate, has disposed of 
less than one-sixth directly to tillers of the 
soil. 

Reform is necessary to correct the omission 
of a Republican Congress, and the errors of 
our treaties and our diplomacy which have 
stripped our fellow-citizens of foreign birth 
and kindred race, recrossing the Atlantic, of 
the shield of American citizenship, and 
have exposed our brethren of the Pacific coast 
to the incursions of a race not sprung from 
the same great parent stock, and in fact now, 
by law, denied citizenship through naturaliza- 
tion, as being neither accustomed to the tra- 
ditions of a progressive civilization nor exer- 
cised in liberty under equal laws. We de- 
nounce the policy which thus discards the 
liberty-loving German and tolerates a revival 
of the coolie trade in Mongolian women, im- 
ported for immoral purposes, and Mongolian 
men, held to perform servile labor contracts 
and demand such modifications of the treaty 
with the Chinese Empire, or such legislation 
within constitutional limitations, as shall pre- 
vent further importation or immigration of 
the Mongolian race. 

Reform is necessary, and can never be ef- 
fected but by making it the controlling issue 
of the elections, and lifting it above the two 
false issues with which the officeholding class 
and the party in power seek to smother it. 

I. The false issue with which they would i 
enkindle sectarian strife in respect to the pub- ' 
lie schools, of which the establishment and 
•support belongs exclusively to the several 



C74 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



states, and which the Democratic party has 
cherished from their foundation, and is resol- 
ved to maintain, without prejudice or prefer- 
ence for any class, sect, or creed, and without 
largesses from the treasury to any. 

2. The false issue by which they seek to 
light anew the dying embers of sectional hate 
between kindred peoples once estranged, but 
now reunited in one indivisbile Republic and 
a common destiny. 

Reform is necessary in the civil service. Ex- 
perience proves that efficient, economical con- 
duct of the governmental business is not pos- 
sible if its civil service be subject to change 
at every election, be a prize fought for at the 
ballot-box, be a brief reward of party zeal, in- 
stead of posts of honor assigned for proved 
competency, and held for fidelity in public 
employ; that the dispensing of patronage 
should neither be a tax upon the time of all 
our public men, nor the instrument of their 
ambition. Here,again,promises,falsified in the 
performance, attest that the party in power 
can work out no practical or salutary reform. 

Reform is necessar}', even more, in the 
higher grades of the public service. President, 
"Vice-President, Judges, Senators, Representa- 
tives, Cabinet officers — these, and all others 
in authority — are the people's servants. Their 
offices are not a private perquisite; they are a 
public trust. "When the annals of this Repub- 
lic show the disgi'ace and censure of a "Vice- 
President; a late Speaker of the House of Rep- 
resentatives marketing his rulings as a presid- 
ing officer; three Senators profiting secretly 
by their votes as law-makers; five chairmen of 
the leading committees of the late House of 
Representatives exposed in jobbery; a late 
Secretary' of the Treasury forcing balances in 
public accounts; a late Attorney-General mis- 
appropriating public funds; a Secretary of the 
Navy enriched, or enriching friends, by per- 
centages levied off" the profits of coutrators 



with his department; an Ambassador to Eng- 
land concerned in a dishonorable speculation; 
the President's private secretary barely escap- 
ing conviction upon the trial for guilty com- 
plicity in frauds upon the revenue: a Secretary 
of "War impeached for high crimes and misde- 
meanors — the demonstration is complete, that 
the first step in reform must be the people's 
choice of honest men from another party, lest 
the disease of one political organization infect 
the body politic, and lest by making no 
change of men or parties we get no change 
of measures and no real reform. 

All these abuses, wrongs and crimes — tlie 
product of sixteen years' ascendency of the 
Republican party — create a necessity for re- 
form, confessed by the Republicans themselves; 
but their reformers are voted down in conven- 
tion and displaced from the cabinet. The 
party's mass of honest voters is powerless to 
resist the 80,000 office-holders, its leaders and 
guides. 

Reform can only be had by a peaceful civic 
revolution. "We demand a change of system, 
a change of administration, a change of parties, 
that we may have a change of measures and of 
men. 

Resolved, That this convention, represent- 
ing the Democratic party of the United States, 
do cordially endorse the action of the present 
House of Representatives, in reducing and 
curtailing the expenses of the Federal Govern- 
ment, in cutting down salaries and extrava- 
gant appropriations, and in abolishing useless 
offices and places not required by the public 
necessities; and we shall trust to the firmness 
of the Democratic members of the House that 
no committee of conference and no misinter- 
pretation of the rules will be allowed to defeat 
these wholesome measures of economy de- 
manded by the Country. 

Resolved, That the soldiers and sailors of 
the Republic, and the widows and orphans of 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



those who have fallen in battle, have a just 
claim upon the care, protection, and gratitude 
of their fellow-citizens. 



1S78.— National Platform. 

Toledo, Ohio, February 22. 

Whereas, Throughout our entire country 
the value of real estate is depreciated, industry 
paralyzed, trade depressed, business incomes 
and wages reduced, unparalleled distress in- 
flicted upon the poorer and middle ranks of 
our people, the land filled with fraud, em- 
bezzlement, bankruptcy, crime, suffering, pau- 
perism, and starvation; and 

Whereas, This state of things has been 
brought about by legislation in the interest of, 
and dictated by, money-lenders, bankers and 
bondholders; and 

Whereas, While we recognize the fact that 
the men in Congress connected with the old 
political parties have stood up manfully for 
the rights of the people, and met the threats 
of the money power, and the ridicule of an ig- 
norant and subsidized press, yet neither the 
Republican nor the Democratic parties, in 
their policies, propose remedies for the exist- 
ing evils; and 

Whereas, The Independent Greendack 
party, and other associations more or less ef- 
fective, have been unable, hitherto, to make a 
formidable opposition to old party organiza- 
tions; and 

Whereas, The limiting of the legal-tender 
quality of the greenbacks, the changing of 
currency bonds into coin bonds, the demonetiz- 
ation of the silver dollar, the exempting of 
bonds from taxation, the contraction of the 
circulating medium, the proposed forced re- 
sumption of specie payments, and the prodi- 
gal waste of the public lands, were crimes 



against the people; and, as far as possible, the 
results of these criminal acts must be counter- 
acted by judicious legislation: 

There/ore, We assemble in National Con- 
vention and make a declaration of our princi- 
ples, and invite all patriotic citizens to unite 
in an effort to secure financial reform and in- 
dustrial emancipation. The organization shall 
be known as the "National Party," and under 
this same we will perfect, without delay. Na- 
tional, State, and local associations, to secure 
the election to office of such men only as will 
pledge themselves to do all in their power to 
establish these principles: 

First, It is the exclusive function of the 
General Government to coin and create money 
and regulate its value. All bank issues de- 
signed to circulate as money should be sup- 
pressed. The circulating medium, whether of 
metal or paper, shall be issued by the Govern- 
ment,and made a full legal tender for all debts, 
duties, and taxes in the United States, 
at its stamped value. 

Second, There shall be no privileged class of 
creditors. Official salaries, pensions, bonds, 
and all other debts and obligations, public and 
private, shall be discharged in the legal-tender 
money of the United States strictly according 
to the stipulations of the laws under which 
they were contracted. 

Third, The coinage of silver shall be placed 
on the same footing as that of gold. 

Fourth. Congress shall provide said money 
adequate to the full employment of labor, the 
equitable distribution of its products, and the 
requirement of business, fixing a minimum 
amount />^^ capita of the population as near as 
may be, and otherwise regulating its value by . 
wise and equitable provisions of law, so that 
the rate of interest will secure to labor its just 
reward. 

Fifth. It is inconsistent with the genius of 



376 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



popular government that any species of pri- 
vate property should be exempt from bearing 
its proper share of the public burdens. Gov- 
ernment bonds and money should be taxed 
precisely as other property, and a graduated 
income tax should be levied for the support of 
the Government and the payment of its debts. 

Sixth. Public lands are the common prop- 
erty of the whole people, and should not be 
sold to speculators nor granted to railroads or 
other corporations, but should be donated to 
actual settlers, in limited quantities. 

Seventh. The Government should, by gen- 
eral enactments, encourage the development 
of our agricultural, mineral, mechanical, 
manufacturing, and commercial resources, to 
the end that labor may be fully and profitably 
employed; but no monopolies should be legal- 
ized. 

Eighth. All useless offices should be abol- 
ished, the most rigid economy favored in every 
branch of the public service, and severe pun- 
ishment inflicted upon officers who betray the 
trusts reposed in them. 

Ninth. As educated labor has devised 
means for multiplying productions by inven- 
tions and discoveries, and as their use requires 
the exercise of mind as well as body, such leg- 
islation should be had that the number of 
hours of daily toil will be reduced, giving the 
working classes more leisure for mental im- 
provement and their several enjoyments, and 
saving them from premature decay and death. 

Tenth. The adoption of an American mon- 
etary system, as proposed herein, will harmon- 
ize all differences with regard to tariff and fed- 
eral taxation, reduced and equalize the cost of 
transportation by land and water, distribute 
equitably the joint earnings of capital and la- 
bor, secure to the producers of wealth the re- 
sults of their labor and skill, andmuster out of 
service the vast army of idlers, who, under the 
existing system, grow rich upon the earnings 
of others, that every man and woman may, by 



their own efforts, secure a competency, so that 
overgrown fortunes and extreme poverty w "i) 
be seldom found within the limits of our K ev- 
ublic. 

Eleventh. Both National and State Govern- 
ments should establish bureaus of labor and 
industrial statistics, clothed with the power 
of gathering and publishing the same. 

Twelfth. That the contract system of em- 
ploying labor in our prisons and reformatory 
institutions works great injustice to our me- 
chanics and artisans, and should be prohibited. 

Thirteenth. The importation of servile la- 
bor into the United States from China is a 
problem of the most serious importance, and 
we recommend legislation looking to its sup- 
pression. 

Fourteenth. We believe in the supremacy 
of law over and above all perishable material, 
and in the necessity of a party of united people 
that will rise above old party lines and preju- 
dices. We will not affiliate in any degree with 
any of the old parties, but, in all cases and lo- 
calities, will organize anew, as united National 
men — nominate for office and official positions 
only such persons as are clearly believers in 
and identified with this our sacred cause; and 
irrespective of creed, color, place of birth, or 
past condition of political or other servitude, 
vote only for men who entirely abandon old 
party lines and organizations. 



1S79.— K'atlonal L.ibera1 Platform. 

Cincinnati^ Ohio, Septembet 14. 
I. Total separation of Church and State, ^^ 
be guaranteed by amendment of the United 
States Constitution; including the equitable 
taxation of church property, secularization of 
the public schools, abrogation of Sabbatarian 
laws, abolition of chaplaincies, prohibition of 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



377 



public appropriations for religious purposes, 
and all measures necessary to the same general 
end. 

2. National protection for National citizens 
in their equal civil, political, and religious 
rights to be guaranteed by amendment of the 
United States Constitution and aflForded through 
the United States courts. 

3. Universal education, the basis of univers- 
al suffrage in this secular Republic, to be guar- 
anteed by amendment of the United States 
Constitution, requiring every state to maintain 
a thoroughly secularized public school sys- 
tem, and to permit no child within its limits 
to grow up without a good elementary educa- 
tion. 



18S0.— Independent Republican Principles. 

I Independent Republicans adhere to the Re- 
publican principles of National supremacy, 
sound finances, and civil service reform, ex- 
pressed in the Republican platform of 1876, in 
the letter of acceptance o. President Hayes, 
and in his message of 1879; ^"^ they seek the 
realization of those principles in practical laws 
and their efficient administration. This re- 
quires, 

1. The continuance on the statute-book of 
laws protecting the rights of voters at National 
elections. But National supremacy affords no 
pretext for interference with the local rights 
of communities; and the development of the 
South from its present defective civilization 
can be secured only under constitutional meth- 
ods, such as those of President Hayes. 

2. The passage of laws which shall deprive 
greenbacks of their legal-tender quality, as a 
first step toward their ultimate withdrawal and 
cancellation, and shall maintain all coins made 
legal-tender at such weight and fineness as 



will enable them to be used without discount 
in the commercial transactions of the world. 

3. The repeal of the act, which limits the 
terms of office of certain Government officials 
to four years; the repeal of the tenure-of-office 
acts, which limit the power of the Executive 
to remove for cause; the establishment of a 
permanent civil service commission, or equiv- 
alent measures to ascertain, by open competi- 
tion, and certify to the President or other ap- 
pointing power the fitness of applicants for 
nomination or appointment to all non-politi- 
cal ofiices. 

ir. Independent Republicans believe that 
local issues should be independent of party. 
The words Republican and Democrat should 
have no weight in determining whether a 
school or city shall be administered on busi- 
ness principles by capable men. With a view 
to this, legislation is asked which shall pre- 
scribe for the voting for local and for state offi- 
cers upon separate ballots. 

III. Independent Republicans assert that 
a political party is a co-operation of voters to 
secure the practical enactment into legislation 
of political convictions set forth as its platform. 
Every voter accepting that platform is a mem- 
ber of that party; any representative of that 
party opposing the principles or evading the 
promises of its platform forfeits the support of 
its voters. No voter should be held by the ac- 
tion or nomination of any caucus or conven- 
tion of his partv against his private judgment. 
It is his duty to vote against bad measures and 
unfit men, as the only means of obtaining 
good ones; if his party no longer represents its 
professed principles in its practical workings, 
it is his duty to vote against it. 

IV. Independent Republicans seek good 
nominations through participation in the pri- 
maries and through the defeat of bad nomi- 
nees; they will labor for the defeat of any local 
Republican candidate, and, in co-operation 



378 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



■with those holding like views elsewhere, for 
the defeatof any general Republican candidate 
whom they do not deem fit. 



ISSO. Republican Platform. 

Chicago, Illinois, June 2. 

The Republican party, in National conven- 
tion assembled, at the end of twenty years 
since the Federal Government was first com- 
mitted to its charge, submits to the people of 
the United States its brief report of its admin- 
istration : 

It suppressed a rebellion which had armed 
nearly a million of men to subvert the Nation- 
al authority. It reconstructed the Union of the 
States with freedom, instead of slavery, as its 
corner-stone. It transformed four million of 
human beings from the likeness of things to 
the rank of citizens. It relieved Congress 
from the infamous work of hunting fugitive 
slaves and charged it to see that slavery does 
not exist. 

It has raifed the value of our paper currency 
from thirty-eight per cent, to the par of gold. 
It has restored, upon a solid basis, payment in 
coin for all the National obligations, and has 
given us a currency absolutely good and equal 
in everj' part of our extended Country. It has 
lifted the credit of the Nation from the point 
where six per cent, bonds sold at eighty-six to 
that where four per cent, bonds are eagerlj' 
sought as a premium. 

Under its administration railways have in- 
creased from 31,000 miles in i860, to more 
than 82,000 miles in 1879, 

Our foreign trade has increased from I700, 
000,000 to 11,150,000,000 in the same time;and 
our exports, v.'hich were $20,000,000 less than 
our iiuports in i860, were $264,000,000 more 



than ovu: imports in 1879. 

"Without resorting to loans, it has, since the 
war closed, defrayed the ordinary expenses of 
the Government, besides the accruing interest 
on the public debt, and disbursed, annually, 
over 1130,000,000 for soldiers' pensions. It has 
paid |888,ooo,ooo of the public debt, and, by 
refunding the balance at lower rates, has re- 
duced the annual interest charge from nearly 
$151,000,000 to less than $89,000,000. 

All the industries of the Country have re- 
vived,labor is in demand, wages have increased 
and throughout the entire country there is 
evidence of a coming prosperity greater than 
we have ever enjoyed. 

Upon this record, the Republican party 
asks for the continued confidence and support 
of the people; and this convention submits for 
their approval the following statement of the 
principles and purposes which will continue 
to guide and inspire its efforts; 

1. We affirm that the work of the last twenty 
years has been such as to commend itself to 
the favor of the Nation, and that the fruits of 
the costly victories which we have achieved, 
through immense difficulties, should be pre- 
served; that the peace we regained should be 
cherished; that the dissevered Union, now 
happily restored, should be perpetuated, and 
that the liberties secured to this generation 
should be transmitted, undiminished, to future 
generations; that the order established and 
the credit acquired should never be impaired; 
that the pensions promised should be paid; 
that the debt so much reduced should be ex- 
tinguished by the full payment of every dollar 
thereof; that the reviving industries should be 
further promoted; and that the commerce, al- 
ready so great, should be steadily encouraged. 

2. The Constitution of the United States is a 
supreme law, and not a mere contract; out of 
Confederate States it made a sovereign Nation. 
Some powers are denied to the Nation, while 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



379 



others are denied to States; but the boundary 
between the powers delegated and those re- 
served is to be determined by the National 
and not the State tribunals. 

3. The work of popular education is one left 
to the care of the several States, but it is the 
duly of the National Government to aid that 
work to the extent of its constitutional ability. 
The intelligence of the Nation is but the ag- 
gregate of the intelligence in the several 
States; and the destiny of the Nation must be 
guided, not hy the genius of any one State, 
but by the average genius of all. 

4. The Constitution wisely forbids Con- 
gress to make any law respecting an establish- 
ment of religion; but it is idle to hope that the 
Nation can be protected against the influence 
of sectarianism while each State is exposed to 
its domination. We, therefore, recommend 
that the Constitution be so amended as to lay 
the same prohibition upon the legislature of 
each State, to forbid the appropriation of pub- 
lic funds to the support of sectarian schools. 

5. We reaffirm the belief, avowed in 1876, 
that the duties levied for the purpose of rev- 
enue should so discriminate as to favor Amer- 
ican labor;tliat no further grant of the public do- 
main should be made to any railways or 
other corporation; that slavery having per- 
ished in the States, its twin barbarity — polyg- 
amy — must die in the territories; that every- 
where the protection accorded to citizens of 
American birth must be secured to citizens by 
American adoption. That we esteem it the 
duty of Congress to develop and improve our 
water-courses and harbors, but insist that 
further subsidies to private persons or corpo- 
rations must cease. That the obligations of the 
Republic to the men who preserved its integ- 
rity in the day of battle are undiminished by 

.the lapse of fifteen years since their final vic- 
tory — to do them perpetual honor is, and 
shall forever be, the grateful privilege and sa- 



cred duty of the American people. 

6. Since the authority to regulate immigra- 
tion and intercourse between the United 
States and foreign nations rests with the Con- 
gress of the United States and its treaty- 
making powers, the Republican party, regard- 
ing; the unrestricted immigration of the 
Chinese as an evil of great magnitude, invoke 
the exercise of that power to restrain and limit 
that immigration by the enactment of such 
just, humane, and reasonable provisions as 
will produce that result. 

7. That the purity and patriotism which 
characterized the early career of Rutherford 
B. Hayes in peace and war, and which guided 
the thoughts of our immediate predecessors to 
select him as a presidential candidate, have 
continued to inspire him in his career as 
Chief Executive, and that history will accord 
to his administration the honors which are 
due to an efficient, just, and courteous dis- 
charge of the public business, and will honor 
his interposition between the people and 
proposed partisan laws. 

8. We charge upon the Democratic party 
the habitual sacrifice of patriotism and justice 
to a supreme and insatiable lust for office 
and patronage. That to obtain possession of 
the National and State Governments, and the 
control of place and position, they have ob- 
structed all efforts to promote the purity and 
to conserve the freedom of suffrage; have de- 
vised fraudulent certifications and returns; 
have labored to unseat lawfully-elected mem- 
bers of Congress, to secure, at all hazards, the 
vote of the majority of the States in the House 
of Representatives;have endeavored to occupy, 
by force and fraud the places of trust given to 
others by the people of Maine, and rescued by 
the courageous action of Maine's patriotic 
sons; have, b)' methods vicious in principle 
and tyrannical in practice, attached partisan 
legislation to appropriation bills, upon whose 



SCO 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



passage the very movements of Government 
depend; have crushed the rights of the individ- 
ual; have advocated the principle and sought 
the favor of rebellion against the Na- 
tion, and have endeavored to obliterate the 
sacred memories of the war, and to overcome its 
inestimably valuable results of nationalty, 
personal freedom, and individual equality. 
Equal, steady, and complete enforcement of 
the laws, and protection of all our citizens in 
the enjoyment of all the privileges and im- 
munities guaranteed by the Constitution, are 
the first duties of the Nation. The danger of a 
solid South can only be averted by the faith- 
ful performance of every promise which the 
Nation made to the citizen. The execution of 
the laws, and the punishment of all those who 
^'iolate them, are the only safe methods by 
which an enduring peace can be secured, and 
genuine prosperity established throughout the 
South. Whatever promises the Nation makes, 
the Nation must perform; and the Nation can 
not with safety relegate this duty to the States. 
The solid South must be divided by the peace- 
ful agencies of the ballot, and all opinions 
must there find free expression; and to this 
end honest voters must be protected against 
terrorism, violence, or fraud. And we afiirm 
it to be the duty and the purpose of the Re- 
publican party to use all legitimate means to 
restore all the States of this Union to the most 
perfect harmony which may be practicable; 
and we submit to the practical, sensible peo- 
ple of the United States to say whether it 
would not be dangerous to the dearest interests 
of our Country, at this time to surrender the 
administration of the National Government to 
a party which seeks to overthrow the existing 
policy, under which we are so prosperous, and 
thus bring distrust and confusion where there 
are now order, confidence, and hope. 

9. The Republican party, adhering to a 
principle affirmed by the last National Con- 
vention, of respect for the Constitutional rule 



covering appointments to office, adopts the 
declaration of President Hayes, that the reform 
of the civil service should be thorough, radical 
and complete. To this end we demand the co- 
operation of the Legislative and Executive 
departments of the Government, and that 
Congress shall so legislate that fitness, ascer- 
tained by proper practical tests, shall admit to 
the public service; and that the power of re- 
moval for cause, with due responsibility for 
the good conduct of subordinates, shall ac- 
company the power of appointment. 



National (Greenback) Platform. 

Chicago, Illinois, Jtme g. 

The Civil Government should guarantee the 
divine right of every laborer to the results of 
his toil, thus enabling the producers of wealth 
to provide themselves with the means for 
physical comfort, and facilities for mental, 
social, and moral culture; and we condemn, 
as unworthy of our civilization, the barbarism 
which imposes upon wealth-producers a state 
of drudgery as the price of a bare animal exist- 
ence. Notwithstanding the enormous increase 
of wealth, the task of the laborer is scarcely 
lightened, the hours of toil are but little short- 
ened, and few producers are lifted from pov- 
erty into comfort and pecuniary independence. 
The associated monopolies, the international 
syndicates, and other income classes demand 
dear money, cheap labor, and a strong Gov- 
ernment, and, hence, a weak people. Corpo- 
rate control of the volume of money has been 
the means of dividing society into hostile 
classes, of an unjust distribution of the prod- 
ucts of labor, and of building up monopolies 
of associated capital, endowed with power to 
confiscate private property. It has kept money 
scarce; and the scarcity of money enforces 
debt-trade, and public and corporate loans; 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



381 



debt engenders usury, and usury ends in the 
bankruptcy of the borrower. Other results are 
— deranged markets, uncertainty in manufac- 
turing enterprises and agriculture, precarious 
and intermittent employment for the laborer, 
industrial war, increasing pauperism and 
crime, and the consequent intimidation and 
disfranchisement of the producer, and a rapid 
declension into corporate feudalism. Therefore 
we declare — 

First. That the right to make and issue 
money is a sovereign power, to be maintained 
by the people for their common benefit. The 
delegation of this right to corporations is a 
surrender of the central attribute of sovereignty 
void of Constitutional sanction, and confer- 
ring upon a subordinate and irresponsible 
power an absolute dominion over industry and 
commerce. All money, whether metallic or 
paper, should be issued, and its volume con- 
trolled, by the Government, and not by or 
through banking corporations; and, when so 
issued, should be a full legal tender for all 
debts, public and private. 

Second. That the bonds of the United States 
should not be refunded, but paid as rapidly as 
practicable, according to contract. To enable 
the Govern meut to meet these obligations, 
legal tender currency should be substituted 
for the notes of the National banks,the Nation- 
al banking system abolished, and the unlimi- 
ted coinage of silver,a3 well as gold, establish- 
ed by law. 

Third. That labor should be so protected by 
National and State authrrity as to equalize its 
burdens and insure a just distribution of its re- 
sults. The eight hour lawof Congressshould be 
enforced, the sanitary condition of industrial 
establishments placed under its rigid control, 
the competition of contract convict labor 
abolished, a bureau of labor statistics estab- 
lished, factories, mines, and workshops in- 
spected, the employment of children under 
fourteen years of age forbidden, and wages 



paid in cash. 

Fourth. Slavery bein^ simply cheap labor, 
and cheap labor being simply slavery, the im- 
portation and presence of Chinese serfs nec- 
essarily tend to brutalize and degrade Ameri- 
can labor; therefore immediate steps should 
be taken to abrogate the Burlingame treaty. 

Fifth. Railroad land grants forfeited by 
reason of non-fulfillment of contract should 
be immediately reclaimed by the Government 
and, henceforth, the public domain reserved 
exclusively as homes for actual settlers. 

Sixth. It is the duty of Congress to regulate 
inter-state commerce. All lines of communi- 
cation and transportation should be brought 
under such legislative control as shall secure 
moderate, fair, and uniform rates for passen- 
ger and freight traffic. 

Seventh. We denounce as destructive to 
property and dangerous to liberty the action 
of the old parties m fostering and sustaining 
gigantic land, railroad, and money corpora- 
tions, and monopolies invested with and ex- 
ercising powers belonging to the Government, 
and yet not responsible to it for the manner 
of their exercise. 

Eighth. That the Constitution, in giving 
Congress the power to borrow money, to de- 
clare war, to raise and support armies, to pro- 
vide and maintain a navy, never intended 
that the men who loaned their money for an 
interest-consideration should be preferred to 
the soldiers and sailors- who imperiled their 
lives and shed their blood on land and 
sea in defense of their Country; and we con- 
demn the cruel class legislation of the Repub- 
lican party, which, while professing great 
gratitude to the soldier, has most unjustly 
discriminated against him and in favor of the 
bondholder. 

Ninth. All property should bear its just 
proportion of taxation, and we demand a 
graduated income tax. 



383 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



Tenth. We denounce as dangerous tlie efforts 
everywhere manifest to restrict the right of 
suffrage. 

Eleventh. We are opposed to an increase of 
the standing army in time of peace, and the 
insidious scheme to establish _ an enorrnoiis 
military power under the guise of militia 
laws. 

Tivelfth. We demand absolute democratic 
rules for the Government of Congress, placing 
all representatives of the people upon an equal 
footing, and taking away from the committees 
a veto power greater than that of the Presi- 
dent. 

Thirteenth. We demand a Government of 
the people, by the people, and for the people 
instead of a Government of the bondholder, 
by the bondholder, and for the bondholder; 
and we denounce every attempt to stir up sec- 
tional strife as an effort to conceal monstrous 
crimes against the people. 

Fourteenth. In the furtherance of these 
ends we ask the co-operation of all fair-minded 
people. We have no quarrel with individuals, 
wage no war on classes, but only against vi- 
cious institutions. We are not content to en- 
dure further discipline from our present actual 
rulers, who, having dominion over money, 
over transportation, over land and labor, over 
the press and the machinery of the Govern- 
ment, wield unwarrantable power over our 
institutions and over life and property. 



1880.— Prohibition Reform Platform. 

Cleveland, Ohio, June ij. 

The prohibition Reform party of the United 
States, organized, in the name of the people, 
to revive, enforce, and perpetuate in the Gov- 
ernment, the doctrines of the Declaration of 
Independence, submit, for the suffrage of all 



good citizens, the followiixg platform of Na- 
tional reforms and measures: 

In the examination and discussion of the 
temperance question, it has been proven, and 
is an accepted truth, that alchoholic drinks, 
whether fermented, brewed, or distilled, are 
poisonous to the healthy human body, the 
drinking of which is not only needless but 
hurtful, necessarily tending to form intemperate 
habits.increasing greatly the number, severity, 
and fatal termination of diseases, weakening 
and deranging the intellect, polluting the af- 
fections, hardening the heart and corrupting 
the morals, depriving many of reason and 
still more of its heathful exercise, and annual- 
ly bringing down large numbers to untimely 
graves, producing, in the children of many 
who drink, a predisposition to intemperance, 
insanity, and various bodily and mental dis- 
eases, causing diminution of strength, feeble- 
ness of vision, fickleness of purpose, and pre- 
mature old age, and inducing, in all future 
generationSjdetoriation of moral and physical 
character. Alcoholic drinks are thus the im- 
placable foe of man as an individual. 

First. The legalized importation, manufac- 
ture, and sale of intoxicating drinks minister 
to their use, and teach the erroneous and de- 
structive sentiment that such use is right, thus 
tending to produce and perpetuate the above 
mentioned evils. 

Second. To the home it is an enemy — prov- 
ing itself to be a disturber and destroyer of its 
peace, prosperity, and happiness; taking from 
it the earnings of the husband; depriving the 
dependent wife and children of essential food 
clothing, and education; bringing into it pro- 
fanity, abuse and violence; setting at naught 
the vows of the marriage altar; breaking up 
the family and sundering the children from 
the parents, and thus destroying one of the 
most beneficent institutions of our Creator, and 
removing the sure foundation of good Govern- 
ment, National prosperity, and welfare. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



W,6 



Third. To the community it is equally an 
enemiy — producing xice, demoralization, and 
wickedness; its places of sale being resorts of 
gaming, lewdness, and debauchery, and the 
hiding-place of those who prey upon society; 
counteracting the efficacy of religious effort, 
and of all means of intellectual elevation, 
moral purity, social happiness, and the eternal 
good of mankind, without rendering any 
counteracting or compensating benefits: being 
in its influence and effect evil and only evil, 
and that continually. 

Fourth. To the State it is equally an enemy — 
legislative inquiries, judicial investigations, 
and official reports of all penal, reformatory, 
and dependent institutions, showing that the 
manufacture and sale of such beverages is the 
promoting cause of intemperance, crime, and 
pauperism and of demands upon the public and 
private charity, imposing the larger part of tax- 
ation, paialyzingthrift, industry, manufactures, 
and commercial life; which, but for it, would 
be unnecessary: disturbing the peace of streets 
and highways; filling prisons and poor-houses; 
corrupting politics, legislation, and the execu- 
tion of the laws; shortening lives; diminishing 
health, industry, and productive power in man- 
ufactures and art; and is manifestly unjust as 
well as injurious to the community upon which 
it is imposed, and is contrary to all just views 
of civil liberty, as well as a violation of the 
fundamental maxim of our common law, to 
use your own property or liberty so as not to 
injure others. 

Fifth. It is neither right nor politic for the 
State to afford legal protection to any traffic 
or any system which tends to waste the re- 
sources, to corrupt the social habits, and to 
destroy the health and lives of the people; that 
the importation, manufacture, and sale of in- 
toxicating beverages is proven to be inimical 
to the true interests of the individual home, 
community, and state, and destructive to the 
order and welfare of society, and ought, there- 



fore, to be classed among crimes to be prohib- 
ited. 

Sixth. In this time of profound peace at 
home and abroad, the entire separation of the 
General Government from the drink-traffic, 
and its prohibition in the District of Columbia, 
territories, and in all places and ways over 
which, under the Constitution, Congress has 
control and power, is a political issue of the first 
importance to the peace and prosperity of the 
Nation. There can be no stable peace and 
protection to personal liberty, life, and prop- 
erty, until secured by National or State con- 
stitutional provisions, enforced by adequate 
laws. 

Seventh. All legitimate industries require 
deliverance from the taxation and loss which 
the liquor traffic imposes upon them; and fi- 
nancial or other legislation could not accom- 
plish so much to increase production and cause 
a demand for labor, and, as a result, for the 
comforts of living, as the suppression of this 
traffic would bring to thousands of homes as 
one of its blessings. 

Eighth. The administration of the Gov- 
ernment and the execution of the laws are 
through political parties; and we arraign the 
Republican party, which has been in contin- 
uous power in the Nation for twenty years, as 
being false to duty, as false to loudly-pro- 
claimed principles of equal justice to all and 
special favors to none, and of protection to the 
weak and dependent, insensible to the mis- 
chief which the trade in liquor has constantly 
inflicted upon industry, trade, commerce, and 
the social happiness of the people; that 5,652 
distilleries, 3,830 breweries, and 175,266 places 
for the sale of these poisonous liquors, involv- 
ing an annual waste to the Nation of one mill- 
ion five hundred thousand dollars, and the 
sacrifice of one hundred thousand lives, have, 
under its legislation, grown up and been fostered 
as a legitimate source of revenue; that dur- 



384 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ing its history, six Territories have been or- 
ganized and five States been admitted into the 
Union, with constitutions provided and ap- 
proved by Congress, but the prohibition of this 
debasing and destructive traffic has not been 
provided, nor even the people given, at the 
time of admission, power to forbid it in anyone 
of them. Its history further shows, that not 
in a single instance has aii original prohibitory 
law,been passed by any State that was controlled 
by it, while in four States, so governed, the 
laws found on its advent to power have been 
repealed. At its National convention in 1872, 
it declared, as part of its party faith, that "it 
disapproves of the resort to unconstitutional 
laws for the purpose of removing evils, by in- 
terference with rights not surrendered by the 
people to either the State or National Govern- 
ment," which, the author of this plank 
says, was adopted by the platform committee 
with the full and implicit understanding that 
its purpose was the discountenancing of all so- 
called temperance, prohibitory, and Sunday 
laws. 

A^zw/Zz. We arraign, also.the Democratic party 
as unfaithful and unworthy of reliance on this 
question; for, altho"ugh not clothed with power, 
but occupying the relation of an opposition 
party during twenty years past, stiong in 
numbers and organization, it has allied itself 
with liquor-traffickers, and become, in all the 
States of the Union, their special political de- 
fenders, and its National convention in 1876, 
as an article of its political faith, declared 
against prohibition and just laws in restraint 
of the trade in drink, by saying it was opposed 
to what it was pleased to call "all sumptuary 
laws." The National party has been dumb on 
this question. 

Tenth. Drink-traffickers, having the his- 
tory and experience of all ages, climes, and 
conditions of men, declaring their business 
destructive of all good — finding no support in 
the Bible, morals, or reason — appeal to mis- 



applied law for their justification, and intrench 
themselves behind the evil elements of politi- 
cal party for defense, party tactics and party 
inertia become battling forces, protecting this 
evil. 

Eleventh. In view of the foregoing facts 
and history, we cordially invite all voters, 
without regard to former party affiliations, to 
unite with us in the use of the ballot for the 
abolition of the drinking system, under the 
authority of our National and State Govern- 
ments. We also demand, as a right, that 
women, having the privileges of citizens in 
other respects, be clothed with the ballot for 
their protection, and as a rightful means for 
the proper settlement of the liquor question. 

Twelfth. To remove the apprehension of 
some who allege that a loss of public revenue 
would follow the suppression of the direct 
trade, we confidently point to the experience 
of governments abroad and at home, which 
shows that thrift and revenue from the con- 
sumption of legitimate manufactures and com- 
merce have so largely followed the abolition of 
drink as to fully supply all loss of liquor taxes. 

Thirteenth We recognize the good provi- 
dence of Almighty God, who has preserved 
and prospered us as a Nation; and, asking for 
His Spirit to guide us to ultimate success, we 
all look for it, relying upon His omnipotent 
arm. 



1880.— Democratic Platform, 

Cincinnati, Ohio, June 22. 

The Democrats of the United States, in con- 
vention assembled, declare: 

First. We pledge ourselves anew to the 
Constitutional doctrines and traditions of the 
Democratic party, as illustrated by the teach- 
ings and examples of a long line of Democratic 
statesmen and patriots, and embodied in the 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



385 



platform of the last National Convention of 
the party. 

Second. Opposition to centralization, and to 
the dangerous spirit of encroachment which 
tends to consolidate the powers of all the de- 
partments in one, and thus to create, whatever 
the form of government, a real despotism; no 
sumptuary laws; separation of the church and 
state for the good of each; common schools fos- 
tered and protected. 

Third. Home rule; honest money, consist- 
ing of gold and silver, and paper, convertible 
into coin on demand; the strict maintenance 
of the public faith. State and National; and a 
tariff for revenue only; the subordination of 
the military to the civil power; and a general 
and thorough reform of the civil service. 

Fourth. The right to a free ballot is a right 
preservative of all rights; and must and shall 
be maintained in every part of the United 
States. 

Fifth. The existing administration is the 
representative of conspiracy only; and its claim 
of right to surround the ballot boxes with 
troops and deputy marshals, to intimidate and 
obstract the elections, and the unprecedented 
use of the veto to maintain its corrupt and des- 
potic power, insults the people and imperils 
their institutions. We execrate the course of 
this administration in making p'accs in the 
civil service a reward for political crime; and 
demand a refortn by statute, which shall make 
it forever impossible for a defeated candidate 
to bribe his way to the seat of a usurper by 
billeting villains upon the people. 

Sixth. The great fraud of 1876 — 7, by 
which, upon a false count of the electoral 
votes of two States, the candidate defeated at 
the polls was declared to be President, and, for 
the first time in American history, the will of 
the people was set aside under a threat of mil- 
itary violence, struck a deadly blow at our sys- 
tem of Representative Government. The Dem- 



ocratic party, to preserve the Country from the 
horrors of civil war, submitted for the time.in 
the firm and patriotic belief that the people 
would punish the crime in 1880. This issue 
precedes and dwarfs every other. It imposes 
a more sacred duty upon the people of the 
Union than ever addressed the consciences of 
a Nation of freemen. 

Seventh. The resolution of Samuel J. Til- 
den, not again to be a candidate for the ex- 
alted place to which he was elected by a ma- 
jority of his countrymen, and from which he 
was excluded by the leaders of the Republican 
party, is received by the Democrats of the 
United States with deep sensibility; and 
they declare their confidence in his wisdom, 
patriotism, and integrity unshaken by the as- 
saults of the common enemy; and they further 
assure him that he is followed into the retire- 
ment he has chosen for himself by the sympa- 
thy and Vespect of his fellow-citizens, who re- 
gard him as one who, by elevating the stand- 
ard of the public morality, and adorning and 
purifying the public service, merits the lasting 
gratitude of his Country and his party. 

Eighth. Free ships, and a living chance for- 
American commerce upon the seas; and on 
the land, no discrimination in favor of trans- 
portation lines, corporations, or monopolies. 

Ninth. Amendments of the Burlingame 
treaty: no more Chinese immigration, except, 
for travel, education, and foreign commerce^ 
and, therein, carefully guarded. 

Tenth. Public money and public credit 
for public purposes solely, and public land for 
actual settlers. 

Eleventh. The Democratic party is the frientt 
of labor and the laboring man, and pledges 
itself to protect him alike against the cormo- 
rants and the comnmne. 

Twelfth. We congratulate the Country 
upon the honesty and thrift of a Democratic 
Congress, which has reduced the public e?:- 



386 



THE AMERICAN MAXUAL. 



penditure ^10,000,000 a year; upon the contin- 
uation of prosperity at home and the National 
honor abroad; and, above all, upon the prom- 
ise of such a change in the administration of 
the Government as shall insure a genuine 
and lasting refonn in every department of the 
public service. 



Tirgriiiia Republican. 

\_Adopted A ugust 11. '\ 

"Whereas, It is proper that when the people 
-assemble in Convention they should avow 
distinctly the principles of Government on 
which they stand; now, therefore, be it. 

Resolved, That we, the Republicans of Vir- 
ginia, hereby make a declaration of our alle- 
giance and adhesion to the principles of the 
Republican party of the Country, and our 
determination to stand squarely by the organ- 
ization of the Republican party of \'irginia, 
always defending it against the assaults of all 
persons or parties whatsoever. 

Second. That amongst the principles of the 
Republican partv none is of more vital import- 
ance to the welfare and interest of the Country 
:in all its parts than that which pertains to the 
sancity of Government contracts. It therefore 
becomes the special duty and province of the 
Republican party of Virginia to guard and 
protect the credit of our time-honored State, 
which has been besmirched with repudiation, 
or received with distrust, by the gross misman- 
agement of various factions of the Democratic 
party, which have controlled the legislation 
.of the State. 

Third. That the Republican party of Vir- 
ginia hereby pledges itself to redeem the 
State from the discredit that now hangs over 
her,in regard to her just obligations for money 
loaned her for constructing her internal im- 
provements and charitable institutions, which, 
permeating every quarter of the State, bring 
benefits of far gieater value than their cost to 



our whole people, and we in the most solemn 
form pledge the Republican party of the State 
to the full payment of the whole debt of the 
State, less the one-third set aside as justly 
falling on West Virginia; that the industries 
of the Country- should be fostered through 
protective laws, so as to develop our own re- 
sources, employ our own labor, create a home 
market, enhance values, and promote the 
happiness and prosperity of the people. 

Fourth. That the public school s%-stem of 
Virginia is the creature of the Republican 
party, and we demand that ever}- dollar the 
Constitution dedicates to it shall be sacredly 
applied thereto as a means of educating the 
children of the State, without regard to con- 
dition or race. 

Fifth. That the elective franchise as an 
equal right should be based on manhood 
qualification, and that we favor the repeal of 
the requirements of the prepayment of the capi- 
tation tax as a prerequisite to the franchise as 
opposed to the Constitution of the United 
States, and in violation of the condition where- 
by the State was readmitted as a member of 
our Constitutional Union, as well as against 
the spirit of the Constitution; but demand the 
imposition of the capitation tax as a source of 
revenue for the support of the public schools 
without its disfranchising eflFects. 

Sixth. That we favor the repeal of the dis- 
qualification for the elective franchise by a 
con\-iction of petty larceny, and of the infa- 
mous laws which place it in the power of a sin- 
gle justice of the peace (oft times being more 
corrupt than the criminal before him 1 to dis- 
franchise his fellow-man. 

Seventh. Finally, that we urge the repeal 
of the barbarous law permitting the imposition 
of stripes as degrading and inhuman, contran,- 
to the genius of a true and enlightened people, 
and a relic of barbarism. 

[The Convention considered it inexpedient 
to nominate candidates for State officers. 1 



THE AMERICAX JiAXVAL. 



s?: 






13d ■wiiii][iiiilliti o^ 
fsascaavsli 



388 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



lej^station for the collection of this tax, ded- 
icated by the Constitution to the public free 
schools, and to abolish it as a qualification for 
and restriction upon suffrage. 

Sixth. The Readjusters congratulate the 
•whole people of Virginia on the progress of 
the last few years in developing mineral re- 
sources and promoting manufacturing enter- 
prises in the State, and they declare their pur- 
pose to aid these great and growing industries 
by all proper and essential legislation, State 
and Federal. To this end they will continue 
their efforts in behalf of more cordial and fra- 
ternal relations between the sections and States 
and especially for that concord and harmony 
•which will make the Country to know how 
earnestly and sincerely Virginia invites all 
men into her borders as visitors or to become 
citizens without fear of social or political os- 
tracism; that every man, from whatever section 
of the Country, shall enjoy the fullest freedom 
of thought, speech, politics, and religion, and 
that the Stale which first formulated these 
principles as fundamental in free Government 
is yet the citadel for their exercise and pro- 
tection. 



Vlrg^inia Democratic. 

\_Adopted August /.] 

The Conservative Democratic part)^ of Vir- 
ginia — Democratic in its Federal relations and 
Conservative in its State policy — assembled in 
convention, in -view of the present condition 
of the Union and ofthis Commonwealth, for the 
clear and distinct assertion of its political 
principles, doth declare that we adopt the fol- 
lowing articles of political faith: 

First. Equality of right and exact justice to 
all men, special privileges to none; freedom of 
religion, freedom of the press, and freedom of 



the person under the protection of the habeas 
corpus; of trial by juries impartially selected, 
and of a pure, upright and non-partisau ju- 
diciary; elections by the people,free from force 
or fraud of citizens or of the military and civil 
officers of Government; and the selection for 
public offices of those who are honest and best 
fitted to fill them; the support of the State 
Governments in all their rights as the most 
competent administrations of our domestic 
concerns and the surest bulwarks against anti- 
republican tendencies; and the preservation of 
the General Government in its whole Consti- 
tutional vigor as the best sheet-anchor of our 
peace at home and our safety abroad. 

Second. That the maintenance of the public 
credit of Virginia is an essential means to the 
promotion of her prosperity. We condemn 
repudiation in every shape and form as a blot 
upon her honor, a blow at her permanent 
welfare, and an obstacle to her progress in 
wealth, influence and power; and that we will 
make every effort to secure a settlement of the 
public debt, with the consent of her creditors, 
which is consistent with her honor and dic- 
tated by justice and sound jniblic policy; that 
it is eminently desirable and proper that the 
several classes of the debt now existing should 
be unified, so that equality, which is equity, 
may control in the annual payment of interest 
and the ultimate redemption of the principal; 
that, with a view of securing such equality, we 
pledge our party to use all lawful authority to 
secure a settlement of the State debt so that 
there shall be but one class of the public 
debt; that we will use all lawful and Constitu- 
tional means in our power to secure a settle- 
ment of the State debt upon the basis of a 3 
per cent, bond, and that the Conservative- 
Democratic party pledges itself, as a part of its 
policy, not to increase the present rate of 
taxation. 

Third. That -we will uphold, in its full Con- 
stitutional integrity and efficiency, our public- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



389 



school system for the education of both white 
and colored children — a system inaugurated 
by the Constitution of the State and estab- 
lished by the action of the Conservative party 
years before it was required by the Constitu- 
tion; and will take the most effectual means 
for the faithful execution of the same by ap- 
plying to its support all the revenues set apart 
for that object by the Constitution or other- 
wise. 

Fourth. Upon this declaration of principles 
we cordially invite the co-operation of all 
Conservative Democrats, whatever may have 
been or now are their views upon the public 
debt, in the election of the nominees of this 
Convention and in the maintenance of the 
supremacy of the Democratic party in tliis 
State. 

Resolved, furthet, That any intimation, 
coming from any quarter, that the Conserva- 
tive-Democratic party of Virginia has been, is 
now, or proposes to be, opposed to an honest 
ballot, and a fair count, is a calumny upon 
the State of Virginia as unfounded in fact as it 
is dishonorable to its authors. 

That special efforts have been made to foster 
and encourage the agricultural, mechanical, 
mining, manufacturing, and other industrial 
interests of the State. 

That, in common with all good citizens of 
the Union, we reflect with deep abhorrence 
upon the crime of the man who aimed a blow 
Jit the life of the eminent citizen who was 
called by the Constitutional voice of fifty 
millions of people to be the President of the 
United States; and we tender to him and to his 
friends the sympathy and respect of this Con- 
vention and of those we represent, in this 
great calamity, and our hearty desire for his 
complete restoration to health and return to 
the discharge of his important duties, for the 
welfare and honor of our common Country. 



National 

Republican. 
1856 — Philadelphia. 
i860 — Chicago. 
1864 — Baltimore. 
1868— Chicago. 
1872— Philadelphia. 
1876 — Cincinnati. 
1880 — Chicago. 
1884 — Chicago. 
1888— Chicago. 



ConTentlons. 

Democrat. 
1856 — Cincinnati. 
1 860 — Charleston. 
1864 — Chicago. 
1868— New York. 
1872 — Cincinnati. 
1876 — St. Louis. 
1880 — Cincinnati. 
1884 — Chicago. 
1888— St Louis. 



RAIL,WAY CONSTRUCTION. 



New Lines For 1887— 1S8S. 



The Engineerings News says: The mileage of the new 
railway lines completed and under way in the States 
and Territories of the Rocky Mountain region and 
Pacific coast is summarized in the following table: 

In pto- Located 
Track laid gress of and tinder Pro- 
States. 1886-1S87. construction, way. jected. 

Wyoming . . . 131,115 ... q5 ... 

Montana . • . 16,616 157 55 150 

Idaho 11,440 19 47 80 

Washington . 171,975 136 315 560 

Oregon 4,345 161 295 400 

California . . 274,377 598 7I5 54^ 

Nevada ... 160 

Utah 6 '5 330 200 

Colorado . , . 43,948 39 638 865 

New Mexico . . 3,553 71 294 . . . 



390 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



I88S.— Republican Platrorin. 

Chicago, June 21st. 

The Republicans of the United States, as- 
sembled by their delegates in National Con- 
vention, pause on the threshold of their pro- 
ceedings to honor the memory of their first 
great leader, the immortal champion of liber- 
ty and the rights of the People — Abraham 
Lincoln; and to cover also with wreaths of 
imperishable remembrance and gratitude the 
heroic names of later leaders, who have been 
more recently called away from our councils- 
Grant, Garfield, Arthur,Logan,Conkling. May 
their memories be faithfully cherished. 

We also recall with our greetings and with 
prayer for his recovery the name of one of our 
living heroes whose memory will be treasured 
in the history both of Republicans and of the 
Republic — the name of that noble soldier and 
favorite child of victory, Philip H. Sheridan. 

In the spirit of those great leaders, and our 
own devotion to human liberty; and with that 
hostility to all forms of despotism and oppres- 
sion which is the fundamental idea of the Re- 
publican party, we send fraternal congratula- 
tions to our fellow Americans of Brazil upon 
their great act of emancipation, which com- 
pleted the abolition of slavery throughout the 
two American continents. We earnestly hope 
that we may soon congratulate our fellow-citi- 
zens of Irish birth upon the peaceful recovery 
of home rule for Ireland. 

We affirm our unswerving devotion to the 
National Constitution and to the indissoluble 
Union of the States; to the autonomy reserved 
to the States under the Constitution: to the 
personal rights and liberties of citizens in all 
the States and Territories in the Union; and 
especially to the supreme and sovereign right 
of every lawful citizen, rich or poor, native or 
foreign born, white or black, to cast one free 
ballot in public elections, and to have that 
ballot duly counted. We hold a free and hon- 
est popular ballot, and the just and equal rep^ 



resentation of all the People, to be the foun- 
dation of our Republican Government, and 
demand effective legislation to secure the in- 
tegrity and purity of elections, which are the 
foundation of all public authority. We charge 
that the present Administration and the Dem- 
ocratic majority in Congress owe their exist- 
ence to the suppression of the ballot by a 
criminal nullification of the Constitution and 
laws of the United vStates. 

We are uncompromisingly in favor of the 
American system of protection. We protest 
against its destruction proposed by the Presi- 
dent and his party. They serve the interests 
of Europe: we will support the interests of 
America. We accept the issue and confidently 
appeal to the People for their judgment. The 
protective system must be maintained. Its 
abandonment has always been followed by 
general disaster to all interests, except those 
of the usurer and the sheriff. We denounce the 
Mills bill as destructive to the general busi- 
ness, the labor and the farming interests of 
the Country, and we heartily indorse the con- 
sistent and patriotic actions of the Repul^lican 
Representatives in Congress in opposing its 
passage. 

We condemn the proposition of the Demo- 
cratic party to place wool on the free list, and 
we insist that the duties thereon shall be ad- 
justed and maintained so as to furnish full 
and adequate protection to that industry. 

The Republican party would affect all need- 
ed reduction of the National revenue by re- 
pealing the taxes on tobacco, which are an 
annoyance and burden to agriculture, and the 
tax upon spirits used in the arts and for me- 
chanical purposes; and by such revision of 
the tariff laws as will tend to check imports of 
such articles as are produced by our People, 
the production of which gives employment to 
our labor, and release from import duties those 
articles of foreign productioiHexcept luxuries) 
the like of which can not be produced at 
home. If there shall still remain a larger 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



391 



revenue than is requisite for the wants of the 
Government, we favor the entire repeal of in- 
ternal taxes, rather than the surrender of any 
part of our protective system at the joint be- 
hest of the whisky trusts and the agents of 
foreign manufacturers. 

We declare our hostility to the introduc- 
tion into this Country of foreign contract la- 
bor, and of Chinese labor, alien to our civili- 
zation and our Constitution, and we demand 
the rigid enforcement of the existing laws 
against it, and favor such immediate Legisla- 
tion as will exclude such labor from our 
shores. 

"We declare our opposition to all combina- 
tions of capital organized in trusts or other- 
wise, to control arbitrarily the condition of 
trade among our citizens; and we recommend 
to Congress, and the State Legislatures, in 
their respective jurisdictions, such Legislation 
as will prevent the execution of all schemes 
to oppress the People by undue charges on 
their supplies, or by imjust rates for the 
transportation of their products to market. We 
approve the Legislation by Congress to pre- 
vent alike unjust burdens and unfair discrim- 
inations between the States. 

We reaffirm the policy of appropriating the 
public lands of the United States to be home- 
steads for American citizens .ind settlers, not 
aliens, which the Republican party established 
in 1862, against the persistent opposition of 
the Democrats in Congress, and which has 
brought our great Western domain into such 
magnificent development. The restoration of 
unearned land grants to the public domain 
for the use of actual settlers, which was begun 
under the Administration of President Arthur, 
should be continued. We deny that the Dem- 
ocratic party has ever restored one acre to the 
People, but declare that by the joint action of 
Republicans and Democrats about fifty million 
of acres of unearned lands originally granted 
for the construction of railroads have been re- 



stored to the public domain, in pursuance of 
the conditions inserted by the Republican 
party in the original grants. We charge the 
Democratic Administration with failure to ex- 
ecute the laws securing to settlers titles to 
their homesteads, and with using appropria- 
tions made for that purpose to harass the in- 
nocent settlers with spies and prosecutions 
under false pretense of exposing frauds and 
vindicating the law. 

The Government by Congress of the Terri- 
tories is based upon necessity onlj', to the end 
that they may become States in the Union; 
therefore, whenever the conditions of popula- 
tion, material resources, public intelligence 
and morality are such as to secure a stable lo- 
cal Government therein, the People of such 
Territories should be permitted, as a right in- 
herent in them, to form for themselves con- 
stitutions and State Governments and be ad- 
mitted into the Union. Pending the prepara- 
tion for Statehood, all officers thereof should 
be selected from the bona fide lesidents and 
citizens of the Territory wherein they are to 
serve. South Dakota should of right be im- 
mediately admitted as a State in the Union, 
under the Constitution framed and adopted by 
the People, and we heartily indorse the action 
of the Republican Senate in twice passing bills 
for her admission. The refusal of the Demo- 
cratic House of Representatives, for partisan 
purposes, to favorably consider these bills, is 
a willful violation of the sacred American 
principle of local self-government, and merits 
the condemnation of all just men. The pend- 
ing bills in the Senate for acts to enable the 
People of Washington, North Dakota, and 
Montana Territories to form Constitutions and 
establish State Governments should be pas.-^ed 
without unnecessary delay. The Republican 
party pledges itself to do all in its power to 
facilitate the admission of the Territorx'S of 
New Mexico, Wyoming, Idaho, and Arizona 
to the enjoyment of self-governuieut as States, 



392 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



such of them as are now qualified, as soon as 
possible, and the others as soon as they may 
become so. 

The political power of the Mormon Church 
in the Territories, as exercised in the past, is a. 
menace to free institutions too dangerous to be 
long suffered. Therefore, we pledge the Re- 
publican party to appropriate Legislation as- 
serting the sovereignty of the Nation in all 
Territories where the same is questioned, and 
in furtherance of that end to place upon the 
statute books Legislation stringent enough to 
divorce the political from the ecclesiastical 
power, and thus stamp out the attendant 
wickedness of polygamy. 

The Republican party is in favor of the use 
of both gold and silver as money,and condennis 
the policy of the Democratic Administration 
in its efforts to demonetize silver. 

We demand the reduction of letter postage 
to one cent per ounce. 

In a Republic like ours, where the citizen is 
the sovereign and the official the servant, 
where no power is exercised except by the will 
of the People, it is important that the sover- 
eign — the People — should possess intelligence. 
The free school is the promoter of that intelli- 
gence which is to preserve us a free Nation; 
therefore, the State or Nation, or both com- 
bined, should support free institutions of 
learning, sufficient to afford to every child 
growing up in the land the opportunity of a 
good common school education. 

We earnestly recommend that prompt action 
be taken by Congress in the enactment of such 
Legislation as will best secure the rehabilita- 
tion of our American Merchant Marine, and 
we protest against the passage by Congress of 
a free ship bill, as calculated to Avork injustice 
to labor bv lessening the wages of those en- 
gaged in preparing the materials, as well as 
those directly employed in our ship-yards. We 
demand appropriations for the early rebuild- 



ing of our Navy; for the construction of coast 
fortifications and modern ordnance, and other 
approved modern means of defense for the 
protection of our defenseless harbors and 
cities; for the payment of just pensions to our 
soldiers; for necessary works of National im- 
portance in the improvement of harbors and 
channels of internal, coastwise, and foreign 
commerce; for the encouragement of the ship- 
ping interests of the Atlantic, Gulf, and Pacif- 
ic States, as well as for the payment of the 
maturing public debt. This policy will give 
employment to our labor, activity to our va- 
rious industries, increase the security of our 
Country, promote trade, open new and direct 
markets for our produce, and cheapen the cost 
of transportation. We affirm this to be far 
better for our Country than the Democratic 
policy of loaning the Government money 
without interest to "pet banks." 

The conduct of foreign affairs by the pres- 
ent Administration has been' distinguished by 
its inefficiency and its cowardice. Having 
withdrawn from the Senate all pending treaties 
effected by Republican Administration for the 
removal of foreign burdens and restrictions 
upon our commerce and for its extension into 
better markets, it has neither effected nor pro- 
posed any others in their stead. Professing 
adherence to the Monroe doctrine, it has seen 
with idle complacency the extension of foreign 
influence in Central America, and of foreign 
trade everywhere among our neighbors. It has 
refused to charter, sanction, or encourage any 
American organization for constructing the 
Nicaragua Canal, a work of vital importance to 
the maintenance of the Monroe doctrine, and 
of our National influence in Central and South 
America, and necessary for the development 
of trade with our Pacific Territory, with South 
America, and with the Islands and further 
coasts of the Pacific Ocean. 

We arraign the present Democratic Admin- 
istration for its weak and unpatriotic treat- 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ment of the fisheries question, and its pusil- 
lanimous surrender of the essential privileges 
to which our fishing vessels are entitled in 
Canadian porte under the treaty of 1818, the ■ 
reciprocal maritime Legislation of 1830, and 
the comity of Nations, and which Canadian 
fishing vessels receive in the ports of the United 
States. We condemn the policy of the present 
Administration and the Democratic majority 
in Congress toward our fisheries as unfriendly, 
and conspicuously unpatriotic, and as tending 
to destroy a valuable National industry, and 
an indispensable resource of defense against a 
foreign enemy. 

The name of American applies alike to all 
citizens of the Republic, and imposes upon all 
al;ke the same obligations of obedience to the 
laws. At the same time that citizenship is 
and must be the panoply and safeguard of 
him who wears it, and protect him, whether 
high or low, rich or poor, in his civil rights. 
It should and must afford him protection at 
home, and follow and protect him abroad in 
whatever land he may be on a lawful errand. 

The men who abandoned the Republican 
party in 1884, and continue to aohere to the 
Democratic party, have deserted not only the 
cause of honest Government, of sound finan- 
ces, of freedom and purity of the ballot, but 
especially have deserted the cause of reform 
in the civil service. We will not fail to keep 
cur pledges because they have broken theirs, 
or because their candidate has broken his. 
We, therefore, repeat our declaration of 1884, 
to-wit: "The reform of the civil service, au- 
spiciously begun under the Republican Admin- 
istration, should be completed by the further 
extension of the reform system already estab- 
lished bylaw, to all the grades of the service 
to which it is applicable. The spirit and pur- 
pose of the reform should be observed in all 
Kxecutive appointments, and all laws at vari- 
ance with the object of existing reform Legis- 
lation should be repealed, to the end that the 



danger to free institutions which lurk in the 
power of official patronage may be wisely and 
effectively avoided." 

The gratitude of the Nation to the defenders 
of the Union can not be measured by laws. 
The Legislation of Congress should conform 
to the pledges made by a loj'al People, and 
be so enlarged and extended as to provide 
against the possibility that any man who hon- 
orably wore the Federal uniform shall become 
an inmate of an almshouse, or dependent upon 
private charity. In the presence of an over- 
flowing Treasurv it would be a public scandal 
to do less for fhose whose valorous service 
preserved the Government. We denounce the 
hostile spirit shown by President Cleveland in 
his numerous vetoes of measures for pension 
relief and the action of the Democratic House 
of Representatives in refusing even a consid- 
eration of general pension Legislation. 

In support of the principles herewith enun- 
ciated we in\-ite the co-operation of patriotic 
men of all parties, and especially of all work- 
ingmen whose prosperity is seriously Hireat- 
ened by the free-trade policy of the present 
Administration. 

The first concern of all good government is 
the \artue and sobriety of the People and the 
purity of the home. The Republican party 
cordially sympathizes with all wise and widl- 
directed efforts for the promotion of. temper- 
ance and morality. 



I8SS.— Prohibition Plat form. 

Indianapolis, May 31. 

'^Preamble: The Prohibition party, in Na- 
tional Convention assembled, acknowledging 
Almighty God as the sour«e of all power in 
government, do hereby declare: 

"i. That the manufacture, importation, ex« 
portatiou, transportation and sale of alcohol- 



39i 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



ic beverages should be made public crimes, 
and prohibited as such. 

"2. That such Prohibition must be secured 
through Amendments of our National and 
State Constitutions, enforced by adequate laws 
adequately supported by Administrative Au- 
thority; and to this end the organization of 
the Prohibition party is imperatively de- 
manded in State and Nation, 

"3. That any form of license, taxation, or 
regulation of the Liquor Traffic is contrary to 
good Government; that any party which sup- 
ports regulation, license, or taxation, enters 
into alliance with such Traffic and becomes 
the actual foe of the State's welfare; and that 
we arraign the Republican and Democratic 
parties for their persistent attitude in favor of 
the license iniquity, whereby they oppose the 
demand of the People for Prohibition, and, 
through open complicity with the Liquor 
Crime, defeat the enforcement of law. 

"4. For the immediate abolition of the In- 
ternal Revenue system, whereby our National 
Government is deriving support from our 
greatest National vice. 

"5. That an adequate public revenue being 
necessary, it may properly be raised by import 
duties by an equitable assessment upon the 
property and legitimate business of the Coun- 
try; but import duties should be so reduced 
that no surplus shall be accumulated in the 
Treasury, and that the burdens of taxation 
shall be removed from foods, clothing, and 
other comforts and necessaries of life. 

"6. That the right of suffrage rests on no 
mere accident of race, color, sex, or national- 
ity; and that where, from any cause, it has 
been withheld from citizens who are of suita- 
ble age and mentally and morally qualified 
for the exercise of an intelligent ballot, it 
should be restored by the People through the 
Legislatures of the several States on such ed- 
ucational basis as they may deem wise. 

"7. That Civil Service appointment for all 
civil offices, chiefly clerical in their duties, 
should be based upon moral, intellectual and 



physical qualifications, and not upon any party 
service or party necessity. 

"8. For the abolition of polygamy and the 
. establishment of uniform laws governing mar- 
riage and divorce. 

"9. P'or prohibiting all combinations of 
capital to control and to increase the cost of 
products for popular consumption. 

"10. For the preservation and defense of 
the Sabbath as a civil institution, without op- 
pression of any who religiously observe the 
same on any other than the first day of the 
week. 

"11. That arbitration is the Christian, wise 
and economic method of settling National 
differences, and the same method should, by 
judicious Legislation, be applied to the settle- 
ment of disputes between large bodies of em- 
ployes and employers. That the abolition of 
the saloon would remove burdens, moral, 
physical, pecuniary and social, which now op- 
press labor and rob it of its earnings, and 
would prove to be a wise and successful way 
of promoting labor reform; and we invite la- 
bor and capital to unite with us for the ac- 
complishment thereof. That monopoly in 
land is a wrong to the People, and the public 
lands should be reserved for actual settlers; 
and that men and women should receive equal 
wages for equal work. 

"12. That our immigration laws should be 
so enforced as to prevent the introduction in- 
to our Country of all convicts, inmates of 
other dependent institutions and all others 
physically incapacitated for self-support; and 
that no person should have the ballot in any 
State who is not a citizen of the United States. 

"Recognizing and declaring that Prohibition 
of the Liquor Traffic has become the dominant 
issue in National politics, we invite to full 
party fellowship all who on this one dominant 
issue are with us agreed in full belief that this 
party can and will remove sectional differen- 
ces, and promote National unity, and insure 
the best welfare of our entire land." 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



395 



1SS8.— Democratic Plntforin. 

St. Louis, June 7. 

The Democratic party of the United States 
in National Convention assembled renews the 
pledge of its fidelity to the Democratic faith 
and reaffirms the platform adopted by its rep- 
resentatives in the convention of 1884, and 
indorses the views adopted by President Cleve- 
land in his last earnest message to Congress 
as the correct interpretation of that platform 
upon the question of tariff reduction; and also 
indorses the efforts of our Democratic Repre- 
sentatives in Congress to secure a reduction of 
excessive taxation. 

Chief among its principles of party faith are 
the maintenance of an indissoluble Union of 
free and indestructible States, now about to 
enter upon its second century of unexampled 
progress and renown; devotion to a plan of 
government regulated by a written constitu- 
tion strictly specifying every granted power 
and expressly reserving to the States or people 
the entire ungranted residue of power; the en- 
couragement of a jealous popular vigilance 
directed to all who have been chosen for brief 
terms to enact and execute the laws and are 
charged with the duty of preserving the peace, 
insuring equality, and establishing justice. 

The Democratic party welcomes an exacting 
scrutiny of the administration of the executive 
power, which four years ago was committed to 
its trust in the election of Grover Cleveland, 
President of the United States, and it chal- 
lenges the most searching inquiry concerning 
its fidelity and devotion to the pledges which 
then invited the suffrages of the People. Dur- 
ing a most critical period of our financial 
affairs — resulting from over taxation, the 
anomalous condition of our currency, and a 
public debt unmatured-it has by the adoption 
of a wise and statesmanlike course not only 
averted disaster, but j^reatly promoted the 
prosperity of the People. 

It has revised the improvident and unwise 



policy of the Republican party touching the 
public domain, and has reclaimed from cor- 
porations and syndicates, alien and domestic, 
and restored to the People nearly 100,000,000 
of acres of valuable land, to be sacredly held 
as homesteads for our citizens. 

While carefully guarding the interests of the 
people, consistent with the principles of jus- 
tice and equity, it has paid out more for pen- 
sions and bounties to the soldiers and sailors 
of the Republic than was ever paid before 
during an equal period. 

It has adopted and consistently pursued a 
firm and prudent foreign policy, preserving 
peace with all nations while scrupulously 
maintaining all the rights and interests of our 
own Government and People at home and 
abroad. 

The exclusion from our shores of Chinese 
laborers has been efiectually secured under 
the provision of a treaty, the operation of 
which has been postponed by the action of a 
Republican majority in the Senate. 

Honest reform in the civil service has been 
inaugurated and maintained by President 
Cleveland, and he has brought the public ser- 
vice to the highest standard of efficiency, not 
only by rule and precept, but by the example 
of his own untiring and unselfish administra- 
tion of public affairs. 

In every branch and department of the 
Government under Democratic control the 
rights and the welfare of all the People have 
been guarded and defended; every public in- 
terest has been protected, and the equity of 
all our citizens before the law, without regard 
to race or color, has been steadfastly main- 
tained. 

Upon this record thus exhibited and upon 
the pledge of a continuance to the People of 
tl:e benefits of Democracy it invokes a renesv- 
al of popular trust by the reelection of a 
Chief Magistrate who has been faithful, able. 



39H 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



and prudent, and invokes in addition to that 
trust the transfer also to the Democracy of the 
entire Legislative Power. 

The Republican party, controlling the Sen- 
ate and resisting in both Houses of Congress a 
reformation of unjust and unequal tax laws — 
which have outlasted the necessities of war 
and are now undermining the abundance of a 
long period of peace — deny to the people 
•equality before the law, and the fairness and 
the justice which are their right. The cry of 
American labor for a better share in the re- 
wards of industry is stifled with false pretences, 
enterprise is fettered and bound down to home 
markets; capital is discouraged with doubt, 
and unequal, unjust laws can neither be prop- 
erly amended nor repealed. The Democratic 
party will continue, with all the power con- 
fided to it, the struggle to reform these laws 
in accordance with the pledges of its last plat- 
form, indorsed at the ballot-box by the suf- 
frages of the people. Of all the industrious 
freemen of our land, the immense majority, 
including the tiller of the soil, gain no advan- 
tage from excessive tax laws, but the price of 
nearly everything they buy is increased by 
the favoritism of an unequal system of tax 
legislation. 

All unnecessary taxation is unjust taxation. 
It is repugnant to the creed of Democracy 
that by such taxation the cost of the necessa- 
ries of life should be unjustifiably increased 
to all our people. Judged by the Democratic 
principles the interests of the People are be- 
trayed when, by unnecessary taxation, trusts 
and combinations are permitted to exist which, 
-while unduly enriching the few that combine, 
lob the body of our citizens by depriving 
them of the benefits of natural competition. 
Every rule of governmental action is violated 
when, through unnecessary taxation, a vast 
sum of money — far beyond the needs of au 



economical administration — is drawn from 
the People,the channels of trade, and accumu- 
lated as a demoralizing surplus in the Nation- 
al Treasury', 

The money now lying idle in the Federal 
Treasury resulting from superfluous taxation 
amounts to more than 1 125,000,000, and the 
surplus collected is reaching the sum of more 
than |6o,ooo,ooo an-nually. Debauched by this 
immense temptation, the remedy of the Re- 
publican party is to meet and exhaust by 
extravagant appropriations and expenses, 
whether Constitutional or not, the accu- 
mulation of extravagant taxation. The Dem- 
ocratic policy is to enforce frugality in public 
expense and abolish unnecessary taxation. 

Our established domestic industries and 
enterprises should not and need not be en- 
dangered by the reduction and correction of 
the burdens of taxation. On the contrary, a 
fair and careful revision of our tax laws, with 
due allowance for the difference between the 
wages of American and foreign labor, must 
promote and encourage every branch of such 
industries and enterprises by giving them as- 
surance of an extended market and continuous 
operations. In the interests of American labor, 
which should in no event be neglected, the 
revision of our tax laws contemplated by the 
Democratic party should promote the advan- 
tage of such labor by cheapening the cost of 
necessaries of life in the home of every work- 
ingman and at the same time secure to him 
steady and remunerative employment. 

Upon this question of tariff reform, so closely 
concerning every phase of our National life, 
and upon every question involved in the prob- 
lem of good government, the Democratic 
party submits its principles and professions 
to the intelligent suffrages of the American 
People. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

PRESIDEXTIAI. TICKETS FOR 1888. 
Republican. 

President, Benjamin Harrison, of Indiana; 
Vice President, Levi P. Morton, of New York. 
Democrat. 
President, Grover Cleveland, of New York; 
Vice President, Allen G. Thurman, of Ohio. 
Prohibition. 
President, Clinton B. Fisk, of New Jersey; 
Vice President, John A. Brooks, of Missouri. 
Union Labor. 
President, A. J. Streeter, of Illinois; Vice 
President, Charles E. Cunningham, of Arkan- 
sas. 



897 



Industrial Reform. 



President, Albert E. Redstone, of California; 
Vice President, John Colvin, of Kansas. 

United Ijabor. 

President, Robert H. Cowdry, of Illinois; 
Vice President, W. H. T. Wakefield, of Kan- 
sas. 

Woman SuflTragists. 

President, Belva A. Lockwood, of Washing- 
ton; Vice President, Albert H. Love, of 
Pennsylvania. 








398 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



TITIiES OF OUR STATESMEN. 

"Old" and "I<ifile'' are two favorite prefixes 
which admirers use in conferring a sobriquet on 
their hero. 

"fl«kiiest Old Abe" was the plain title that was 
shouled at the head of Iiiiioolii's columns. 

?tlartiii Van Biiren, who succeeded AikIfow 
Jncksoii, was called "Th« I..itMe Magician." 
His enemies dubbed him "Whisky Van." 

•'The I>ittle Oiant" is the suggestive, historical, 
and catching sobriquet that was worn by the great 
statesman, Stephen A. Doug'las. 

Many of PoIK's ardent admirers called him 
"Y«ning HicUory" hoping to win for him some of 
the warm support that "Old MicRory" com- 
manded. 

Andrew Jackson was called by his friends "Old 
Hickory," because of his sturdy qualities. "Old 
Hickory" is one of the historical nicknames of the 
world. 

"Eos' Cabin" Harrison was the way campaign 
orators used to speak of the "Tippecanoe" states- 
man. ''Haril 4!ider" was another appellation of 
his, while some talked of him as "Old Tip." 

Oeneral Taylor was not wanting in campaign 
titles. He was called "Old Zach" and "Old Bneiia 
Vista." But the title that the people most liked and 
the one that is historical is "Ronjjn an«l Rea«iy." 

Henry day always had flashing nicknames. 
Three have gone with Clay in history. "The Gal- 
lant Harry of the West," "The Youiijf 4'oni- 
moner," and "The Millboy of the Slashes," 
are titles that the great statesman himself delighted to 
apply. — Philadelphia News, 



NATITITT OF SOEDIERS IN OVR CITIE 
WAR. 

The nationality of soldiers in the Federal army 
during the War of the Rebellion is as toUows: 

Native American i, 5-3. 300 

Eritisli Anicricau 53,500 

English 45.500 

Irish 144,200 

German 176,800 

Other foreigners 48,400 

Nativity unknown, mostly foreign 26,500 

Total 2,oiS,20o 

The sum total does not equal the number given 

by Phisterer's Statistical Record of the United 
States army, as enlisted during the War of the Re- 
bellion. This work, probably the most correct 
record ever completed, make's no attempt to group 



the soldiers by nationalities. In fact, it could not be 
accurately done, as in many instances the nation- 
ality was not entered in the record of enlistment. 
But the above table is no doubt appro.vimately 
correct: and the estimate of 75 percent, rather under 
than over states the number of native-born Amer- 
icans in our great volunteer Army. 



PRESIDENTIAE €ANDII>ATES. 

Eist of All the Eea<Iins Candidates for the 
Presidency from the Beginning. 

Below is a table in which are arranged the Presi- 
dential candi<lates of the two great parties — 
the first column of names giving the SHCCOssful 
candidate, the other his unsuccessful opponent. 
It is a valuable tabulation of facts: 
17S9. George Washington . . No opposition 
1792. George Washington . . No opposition 

1796. John Adams Thomas Jefferson 

iSoo. Thomas Jefferson . . . John Adams 
1804. Thomas Jefferson . . . C. C. Pinckney 
1808. James Madison . . • . C. C. Pinckney 

1812. James Madison De Witt Clinton 

1816. James Monroe Rutus King 

1820. James Monroe No opposition 

1824. John Q. Adams Andrew Jackson 

1828. Andrew Jackson . . . John Q. Adams 
1832. Andrew Jackson . . . Henry Clay 
1836. Martin Van Buren . . . Wm. H. Harrison 
1S40. Wm. H. Harrison . . . Martin Van Buren 

1844. James K. Polk Henry Clay 

1848. Zachary Taylor .... Lewis Cass 
1852. Franklin Pierce. . . . Winfield Scott 
1856. James Buchanan . . . John C. Fremont 
1S60. Abraham Lincoln . . . S. A. Douglas 
1864. Abraham Lincoln . . . G. B. McClellan 

1S68. U. S. Grant Horatio Seymour 

1872. U. S. Grant Horace Greeley 

1876. R. B. Hayes S. J. Tilden 

18S0. James A. Garfield . . . W. S Hancock 
1S84. Grover Cleveland . . . James G. Blaine 

This table is made the subject of a good deal of fig- 
uring on Presidential possibilities. It 19 
pointed out that three times therein is shown the re- 
nomination and success of the principal candi-' 
date who was defeated at the election next before. '. 
This happened in the instances of .letlerson in 1800, 1 
Jackson in 1828, and Harrison in 1S40. Once, ta ' 
the instance of Pinckney. in 1804, there was such 
a renomination and a repeated defeat. ' 

On the other hand the fact is equally patent thatJ 
in seven cases there have .been re-elections to the] 
Prosi«leiicy for a second term — in the instances ofj 
Washington, JelTerson. Madison, MoMroie«' 
Jackson, Eiucolu, and <j!raiit. , - . J 



TIIK AMERICAX MANUAL. 

lilVES OP l^BPUBLIGAN ©ANDIDAT^E! 



399 



GEXEKAL BEXJAMIN HARRI«$OX, 
Tlie Republican Candidate for President. 



Ancestry. 




ENERAI/ Benjamin Harrison is the 
descendant of one of the historical 
w^ families of this Country. The head 
"'^'^of the family was a Maj. Gen. Har- 
rison, one of Oliver Cromwell's 
trusted followers and fighters. In 
the zenith of Cromwell's power it 
became the duty of this Harrison to 
participate in the trial of Charles I. 
and afterwards to sign the death warrant of 
the King. He subsequently paid for this with 
his life, by being hanged Oct. 13, 1660. His 
descendants emigrated to America, and the 
next of the family that appears in history is 
Benjamin Harrison of Virginia, great-grand- 
father of the subject of this sketch and after 
whom he was named. Benjamin Harrison 
was a member of the Continental Congress 
during the years 1774, 1775, and 1776. 

He was the brother-in-law of Peyton Ran- 
dolph, the first President of the American 
Congress. When Randolph died the Southern 
Members united upon Harrison to succeed 
him; but the latter, to secure harmony be- 
tween the North and the South, withdrew his 
claims in favor of John Hancock of Massachu- 
setts. Harrison was one of the original sign- 
ers of the Declaration of Independence and 
Chairman of the Committee which reported 
tlie Declaration to the Continental Congress, 
was three times elected Governor of Virginia, 



and was a member of the Convention that 
ratified the Constitution. 

Gen. William Henry Harrison, the son of 
this distinguished patriot of the Revolution, 
after a successful career as a soldier during the 
War of 1812, and with a clean record as a 
Governor of the enormous Northwest Territory, 
known then as Indiana, was elected President 
of the United States in 1846. His career was 
cut short by death within one month after his 
inauguration. 

John Scott Harrison, the son of William 
Henry Harrison, and the father of the subject 
of this sketch, was all his life a farmer in 
Southern Ohio. He served four years in Con- 
gress, from 1852 to 1856, as a member from the 
Cincinnati district. He died about twelve 
years ago. 

Personal Appearance. 

Benjamin Harrison, the Republican party's 
nominee for President, is a man slightly un- 
der the medium hight. His figure, however, 
is very broad and compact. His large head is 
set well down between his broad, high shoul- 
ders, as his neck is very short. His face is of 
an almost deadly pallor, although he enjoys 
excellent health. It is the complexion of a 
recluse. His eyes are a grayish-blue, deeply 
set under a very prominent, bulging forehead. 
His nose is straight, slightly curving outward, 
and square at the end. His thin-lipped mouth 
is shaded by a very light, long, curling mus- 
tache, while the lower part of his face is hid. 
den in a long, sandy, gray beard. The hair 
upon his head is of the same color, and is 
combed vcvy smoothly and tight to his head, 
so as to show plainly the outline of the skull. 




BENJAMIN HARRISON 



,,.;.v•■:<.;•.•;^^^;•.;■>> 




LEVI p. MORTON. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



401 



He always dresses plainly in black. He is 
a reserved men, and keeps much to himself. 
He does not appear to have many social 
traits. He is not in an}- sense of the word 
what one would call "a good fellow." He is 
a man who would prefer any day a quiet cor- 
ner in his own library to the best company in 
the world outside of it. He is domestic in his 
habits, and thoroughly devoted to his hand- 
some, delicate-featured, black-eyed wife, who 
began with him a struggle for a place and a 
home in the then Far West when he was only 
20 years of age. Those who know Mr. Harri- 
son, however, say that he is a devoted friend, 
and that underneath his reserve he has a most 
kindly heart. 

His record as a soldier during the War and 
his life in his Indiana home will bear the 
closest inspection. He was one of the most 
conservative members of the Senate; and, 
while he made no attempts at brilliant display 
in that body, he built up a solid reputation as 
a man of positive convictions, with a facility 
for clearly expressing himself. When he 
comes to speak, his voice is somewhat too 
harsh and high-keyed to please strangers, but 
after one becomes used to his manner, one soon 
learns to recognize with pleasure his blunt 
common-sense and the trained manner of a 
successful lawyer. He is at his best in a per- 
sonal debate, as he has more than ordinary 
powers of sarcasm and invective. He has oc- 
casionally come into sharp contact with the 
silver-tongued orator of the Wabash, Dan 
Voorhees; and the silver-tongued Daniel has 
in each instance been sorely discomfited. The 
cold, quiet face of Harrison in such a debate 
lights up with a flame of almost fierce energy, 
and for the time being he is entirely trans- 
formed. 

In the Senate he was third on the Commit- 
tee on Military affairs, third on the Committee 
on Indian affairs, and Chairman of the Com- 
mittee ou Territories, He followed in the 



footsteps of his grandfather in his committee 
work at least, for William Henry Harrison 
was a master hand at solving military and In- 
dian problems, while his record as the Gov. 
of the Territory of Indiana was one of the 
best. One of the local chronicles of that time 
alludes to the astonishing fact that some |6oo, 
000 had passed through the Governor's hands 
without a single dollar of his accounts being 
called in question. 

Gen. Harrison is not rich. His law prac- 
tice is large, but he appears disinclined to set 
his fees high enough to meet the modern 
standard. He owns a handsome home where 
his wife receives much company. Thej- have 
a married daughter, and a son who is becom- 
ing prominent in the politics of Montana Ter- 
ritory. General Harrison is a member of the 
Indianapolis Literary Club, and occasionally 
takes part in the debates and exercises. He 
is also an active member of the First Presby- 
terian Church, and some years ago taught a 
Bible class in the Sunday school. 

Early Life an<l Strug:g:Ics. 

General Harrison was born at North Bend, 
Hamilton County, Ohio, the 20th of August, 
1833. His life, up to the time of his gradua- 
tion from the Miami Universit)^ at Oxford, in 
that State, was the comparatively uneventful 
one of a country lad belonging to a family of 
small means. His father was able to give him 
a good education and nothing more. He 
graduated from college when he was 18 years 
of age. His teachers and classmates have 
borne testimony to the ease with which he 
held his own in all college contests and his 
early promise of future success. 

Prof. David Swing says that Harrison, while 
at Oxford, though young, w^as a studious 
scholar, and early gave evidence of being 
foremost in whatever he might undertake. He 
there acquired the habits of study and mental 
discipline which have characterized him 



403 



THE AMERICAN MAXCAL. 



through life, enabling him to grapple with 
any subject on short notice, to concentrate his 
intellectual forces and give his mental ener- 
gies that sort of direct and effective operation 
that indicates the trained and disciplined mind. 

He became engaged while at college to the 
daughter of the Rev. Dr. Scott, Principal of a 
female school at Oxford, Ohio. After gradua- 
ting he decided to enter upon the study of the 
law. He went to Cincinnati and studied there 
in the oflSce of the Hon. Bellamy S. Storer for 
two years. At the expiration of that time Mr. 
Harrison received the only inheritance of his 
life. His aunt, dying, left him a lot in Cin- 
cinnati, which was valued at J^Soo. Young 
Harrison regarded this legacy as a fortune. 
He decided to be married at once, to take this 
money and go to some Western town and be- 
gin the practice of law — he having been ad- 
mitted to the bar in this year. There was, 
however, one difficult)^ in his way. He was 
not yet 21, and could not therefore execute a 
deed of sale for the lot. But he found a Cin- 
cinnati friend who was willing to go on a bond 
to guarantee that he would execute a deed 
when he reached his majority; and so, with 
this guarantee, the sale was made. 

With $800 in his pocket he started out, with 
a young wife upon his arm, to fight for a place 
in the world and a footing in one of the most 
difficult of the learned professions. He de- 
cided to go to Indianapolis, which was even at 
that time {1854) a town of promise. He met 
with but little encouragement at first. The 
work he obtained during the first year 
amounted to almost nothing. But the $800 car- 
ried the young folks over their first j-ear. By 
the time the second 5'ear was reached Harri- 
son began to make enough through collections 
and trial of cases before Justices of the Peace 
to support himself and family. 

His First Important Case. 

About this time he was enabled, through 
fortunate accident, to have an opportunity to 



appear before a jury in an important case, 
which attracted at that time a great deal of at- 
tention. It was the trial of a burglar. The 
Prosecuting Attorney, Maj. J. W. Gordon, was 
desirous of attending a lecture during the ev- 
ening of the closing day of the trial, and so lie 
looked about for some one to take his place 
in making the closing address to the jur}-. It 
was evident that this portion of his argument 
could not be reached before evening. He knew 
Harrison as as a patient, painstaking, ener- 
getic young man, seeking to make his way in 
the legal profession. He told him early in 
the day that he should rely upon him for as- 
sistance in closing the case, giving him his 
reasons for his desire to be absent during the 
evening. 

Gov. Wallace, one of the leading lawvers at 
the bar of Indianapolis at that time, was the 
counsel for the defense. He was an old friend 
of Harrison's grandfather, and was by him 
appointed a cadet at West Point. In the 
almanacs of 1840 there is a quaint cut illustra- 
ting the legend of William Henry Harrison 
preferring the son of an old friend to his own 
son. Ben Harrison's father was anxious for a 
West Point cadetship, but his father appointed 
Wallace, the son of his friend, instead. Wal- 
lace graduated from West Point, but after a 
time left the army and entered upon the prac- 
tice of law at Indianapolis. 

Young Harrison, when notified of his good 
fortune in being called in to assist the Prose- 
cuting Attorne}-, was both dismayed and over- 
joyed at his opportunity. During the afternoon, 
when the witnesses w^ere being examined, he 
eagerl}' noted every point, writing down with 
great fullness notes of everj-thing which he 
thought could be used with advantage in his 
maiden argument of the evening. 

Evening came. The court house was packed. 
The court room was feebly lighted with tallow 
candles. When Harrison sat down in the dim, 
uncertain light of the covut-room he observed. 



THE AMERICAN MAXCAL. 



403 



greatly to his disgust, that the pencil that he 
bad employed to write with during the day 
was so bard that his notes, in the uncertain 
light of the evening, were perfectly illegible. 
This greatly embarrassed him. At the outset 
of his speech be made one attempt to use 
some of the fragments of his paper; but see- 
ing that they were obstacles instead of aids to 
a free expression of his thought, he, with the 
energy of despair, threw the notes boldly to 
one side. With the memory of his ^rife and 
baby at home he confronted the jury, grimly 
determined not to make a failure. The loss 
of his notes probabl}- saved him. His memorj- 
retained enough of the details of the case, 
without being fretted with the superfluous 
parts of it. He made such an effective plea to 
the jury that, when he had completed. Gov- 
ernor Wallace went up to him and patted him 
upon the shoulder, giving him warm words of 
encouragement and approval. 
The Begpiniiing Of His Political Career. 

Governor Wallace had a son who had just 
established himself in the practice of law in 
Indianapolis. Ben Harrison's first appearance 
before a jury aud the approval of his address 
by General Wallace led to the formation of a 
business partnership between young W^allace 
and himself. The two jouug men worked 
along together, not much more than making 
a living, until i860, when Wallace became 
candidate for Clerk of the Circuit Court, and 
Harrison for Reporter of the Supreme Court, 
the salary of which was $2,500 a year. Then 
began his first experience as a stump speaker. 
He canvassed the State thoroughly and was 
elected by a handsome majority. 

The most noticeable incident of the cam- 
paign was his famous encounter witli Hen- 
dricks at Rockville. Harrison was then in 
his 2Sth year, and rather boyish in appearance. 
He was, however, gifted with that tiuency of 
speech which comes to even young lawyers 
after a few years of moderate success. At 



Rockville Harrison was advertised to speak at 
the the court-house. When he arrived there 
he found that Hendricks, who was then one 
of the most notable of the Democratic leaders 
of the State, was billed to speak at nearly the 
same time and place. The Republicans of 
Rock\-ille were anxious to counteract the 
effect of Hendricks' speech. They came to 
Harrison and asked him if he would undertake 
a joint discussion with Hendricks. This was 
a large undertaking for a young campaign 
speaker; but Harrison pluckily said that he 
would cheerfully undertake it if it was thought 
best by the Republicans. The matter was 
submitted to Hendricks; but he would not 
dignif\- his j-outhful opponent by engaging iu 
a joint discussion with him. He said that he 
would speak two hours first himself, and then 
young Mr. Harrison might say what he pleased 
in the two hours foUowng. The court-house 
• was crowded, and, from the applause aud ap- 
proval which followed nearly everj' sentence 
of Hendricks' speech, Harrison at times feared 
that there was not a single Republican in the 
building. 

The issues of that campaign were largely 
local ones, with which Harrison was thorough- 
ly familiar. The swamp-land frauds were 
then subjects of eager inquiry among the 
people. This was a subject that the young 
lawyer had carefulh- studied. He had with 
him all of the ofiicial documents bearing upon 
these frauds. These papers had been care- 
fully digested b\- him, and appropriate places 
marked, so that he had with him an arsenal 
of ready weapons. He began with such a 
sharp reply to Hendricks that before he had 
uttered half a dozen sentences Dan Voorhees, 
who was seated in the front row of spectators, 
arose to interrupt him. But the blood of 
young Harrison was up. He came back at 
Voorhees so savagely that the silver-tongued 
orator of the Wabash was quite willing to sub- 
side. The cheers and applause which marked 
this aggressive beginning convinced Harrison 



404 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



that he h?;(l plenty of friends in the audience. 
This insj ired him to make an especially vig- 
orous effort. His powers of sarcasm and in- 
vective are great. He punished Hendricks 
w til such severity that that gentleman after- 
wards said to Harrison that he would never 
again agree to a similar discussion and give 
Harrison the opportunity of an uninterrupted 
closing argument. 

Tins episode at Rockville did much to estab- 
lish Harrison's repiitation as a political speak- 
er. From that day to this l.e has taken part 
in every campaign in the State, and is regard- 
ed as one of the most effective pillars of his 
party in Indiana. 

His Valiant War Record. 

When the War broke out Mr. Harrison had 
just begun keeping house in a home of his 
own. He had purchased a cottage for |;2,900. 
Upon this house he had made but a small 
payment, the balance being secured by a 
deed of trust upon the house. He had then 
two small children. The pay of his position 
as Reporter of the Supreme Court, joined to 
his practice, secured him a modest'liviug, with 
the promise of saving enough soon to pay for 
his horns. He was working in his library, 
reading proofs and preparing an index of the 
first volume of his reports, when he first heard 
of the fall of Fort Sumter and Lincoln's proc- 
lamation calling for 75,000 men. It did not 
seem possible to him at that time that he 
could go into the army. There seemed to be 
no special necessity for a man in his situation, 
with a 3-oung family upon his hands, in an 
unpaid-for home, to leave them and respond 
to Lincoln's first call. But in 1S62 the situa- 
tion was altogether different. It was the time 
of the year when Lincoln had called for 500, 
coo men. The Rebellion had become formi- 
dable. Governor Morton was doing his best 
to fill out the quota of Indiana. Harrison 
went one day to call upon Morton with a 
friend, William Wallace, for the purpose of 



asking him to appoint a cousin of Wallace to 
the position of Second Lieutenant in one of 
the regiments then being recruited to meet 
Lincoln's call. 

They found Morton gloomy and discouraged. 
He took his visitors into the back room of his 
office, where, after closing the door, he said: 
"Gentlemen, there is absolutely no response 
to Mr. Lincoln's last call for troops. The 
people do not appear to realize the necessities 
of the situation. Something must be done to 
break the spirit of apathy and indifference 
which now prevails. See here" and he drew 
them to the window. "Look at those work- 
men across the way toiling to put up a new 
building, as if such things could be possible 
when the Country itself is in danger of de- 
struction." 

Mr. Harrison at once responded by saying 
to the Governor that he felt certain that he 
could raise a regiment for service and that he 
would go to work that day to make up the 
quota of the State. 

Morton said: "I feel certain that you can 
raise a regiment; but I would not ask you to 
do more than that. I know your situation, 
and would not think of asking you to go your- 
self." 

To this Harrison said: "Of course I shall 
go. I would not put myself in the ridiculous 
position of going out to make war-speeches 
and to urge my neighbors to go w'here I would 
not go mj^self " 

He instantl)^ left the room. What followed 
shows his decision of character in an emer- 
gency. Without consulting his wife, or with- 
out asking the judgment of a single friend, he 
walked straight from the Governor's office to 
a hat store. Throwing off his black slouch 
hat he called for a blue military cap. Pur- 
chasing it he placed it upon his head, and by 
this simple change in his head decoration 
walked out of the hat store a Union soldier 
who stood by the army of the Union from that 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



405 



day to the close of the War. After purchasing 
the cap he went out and hired a soul-stirring 
fifer and a patriotic drummer, and stationed 
them in front of his law-office, from the win- 
dows of which were soon unfurled the Star- 
Spangled Banner as the sign of a recruiting 
station. 

The fifer piped such shrill blasts of patriot- 
ism and the drum rattled such a stirring ac- 
companiment that the town was soon alive 
with excitement. Harrison's example was 
speedily followed by many others. Military 
caps began to appear upon the streets in every 
direction. Within a brief time Company A of 
the Seventieth Indiana regiment was raised 
by Harrison, and in a few weeks a full regi- 
ment was organized. He was elected Colonel 
of this regiment. Within thirty days from 
tht: time that Ben Harrison cocked the 
military cap over his right ear he was at the 
head of a full regiment of troops at Bowling 
Green, Kentucky, to assist in the repulse of 
General Kirby Smith, who had been threaten- 
ing Southern Indiana with a guerrilla raid. 

The Seventieth Indiana was composed of a 
fine lot of men, but they were all of the raw- 
est material. There was scarcely a man in the 
regiment who knew how to properly load his 
gun when they first received their arms at 
Louisville. 

Before leaving Ivouisville for Bowling Green 
news had been received of guerrilla raids 
along the line of the railway. The soldiers of 
Harrison's regiment were armed with Spring- 
field and Enfield muskets. They were all 
muzzle-loaders. Colonel Harrison ordered his 
men to load these guns in the Louisville depot 
before boarding the train. Then followed a 
most ridiculous scene, which afforded great 
amusement for the Confederate symphathizers 
about the depot. The men, when they first 
received their guns, began snapping caps 
upon them like a pack of children with new 
toys. When the order came to load the great- 



est awkwardness was shown in carrying out 
the order. A number of the soldiers diil not 
bite off enough of the paper of the cartridge, 
and the result was that numerous balls were 
wedged fast midway in the barrels of the guns. 
The unfortunate men began hammering their 
steel ramrods against the walls of the depot 
to drive the balls home; and it was a great 
wonder that a number of fatal accidents did 
not occur then and there. 

At Bowling Green this regiment was put 
into a brigade under the command of General 
Ward of Kentucky, who was a great favorite 
of General Thomas. The brigade was under 
General Rosecrans. Ward was a poor execu- 
tive man although a brave soldier; and it was 
largely through his lack of management that 
the regimentof which Harrison was command- 
er did not see better service, although it was 
constantly on duty in Kentucky and Tennes- 
see until the march to the sea was planned. 
The regiment was in repeated small affairs, 
but its first brilliant record was made upon 
Sherman's march. Its history in that famous 
march is one of the best. For a number of 
months the regiment was almost constantly 
under fire, and never swerved from its line of 
courageous dut}-. 

Harrison employed all his time when he 
first went into the army in mastering military 
tactics. When he came to move towards the 
East with Sherman his regiment was one of 
the best drilled and organized in the army. 
His Gallantry in the Field. 

It was at Resaca that Col. Harrison's cour- 
age as a soldier was tested to its fullest extent. 
His brigade was under the cover of the woods. 
Orders were received during the afternoon of 
one day to break that cover and charge through 
a stretch of open field to the crest of a hill a 
quarter of a mile away to take a battery which 
was being used with terrible effect upon the i 
National forces. Colonel Harrison's regiment 
was in advance, and he, as the ranking Colo- 



40G 



THE A AMERICAN MASUAL. 



nel, was at the head. The orders were per- 
emptory to charge at once. The officers were 
to (Usnioimt and go on foot with the men. 
Colonel Harrison only asked one question of 
the aide-de-camp who brought him the order. 
He said to him: "You are familiar with the 
field outside. I am not. Will you go ahead 
with me alone and show me the direction of 
this battery, for if I were to charge out now 
I would be as apt to charge flank on to it as 
any other wa}-." Colonel Harrison walked 
out of the woods then with this officer. When 
they had l:)areh- left the cover a puff of smoke 
from a neighboring hill and a screaming pro- 
jectile emphasized the indication swiftly made 
by the guide. Harrison instantly waved his 
sword to his men Ijehind him, shouting, "Come 
on, boys!" and, with the four regiments yell- 
ing at his heels, he ran towards the hill, which 
now concentrated upon his column a most 
murderous fire. Between the woods and the 
crest of the hill the brigade lost one-third of 
its men in killed and wounded. After a spurt 
of savage fighting the Union forces succeeded 
in capturing the outside line of the breast- 
works; but between them and the battery it- 
self was a line of insurmountable stakes and 
brushwood. Night fell before the battery 
itself was taken; but during the night Harri- 
son's men tunneled up through to the guns 
and captured them, lowering them into the 
tunnel. At break of day they expected the 
contest for the crest of the hill to be renewed ; 
but the Confederates had withdrawn in the 
nio-lit, greatly to the disappointment of Gen- 
eral Sherman; though not a member of Harri- 
son's brigade was disappointed at the result. 

It was at Peachtree Creek that Col. Harrison 
won the profane and fiery approval of the hot- 
blooded Fighting Joe Hooker. While waiting 
with his men in reserve, Harrison saw a de- 
tachment of Hood's forces coming towards 
him. The crest of a hill was between them. 
Harrison saw instantly that it would not do to 



wait and receive this attack at the foot of the 
hill. Without an order he assumed the re- 
sponsibility of charging his reserves up the 
hill to meet the Confederates half way. This 
was done with so much impetuosity and cour- 
age that the Confederates were sharply re- 
pulsed. It was for this that General Joe 
Hooker roared out to Harrison, after it was 
over: "By — , Sir, I will have you made Brig- 
adier General for this." 

His word of mouth on the battle-fiel.l was 
supplemented by the following hearty k-tter 
of commendation written to the Secretary of 
W^ar a few months later. 

Headquarters Northern Department, Cincin- 
nati, O., October 31, 1864. — The Hon. E. M. Stanlon, 
Secretary 0/ IVar: I desire to call the attention of the 
Departiiient to the claims of Col. Benjamin Harrison 
of the Seventieth Indiana Volunteers for promotion to 
the rank of Brigadier-General Volunteers. 

Colonel Harrison first joined me in command of a 
brigade of Ward's division in Lookout Valley prepara- 
tory to entering upon what is called the Campaign of 
Atlanta. My attention was first attracted to this j'oung 
officer by the superior excellence of his brigade in 
discipline and instruction, the result of his labor, skill 
and devotion. With more foresight than I have wit- 
nessed in any officer of his experience, he seemed to 
act upon the principle that success depended upon the 
thorough preparation in discipline and esprit of his 
command for conflict more than on any inftuence that 
could be exerted on the field itself, and when the col- 
lision came his command vindicated his wisdom as 
much as his valor. In the achievements of the Twen- 
tieth Corps in that Campaign Colonel Harrison bore a 
conspicuous part. At Kesaca and Peach-Tree Creek 
the conduct of himself and command was especially 
distinguished. Colonel Harrison is an officer of 
superior abilities and of great professional and person- 
al worth. It gives me great favor to commend him 
favorably to the honorable Secrttarj' with the assur- 
ance that his preferment will be a just recognition of 
his services and martial accomplishments. Respect- 
fully, j'our obedient servant, 

Joseph Hooker, Major-General Commanding. 

During the absence of General Harrison in 
the field the Democratic Supreme Court de- 
clared the office of the Supreme Court Report- 
er vacant and another person was elected to 
the position. From the time of leaving Indi- 
ana with his regiment until the fall of 1864, 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



407 



after the capture of Atlanta, General Harrison 
had taken no leave absence, but having been 
nominated by the State Convention of that 
year for the office from which he had been 
ousted he took a thirty-day leave of absence, 
and, under orders from the War Department, 
reported to Governor Morton for duty. During 
that thirt)'-days' leave he again made a brill- 
iant canvass of the vState and was elected for 
another term. After the campaign Avas over, 
during the winter of i864-'65, he was ordered 
to join Sherman at Savannah. With his wife 
and two children, accompanied by an orderly, 
he set out for Savannah by the waj' of New 
York. Upon the road he was stricken down 
with scarlet-fever and forced to get off the 
train in the snows of midwinter at Narrows- 
burg, an obscure station upon the New York 
& Erie Railroad. Fortunately the orderly 
who was with him was an experienced hospit- 
al-nurse. The doctor who attended him had 
to come seventeen miles over the snow. The 
man who had escaped death from every vari- 
ety of Confederate bullet had a hard struggle 
in the snow-banks of frigid New York. P'inally 
the hospital-nurse himself was attacked by the 
fever, and Mr. Harrison's children were also 
taken down. But the pluck of Mrs. Harrison 
and her untiring care enabled them all to sub- 
due the fever. Harrison lost all the hair off 
his head and several coats of cuticle. But he 
rallied rapidly when he once did begin to re- 
cover, ana reached Sherman in time to par- 
ticipate in the closing incidents of the War. 
He was with him at the surrender of Johnston, 
and did not return home until the War was 
over. 

His Political and Personal Career s«ince 
the War. 

In 1868 General Harrison declined a reelec- 
tion as Reporter and resumed the practice of 
law. In 1876 he became a candidate for Gov- 
ernor under peculiar circutnstances. having 
been placed on the ticket by the State Central 



Committee while absent from the State, to fill 
a vacancy caused by the declination of the 
regular nominee. He had before the Conven- 
tion declined to take the nomination, but the 
action of the Committee was in deference to 
the popular demand. In tendering it to Gen- 
eral Harrison the Committee said: "The nom- 
ination was made for no other purpose than to 
subserve the best interests of the Republican 
party in Indiana, and in tendering it to you 
we do so with the assurance that you will" re- 
ceive the earnest and united vote of the entire 
party. ' ' 

The nomination was entirely unsought and 
undesired, but it was accepted in terms that 
indicated a sense of public duty. Having ac- 
cepted it. General Harrison threw himsell into 
the campaign with his usual energy. He made 
a great campaign, canvassing the entire State 
and addressing immense audiences, but was 
not elected. The vis inertice of the Demo- 
cratic party, strengthened by the candidacy 
of the most popular Democratic leader in the 
State, could not be overcome, and, in addition, 
the corruption fund and tactics of W. H. Bar- 
nuni were too powerful. 

The campaign, though unsuccessful, greatly 
extended General Harrison's acquaintance 
and reputation among the People, and from 
this time he was recognized as the coming 
man among the Republican leaders of the 
State. He polled nearly 2,000 more votes 
than the general average of his ticket. His 
brilliant campaign had been watched from 
without the State, and after the October elec- 
tion he was in great demand for speeches in 
the East, where he added to the high estimate 
the People had formed of him as a speaker. 

In 1S80, as usual, he took an active part in 
the campaign, and when it was found the Re- 
publicans had carried the Legislature he be- 
came at once the leading candidate for United 
States Senator. Efforts were made to create 
diversions in favor of others, but the voice of 



408 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



the party was practically unanimous for the 
man who had been fighting the part}- battles 
for so many years, and had been a conspicuous 
figure in every campaign since 1S56. His 
nomination was plainly foreshadowed before 
the Legislature convened, and before the cau- 
cus met all other names had been withdrawn. 
His election gave the greatest satisfaction to 
Republicans throughout the State. 

General Harrison's service of six years in 
the Senate gave him a National reputation as 
one of the ablest men, best lawyers, and strong- 
est debaters in that body. During this period 
he grew rapidly in public estimation and 
proved himself tuUy equal to the requirements 
of the place and the expectations of his friends. 
His Dakota report and speeches, and his 
speech on the Edmunds Resolution regarding 
civil-service reform in general, and on the 
President's appointments in Indiana are es- 
pecially remembered. 

His Senatorial term expired March 4, 1887, 
and the Legislature to choose liis successor 
was to be elected in the fall of 1S86. The his- 
tor}' of that campaign is still fresh in the pub- 
lic mind. It was in a large degree General 
Harrison's campaign. Though others were 
good seconds and able assistants he was fore- 
most in the fight. When others wavered, he 
advanced; when they lest heart he expressed 
confidence. The result attested General Har- 
rison's wisdom and his work. The Republicans 
carried the State and came within a hair's 
breadth of carrying the Legislature, though 
the apportionment had been gerrymandered 
so as to give the Democrats at least forty-six 
majority on joint ballot, and Senator Voorhees 
said he should feel personally disgraced if 
that was not the result. 

With the expiration of his Senatorial term 
General Harrison returned to the practice of 
his profession, being now and for many years 
past at the head of one of the strongest law 
firms in the State. As has been said, he is 



preeminently a lawyer. Politics is a side 
issue with him, but when he practices politics 
he practices as he does the law, with all he 
his might. 

In his private life and personal character 
General Harrison has the good fortune to be 
unassailable. _ Neither political opposition nor 
personal malice has ever dared to attack him 
in this regard. His character as a citizen, 
neighbor, and friend is invulnerable. 



I.EVI 1». MORTOX. 



Candidate for Vice President. 




Birth and Parentage. 



EVI P. Morton was born in Shore- 
man, Vt., May loth, 1824. On the 
very threshold of life he was made 
acquainted with the meaning of the 
word labor. His parents were of 
New England stock, and, although 
they were thrifty, as was the char- 
acter of the New Englanders, they 
did not accumulate much wealth. When 
young Mr. Morton became a clerk in a coun- 
try store he applied himself so closely to his 
duties and developed a capacity for business 
that he soon gained the confidence of his em- 
ployers and was rapidly advanced in his po- 
sition. 

Business Enterprise. 
At the age of 26 Mr. Morton had gained 
such a business reputation that he was given 
a partnership in the firm of Beebe, Morgan & 
Co., of Boston, then a well-known mercan- 
tile house. He remained there for four years, 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL, 



409 



and then, seekino^a wider field, came to New 
York and established the firm of Morton & 
Grinnell. The young and prosperous mer- 
chant remained at the head of this -firm till 
1863, when he founded the banking house of 
Morton, Bliss & Co., of which he is the sen- 
ior member. At the sametime the house of Mor- 
ton, Rose & Co, was established in London as 
the English correspondents of the New York 
house. From 1S73 to 1884 the London firm 
acted as financial agents of the United States 
Government. The two firms took a leading 
position as members of the syndicate that ne- 
gotiated United States bonds in payment of 
the Geneva award of $15,000,000 and the 
Halifax fishery award of f 5, 500,000. 

Political Career. 

Mr. Morton has always taken an active in- 
terest in politics, and though he has never 
been known as an office-seeker he has at the 
call of his fellow-citizens filled with honor 
several public positions. In 1878 he was ap- 
pointed Honorary Commissioner to the Paris 
Exposition, and in the fall of the same year 
he w-as nominated and elected by the Repub- 
lican party to Congress. He was re-elected 
in 1880. During his service in the House of 
Representatives Mr. Morton was known as a 
careful and conservative thinker on all public 
questions, and his opinions were much re- 
spected by his fellow-members. In the Re- 
publican National Convention of 1880 Mr. 
Morton was a staunch ally of Roscoe Conk- 
ling, an advocate of the renomination of Gen. 



Grant for a third term to the Presidency. 
When the split came and President Garfield 
was nominated, Mr. Morton was offered the 
second place on the ticket. He declined the 
honor, and after the triumphant success of the 
ticket President Garfield offered him the port- 
folio of Secretary of the Navy. Mr. Morton 
also declined the Cabinet offer, saving he pre- 
ferred to accept the appointment of Minister 
to France, in which office he was confirmed 
by the Senate soon after President Garfield 
was inaugurated. 

Mr. Morton's career as representative of the 
American Government to the French Repub- 
lic was one of which he may justly feel proud. 
No American Minister was ever more respected 
abroad. Through his intercessions the re- 
strictions on the importation of American 
pork into France were removed and American 
corporations received a legal status in France. 
Since the expiration of his term as Minister 
to France Mr. Morton has had no official po- 
sition. 

Private liife. 

Mr. Morton's private life is exemplary. In" 
the winter he occupies a large mansion at No. 
85 Fifth Aveime, now the residence of Allen 
Thorndike Rice. In the summer he resides 
at his summer seat Emlerslie, at Rhinebeck 
on the Hudson. His wife, a remarkably 
beautiful and accomplished woman, is several 
years his junior. She has always been most 
popular in society. Levi P. Morton is a typi- 
cal American and a prott:ctionist to the core. 



LcivBS OF Dbmogp^aipig Candidates. 



CROTER C'I.EVEL,AN1>. 

Democratic Candidate for President. 

Grover Cleveland was born in Caldwell, 
Essex county, New York, March i8, 1837. 

He is the son of a Presbyterian minister, and 
was named in honor of Rev. Stephen Grover, 
the former occupant of his father's pirsonage. 
When Grover was four years old his father 
had a call to Fayetteville, near Syracuse, N. Y., 
where the young boy received an academic 
education. He afterward served as a clerk in 
a country store. 

The removal of the family to Clinton, 
Oneida county, gave Grover additional educa- 
tional advantages in the academy there. 
He taught school at seventeen and aided his 
luicle, Lewis T. Allen, in the compilation of a 
volume of the "American Herd-Book" In 
1855 he began the study of the law with the 
firm of Rogers, Bowen & Rogers, in Buffalo, 
and was admitted to the bar in 1859, but re- 
mained with the firm for three more years, 
acting as managing clerk at a salary of |iooo. 

Being the sole support of his sister and wid- 
owed mother, he was unable to enlist and fight 
for his country in her time of need; but he 
borrowed money to pay a substitute, and it 
was not until long after the war that he was 
enabled to repay the loan. 

In 1869 he became a partner in the law firm 



of Lanning, Cleveland & Folsom. He contin- 
ued a successful practice until 1870, when he 
was elected sheriff of Erie county, N. Y. 

In rapid succession he was elected by a ma- 
jority of 3,530, Mayor of Buffalo in 1881; Gov- 
ernor of New York in 1882, receiving a major- 
ity of 151, 742; and President of the United 
States in 1884. The total popular vote in 
the United States was 10,067,610, divided as 
follows: 

Cleveland 4,874,986. 

Blaine 4,851,981. 

Butler 175-370. 

St. John _ 150,369. 

Blank, defective and scattering 14.904. 

Total 10,067,610. 

Cleveland receiving a majorit}- of 37 electoral 
votes. 

Having entered the White House a bachelor, 
he found solitude too much for him, so, cast- 
ing his ej-es around on the host of his pretty 
and gentle admirers, they fell upon — Miss 
Frances Folsom, as the one to be sought, 
wooed and won. She became Frances Cleve- 
land and the young and handsome mistress of 
the White House at one and the same time, 
June 2d, 1S86. 

She was the daughter of President Cleve- 
land's deceased friend and partner, Oscar 
Folsom of the Buffalo bar. Except the wife 
of Madison, Mrs. Cleveland is the youngest of 

10 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



411 



the many mistresses of the White House, hav- 
ing been born in Buflfalo, N. Y., in 1864. 

Grover Cleveland enjoys the renown of be- 
ing the first bachelor President, and also, of 
being the first President married in the White 
House. 



Dentocratie C'an«li«t:ite for Vioe-Presldent. 

Ex-Senator Allen G. Thurman is a native 
of Virginia, having been born at Lynchburg, 
November 13, 1813. In the year 1819 his pa- 
rents removed West to Ohio. When the lad 
grew to be a young man he studied law with 
his imcle, Senator William Allen, who after- 
ward became Governor, and with Noah H. 
Swayne, subsequently a member of the United 
States Supreme Court. At the age of 22 he 
came to the bar, and was elected a member of 
the Twentj'-ninth Congress, which began De- 
cember I, 1845, and ended March 3, 1847. He 
•was not re-elected to Congress, and retired to 
the practice of his profession. In 1851 he 
■was elected a Judge of the State Supreme 
Court of Ohio, and served one term of four 
years, the last two years serving as Chief Jus- 
tice. A long interval ensued between his sin- 
gle term on the bench and his appearance 
again as a nominee on the Democratic vState 
ticket of Ohio. In 1851 he had led his ticket 
' y about 2,000 which indicated that he 



was the strong man in his party. On June 8, 
1867, he was nominated at Columbus for Gov- 
ernor. The Republicans held their State 
convention on June 29, and nominated Gener- 
al R. B. Hayes. 

The election for State officers was held in 
October, 1867, and the total vote was 484,603. 
General Hayes was elected by 2,983 majority 
over Judge Thurman. The Democratic Legis- 
lature of 1868 elected Mr. Thurman to the 
United States Senate to succeed Senator Ben 
Wade, for the term beginning in 1869 and 
ending in 1875, and then he was elected for 
the term ending i88r. In the year 1876 Mr. 
Thurman was a candidate in the National 
Democratic Convention for the nomination for 
President, but then, as in 1880, the Ohio dele- 
gation was not for him. In 1884 he was once 
mon; a candidate for the same office, and, like 
the late Vice President Hendricks, he has 
been given second place on the Presidential 
ticket. 

Mr. Thurman has distinguished himself as 
a lawyer and jurist. He rendered valuable 
services as a member of the judiciary commit- 
tee of the House of Representatives. 

He represented the American Government 
in the International Congress at Paris in 
1881, and afterwards visited France, »Switzer- 
land, the Rhine, Belgium and England. 

He has been confessedly pure and upright 
in public life, and in personal character is 
amiable and lovable. 







SENATOR ALLEN G, THURAIAN. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



413 



lilVBS OF Bl^OHIBITION (§ANDIDAn:^BS. 



MAJOK-ClEIfEKAIi ClilNTON B. FISK. 



THE REV. RICHARD WHEATLEY, D. D. 




lik LINTON Boweii Fisk, one of the 
almost prominent and influential ad- 
■'■ vocates of the great Temperance 
Reform, is a winter resident of 
New York, at No. 175 West 58th 
street. His home is at Seabright, 
N. J., where he is a citizen and 
laborer with God for men. 

Bom in the town of York, Liv- 
ingston County, New York, on the 8th day of 
December, 1828, he derived physical being 
from the best type of New England ancestrj-^ 
His earliest American progenitor emigrated 
hither from the Dano-Saxon county of Lin- 
coln on the east coast of England, some- 
where about the year 1700. Bacon's Genesis 
of the New England Churches conclusively 
shows that in that section were bornthe might- 
iest movements of modern civilization. Lm- 
conshire is not only the remote parent of the 
American Republic, but of the great Method- 
istic revival, which is its strongest conserva- 
tive force. True to the patriotic and military 
instincts of his forefathers, the great-grand- 
father of Clinton B. Fisk entered the Revolu- 
tionary army under General W ashmgton, 
served with great efficiency, and rose to the 
rank of Major-General. His descendants have 
distinguished themselves in other fields ot 
warfare than that of the sword. Wilbur Fisk, 



the profound theologian, and able President 
of the Weslevau University,Middletown,Conn., 
was a first cousin of Benjamin B., and father 
of Clinton B. Fisk. The latter married Lydia 
Aldrich, a New England lady of Lincoushire 
descent, and bv her became the father of six 
sons of whom' Clinton B. was the fifth. A 
manufacturer and contractor by occupation, 
he was an intimate friend of Governor De 
Witt Clinton, whom he assisted m building 
the Erie Canal, and whose patronymic he be- 
stowed upon his fifth child to serve a« a given 
desio-uation. Removing to Michigan in 1830, 
he there established the town ot Clinton, Len- 
awee County, naming it after his ineud and 
son There, too, he died in the prime ot hie 
—cut off by the malarial fevers incident to the 
settlement of a new country. 
Early liife. 
In the struggles and hardships necessary to 
life in primitive surroundings, Clinton B. grew 
up to a sturdy and resolute manhood. His 
parents were of Baptist antecedents, but the 
trainincr of their children, through the pres- 
ence and labors of itinerant preachers, was 
Methodistic. At the early age of nine years 
he was converted to God, and duly received 
into the membership of the IMethodist Episco- 
pal Church. Educated in die common schools 
of the neighborhood until he had reached his 
sixteenth vear, he then repaired to Albion 
Wesleyan Seminary, and there prepared to 
enter the Sophomore Class of Michigan Uni- 
versity. Greek and Latin were studied while 
eno-ao^ed in agricultural labors, with such dil- 
igenc'e as to threaten the total loss of eye- 
s ght Health failed, and a collegiate career 
was therefore, abandoned. Commercial pur- 




CLINTON B. FISK. 



JOHN A. BROOKS. 



THE AJfERICAX 3/ AN UAL. 



415 



suits next enlisted bis energies. Entering 
into the employment of L. 1). Crippin &. Co., 
proprietors of a country store, mill and bank 
at Coldwater, Mich., he married Jeannette A., 
only daughter of the senior partner, on the 
20th day of February, 1850, and was also ael- 
mitted to the fii ni. 

Cripi^in & Fisk continued in associate re- 
lations until i85S,when the firm was dissolved, 
and the latter removed to St. Louis. There 
he established a successful insurance and 
banking business, and was numbered among 
the rising men of the city at the outbreak of 
the War for the preservation of the National 
Union. No series of biographits lurnished 
more impressive illustrations of the biological 
facts than that of the old New England families. 
Habits ofthought, feeling, and action, organ- 
ized in the constitution of consecutive genera- 
tions, and apparently dormant in the piping 
times of peace, became vigorously active 
amid the rude clarions of war. The echoes of 
the guns that fired upon Fort Sumter the 13th 
of April, 1861, awoke at once the hereditary 
instinct, and on the day following, Clinton B. 
Fisk was among the first of Missouri's loyal 
citizens to enlist as a private in a three months' 
regiment for services to the United States of 
America. 

Record During" the AVar. 

In Januar}-, 1862, he was conspicuous 
among those who led the revolution that cre- 
ated the Union Merchants' Exchange in oppo- 
sition to the disloyal Chamber of Commerce. 
His activity as one of the Executive Officers of 
the new association pointed him out as a fit- 
ting commander of the"Merchants'Regiment," 
better known perhaps as the Thirty -Third 
Regiment of Missouri Volunteer Infantry. A 
humorous story is told of the compact between 
himself and the soldiers, according to which 
he was to do all the profane swearing for the 
regiment. This compact seems to have been 



pretty well observed by general abFtinence 
from a shockinglj- bad halat, until a teamster, 
provoked beyond cominon eudurance by irri- 
tating stumps, broken wagon poles and kick- 
ing mults, tairiy inade the night air blue with 
sesquipedalian oaths. Astounded by this ex- 
plosion, the Colonel reminded the swearer of 
the compact. But the latter was equaV to the 
occasion. Recounting his grievances, he 
insisted that as the Colonel was not on hand 
to do the necessary swearing, he had to do it 
himself This story, with variations, was one of 
President Lincoln's favorites, and was often 
used "to point a moral, or adorn a tale." 

Having raised a brigade of troops, Colonel 
Fisk received the Commission of Brigadier in 
November, 1862. Subsequently he commanded 
a division in the Army of the Tennessee at 
the memorable siege of Vicksburg. Thence 
he was sent to take command of the military 
districts of Missouri and North Missouri. In 
that capacity he defeated Rice's attempt to 
capture Jefferson City, the Capital of the 
State. 

I^ife and Services after tlie War. 

Resigning his position at the close of the 
Civil War, he found that Mr. Lincoln was un- 
willing to dispense with his services. Request- 
ing General Fisk's presence at Washington, the 
martyr President assigned him to duty in 
Kentucky and Tennessee. He was Commis- 
sioner of the Freedmen's Bureau for all the 
Central South. The conjoint office of Military 
Commander ar.d Commissioner for Freedmen 
sought the man, and in the exercise of its 
functions the incumbent did the noblest work 
in his life. It was pre-eminently a work of 
pacification and reconstruction. He was in re- 
ality the Military Governor of Kentuck}-, 
Tennessee, Eastern Arkansas, and the north- 
ern portion of the Gulf States. Under his 
Administration social order was restored, in- 
dustry resumed its avocations, goodly fel- 



416 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



lowship was established, and civil law regained 
supremacy. Peaceably if possible, but if not, 
forcibly, these ends were assiduously sought. 
Peaceably they were accomplished. Church, 
school-house, and judicial court supplanted 
the camp and battle-field. All parties were 
eminently satisfied with the progress of events. 
People whose wealth was estiiiiated at a hun- 
dred million dollars, and who had been large- 
ly identified with the Rebellion, petitioned 
President Johnson to detain General Fisk at 
his post of duty until the beneficent task of 
reconstruction was completely done. Since 
then he has deservedly been one of the most 
popular and trusted of all men in the regions, 
and with all the classes, that he served so 
well. The Methodist Episcopal Church, in 
particular, justly regards him with friendliest 
feeling. 

He was commissioned as Major-General by 
the state of Missouri in 1864. In March, 1S65, 
he received a commission as Brevet Major- 
General in the army of the United States. Re- 
signing all soldierly offices in September, 
1866, he again returned to St. Louis, and em- 
barked in business to retrieve the temporal 
fortunes previously sacrificed on the altar of 
his Country's unity. Accepting a position as 
one of the State Railroad Commissioners, he 
further became identified with the Missouri 
Pacific and Atlantic & Pacific lines. To these 
he held the relation of Vice President and 
Treasurer from 1867 to 1876. 

With the educational development of the 
South, and also of many of the portions of the 
North, General Fisk has been, and is, most 
efiiciently connected. During his labors in 
the South he instituted the Fisk School for 
Colored People. This has since expanded, 
under the auspices of the American Mission- 
ary Association, into the Fisk University at 
Nashville, Tennessee. It is fairly entitled to 
the honor of being the first, and perhaps the 
best, learned institution hitherto founded for 



the benefit of the Africo-American race. Un- 
doubtedly it is one of the most successful. Its 
celebrated Jubilee Singers have made it famil- 
iar to immense multitudes in two hemispheres. 
Many of the best colored teachers, preachers, 
and missionaries have graduated from its 
halls. F'our hundred students, at least, are 
now in attendance. Well-equipped colleges 
of liberal arts, science, theology and law jus^ 
tify its claim to the title of University. Jubilee 
Hall and Livingstone Hall are two of the finest 
educational edifices in the entire South. 

Rarely does it fall to the lot of any citizen 
to enter so thoroughly into the great philan- 
thropic undertakings of the Age. Appointed 
by President Grant to the Board of Indian 
Commissioners in I S74, he was then elected 
to its Presidency, and still holds that ofiice. 
Working in harmony viith the Department of 
the Interior, the Beard has been singularly 
effective in the civilization of the Indian tribes. 
It has secured the organization of Industrial 
Schools at Hampton, Va. ; Carlisle, Pa. ; Law- 
rence, Kan.; Chilocco, in the Indian territory; 
Genoa, Neb.; and Salem, Oregon. About 
two thousand Indian children are trained in 
these institutions. Local schools are also 
maintained on the reservations of the aborig- 
ines. Along the lines indicated by these 
seminaries lies the way to satisfactory solution 
of the vexed Indian problem. Ultimate ab- 
sorption into the American body politic is the 
most fitting disposition of the original pos- 
sessors of the soil, and certainly the most 
Christian. Trustee of Fisk University, Ten- 
nessee; of Dickinson College, Pennsylvania; 
of Pennington vSeminary, New Jersey; of Al- 
bion College, Michigan; and of Drew Theo- 
logical Seminary, Madison, N.J., his personal 
infiuence touches society at its tenderest and 
most pervasive points. 

In the Methodist Episcopal Church Gener- 
al Fisk holds, or has held, the several offices 
of Sunday school superintendent, steward, 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 



417 



trustee and class leader. License as exhorter 
or local preacher he has persistently declined, 
and that from the conviction that laymen — 
distinctively such — have more power for good 
outside either office. Of the General Confer- 
ence of his Church, held quadrennially, he 
was a lay member from Missouri in 1876, and 
from New Jersey in 18S0 and 1S84. In that 
body he officiated as Chairman of the Commit- 
tee on the state of the Church, and also of 
the Committee on the Book Concern. For the 
past twenty years he has been a member of 
the Missionary Board of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church and Chairman of its Committee 
on missions in Japan and Corea. He is also 
Chairman of the eastern section of the Book 
Committee of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
under whose supervision its stupendous pub- 
lishing work is carried on. 

Averse to practical politics, and declining 
personal participation in their procedures, he 
yet accepted the Prohibitionists' nomination 
for the Gubernatorial Chair of New Jersey in 
1886. Pure sense of duty compelled candida- 
cy. Twenty thousand voters cast their bal- 
lots for his election. He failed of the popular 
choice, as was expected, but was rewarded by 
an increase of 500 per cent, on any previous 
vote, and by the strengthening of moral prin- 
ciples in his adopted Commonwealth. All 
corrupt proffers of aid, or of coalition, were 
emphatically yet politely refused. Giving five 
months of time, 5,000 miles of travel, 125 
speeches, and money without stint in prosecu- 
tion of a wholly legitimate canvass, h*: created 
no political antagonisms, but said more and 
better things in behalf of the Repuolicans 



than they could say for themselves. Of their 
great historic party he is one of the founders, 
and has marched with its leaders from the 
days of Fremont to those of Garfield. For 
ten years he pleaded w4th its guiding minds 
to take up the burning question of saloon con- 
trol of politics, and to combine with all gen- 
uine philanthropists in the effiirt to dethrone 
King Alcohol. 

Since 1876 General Fisk has been in the 
banking and investment business in New 
York, and naturally commands the confidence 
and support of a large clientage. But neither 
pressing financial affairs,nor love of literature, 
nor participation in great reformatory enter- 
prises, is allowed to deprive him of tl^' luxury 
of immediate toil for the spiritual and tempo- 
ral welfare of the masses. As Vice President 
of the New York City Church Extiision and 
Missionary Society of the Mt-thodist Episco- 
pal Church, his form and voice are familiar, 
alike in public or private meetings held for 
the promotion of its interests, and in the gar- 
rets and cellars of the poorest of the poor. As 
an impromptu speaker he is remark; bly force- 
ful and felicitous. The whole range of British 
and American poetry is intimately known to 
him, and from its choicest products he plucks 
at will what will most adorn the seuiiment on 
which he lays special stress. Still in the ze- 
nith of physical and intellectual power, the 
cause of total abstinence, of prohibition, and 
above all of that Christianit}' in earnest from 
which each receives its most fitting support, 
may expect to receive from h'ni, under God, 
yet more efficient aid in the future. 



4 S 



tHE AMERICAN MANVAL. 



THE REV. JOHN A. BROOKS, D. I>. 

Prtthiltitioii Candidate for Vice President. 

John A. Brooks was born in Mason county, 
KentHcky, June 8, 1836. His ancestors were 
©f the old Virginia stock, sturdy, self-reliant 
and honest. 

Young Brooks entered Bethany College, 
Vir.^inia, at a comparatively earl)' age, and 
gr.j luated from that institution with high 
honors in 1856. 

After graduation he was elected President 
of I'Manningsbury College, Kentucky, which 
po.^ tion he occupied two years; then, resign- 
m;4 the position he entered the active ministry. 
Du ing the civil war Dr. Brooks was identified 
wicii the south and struggled bravely for 



the Confederacy. "Accepting the situation 
heartily, he is now an ardent supporter of 
the stars and stripes. 

He has been at the head of the Prohibition 
Movement in Missouri from its inception, as- 
sisting in the orginization of the party at Se- 
dalia, in 1880. He was the Prohibition can- 
didate for Governor of Missouri in 1884, and 
made a vigorous canvass of the State. 

Since 1884 he has been the General Agent of 
the Prohibition Lecture Bureau and spent 
much time in its interests in the Southern 
States. He is a man of powerful physique 
and possessed' of robust health. He is a force- 
ful, earnest speaker, and having "the courage 
of his convictions," makes a strong impression 
upon his audiences. 



J 



liiYES OP OjpHEr^ Candidates. 



BEliVA .\XX L,OCIiWOOD. 

Fqnal Ri^^lits Candidate lor President. 

The National Convention of the Equal 
R'g.its party met at Des Moines, Iowa. May 
15, 18S8, and nominated Mrs. Belva Ann Ben- 
tiett Tvockwood for President, and Albert H. 
J ,c)ve for Vice President. 

Mrs. Belva Lockwood was born in Royalton, 
New York, October 24th, 1820. She was edu- 
cated in district schools, and taught at the age 
of fourteen. In 1838 she married Uriah H. 
McNall, a farmer, who died in 1853, and in 
I J: 68 she married Dr. Ezekiel Lockwood, who 
ded in 1877. 

She has taught school in New York Slate 
and Washington, D. C. 

Having early turned her attention and aid 
to the relief of her oppressed and down-trod- 
den sisters, she secured, in 1870, the passage 
of a bill "to secure to women employes of the 



government equal pay with men for equal 
work." 

In 1879 she obtained the passage of a bill 
"authorizing the admission of properly qual- 
ified women to practice in the Supreme and 
Circuit Courts. 

She has been an active advocate of woman 
suffrage, and in 1884 was nominated by the 
Woman's National Rights Party in California 
for the Presidency of the United States. 

Mrs. Lockwood graduated in 1857 from the 
Syracuse University. In 1870 she began the 
study of law. She was admitted to the bar, 
and has gained prominence in the lower 
courts. She is one of the foremost women 
lawyers in the United States. In 1879 she was 
permitted to practice before the Supreme 
Court of the United States and the Court of 
Claims, and enjoys the distinction of being 
the only woman ever admitted to practice be- 
fore the Supreme Court at Washington, D. C. 




A. J. STREETEK. 



BELVA A. LOCKWOOD. 



ROBT. H. CUWDRAY. 



430 



THE A3IERICAN MANUAL. 



A. J. STREETER. 

Villon L.abor Candidate for Presitlent. 

The Union Labor Party met at Cincinnati, 
Ohio, February 22. 1887, and nominated A. J. 
Streeter, of Illinois, for President, and Charles 
E. Cunningham, of Arkansas, for Vice-Presi- 
dent, 

A. J. Streeter was bom Jan. 18, 1823, in 
Rensselaer county, New York. He moved 
with his father to Lee county, Illinois, in 1S36. 

He helped build the log school house where 
he received his first le3!=oi»s in reading, writing 
and arithmetic. This school he attended two 
winter terms. At the age of twenty-three he 
felt the need of an education. Having no 
means but a pair of hand.s and an iron consti- 
tution and twenty dollars in his pocket, he 
made his way across the open prairie to Gales- 
burg, Illinois,and entered Knox College. Here 
he paid for one term's tuition, and worked 
every spare hour and Saturdays to pay his 
way. He lived in a garret and cooked his 
own meals. In this way he lived two years 
and a half. 

Being industrious he soon won success. 
He now lives in New Windsor, Illinois, where 
he does a large business in farming and stock 
raising. 

His political life began soon after his loca- 
tion at New Windsor, where he served several 
terms ou the Board of Supervisors, in 1872 



he was elected to the Illinois State Legislature. 
In 1878 he was a candidate for Congress on 
the Greenback Labor ticket and received a 
large number of votes. The same party made 
him their candidate for Governor of Illinois 
in 1880. He was elected to the State Senate 
in 1884, and succeeded in having a bill passed 
to prevent the sale of tobacco to minors. 



ROBERT II. rOWDRET. 

United Enltor Candidate for President. 

The United Labor party met at Cincinnati. 
1888, and nominated Robert H. Cowdrey, of 
Illinois, for President, and W. H. T. Wake- 
field, of Kansas, for Vice-President. 

Robert H. Cowdrey was born in 1852 at La- 
fayette, Indiana. He was educated in the vil- 
lage schools, where he soon mastered all that 
was to be learned there. In 1871 he went to 
Chicago to seek a wider field. He entered 
the Chicago Pharmaceutical College from 
which he graduated in due course of time with 
honors. He was editor of the Pharmacist and 
Chemist for seven years. 

For a comparatively young man he has su- 
perior attainments, marked capabilities, nota- 
ble as a orator, and stands high in position 
and estimation among Labor Unions. 



THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

TARIFF HISTORT OF THE UNITED STATES. 



421 



[ Henry J. Phil pott, Esq.'\ 
In this ailicle I propose to compile the shortest possible complete history of tlie American 
tariff sytem. The first tariff was passed the 4th of July, 1789; the last one the 3d of March, 1883. 
luckiding these two, there have been fiftj^-five Tariff acts passed in ninety-nine years. INIost of 
them did not make radical changes in the tariff. The tariffs usually considered the most 
important by historians, were passed as follows, and they have all been named, also as fol- 
lows: 

Hamilton tariff 1789' Abominations tariflf . . . 1828 Walker tariff 1846 

Calhoun tariff 1816 Compromise tariff . . . . 1833 Morrill tariff 1861 

Clay tariff i824iWhig tariff 1842! 

The general effects of these various tariffs, and of the modifications made in them between 
times, may be traced in the following table, which shows the average rate of tax paid on all 
imports for each year since 1791. There was always a free list — always absolute free tiade in 
many things — but here are the average rates for the year on the things actually taxed: 



Year. 


Percent\ Year Per cent\ Year 


1791 • . 


. 15.34 iSii . . . 


35.62 1831 . 


1792 . . 


. 11.54 1812 . . . 


13.07 1832 . 


1793 . . 


. 14.68 1813 . . . 


69.03 1833 . 


1794 . . 


. 17.10 1814 . . . 


46.791834 . 


1795 . . 


. II. 21 1815 . , . 


6.84 I8j5 . 


1796 . . 


. 12.02 1816 . . . 


27.94 1836 . 


1797 . . 


. 15.60 1817 . . . 


32.90 1837 . 


179S. . 


. 19.99 1818 . , . 


16.781838- 


1799 • . 


. 19.70 1819 . . . 


29.81 1839 . 


1800 . . 


. 17.42 1820 . . . 


26.69 1840 • 


1801 . . 


. 16.61 1821 . . . 


30.99 1 84 1 . 


1802 . . 


. 30.6711822 . . . 


27.13 1842 . 


1803 . . 


. 20.52 1823 . . . 


39.211843 . 


1804 . . 


. 22.76 1824 . . . 


50.21 1844 . 


1805 . . 


. 19.19 1825 . , . 


50.24 1845 . 


1806. . 


. 21.22 1826 . . . 


49.26 1846 . 


1807 . . 


. 20.09 1827 . . . 


53.761847. 


1808 . . 


. 37.22,1828 . . . 


47.59 1848 . 


1809 . . 


. 18.80^1829 • • . 


54.18 1849 . 


1810 . . 


. 14.07I1830 . . . 


61.69 1S50 . 



The reader will be surprised to observe that the highest ay 

portant change ir 



Per ceil t\ Year 

47.38 1851 . 
42.96 1852 . 
38.25 1853 . 



Per cent \Ycar 



40.19 
40.38 

34-94 
29.18 

41-33 
31-77 
34-39 
34-56 
25.81 
29.19 
36.88 
34-45 
33-35 
28.02 
26.28 
26.11 
27.14 



'54 
'55 
■56 
'57 
'58 

'59 
'60 
'61 
'62 
'63 
'64 
'65 
'66 
'67 
,68 
'69 
'70 



27.38 


10/ 1 . 

•72 . 




25-93 


/-} • 




25.61 


'74 - 




26.82 


'75 - 




26.05 


'76. 




22.45 


'77 . 




22.43 


'78. 




19-56 


'79. 




19.67 


'80 . 




18.84 


'8r. . 




36.20 


'82 . 




32.62 


'83- 




36.69 


'84. 




47-56 


'85. 




48-35 


'86 . 




46.67 

a9, ft-! 


'87. 

TTctitii'f 


1 ' 



Per cent 

■ 43-95 

• 41-35 

• 38-07 

• 38-53 
. 40.68 

. 44-74 

. 42.89 

. 42-75 

. 44.87 

. 43-48 

• 43 20 
. 42.66 

. 45-45 

. 41.61 

. 45.86 

• 45-55 
. 47.10 



lowest in 1815, although there intervened no in 
1813 was ten times as high as for 1815. Wash; 
per cent— half the rate left by the Mills' bill — though the year before he died, 1798, shaved it 



47.22! under Mill's 
47.08I bill .... 40.00 

a^e rate was in 1813 and the 

the law, and that the rate for 

ngton never lived to see the tariff as high as 20 



422 THE AMERICAN MANUAL. 

pretty close. It was not until 1813, when the Government was 24 years old, and was in the 
midst of war, that the average rate reached the point proposed in the Mills bill. It has passed 
that point in only thirty-three of the ninety-nine years of our National life, and twenty-one of 
these have been under the present tariff. The average rate collected in 1887 has been exceederl 
but thirteen times in our history, and eight of these were before the war. The highest series of 
rates collected for any term of seven j'cars was from 1S24 to 1830, inclusive. It actually aver- 
aged for the seven years more than 52 per cent. Numerous other interesting comparisons will 
occur to the student. 

So much for the general average rate collected on all dutiable goods. Now let us tabulate 
as best we can briefly the history of rates enacted on certain selected articles of common use. 
Tliis is~a herculean task, for the reason that there are two kinds of tariff, taxes — specific and 
ad valorem. A specific tax or duty is so much on the pound, yard, gallon, barrel, or bushel, etc. 
An ad valorem dut}' is so much on the dollar's worth. How can we compare these? How can 
we compare a tax of 10 cents a yard, under one tariff, with a tax of 20 per cent on the cost price, 
under another tariff.'' If we knew the foreign cost of the cloth taxed 10 cents a yard, we could 
do it, but it is only within recent years that the Government has told us that — or even instructed 
its custom-house officers to find it out. To confuse matters still more, the present tariff often 
levies both kinds of duties on the same article. Thus on one of the six classes into which 
women's and children's dress goods are divided, the tax is six cents a square yard (specific) and 
35 per cent (ad valorem). But this is not the oddest nor most confusing feature about it, for if 
the goods weigh over four ounces to the square yard the tax is levied in a still different way, 
and instead of six or eight cents a yard it is 50 cents a pound, plus the 35 per cent. If past 
tariffs were as intricate as the present one our task would indeed be hopeless. But in all tariffs 
there are clauses stating what the taxes shall be on all articles of the several great classes "not 
otherwise provided for" (n. o. p.). Into these n. o. p. clauses are dumped the articles of each 
great class which the tax-layers couldn't think of or were afraid they couldn't with sufficient 
accuracy describe in their proper places. The taxes they laid on these were of necessity sim- 
jDle and usually ad valorem, and furnished a key to the mind of the legislator. If he laid a tax 
of 20 per cent on cottons "n. o. p.," you may well guess that he thought he was putting about 
an average of 20 per cent on the cottons he did provide for. In the following table 1 occasionally 
make this use ot the n. o. p. classes, but always with the letters attached: See table, page ^2^. 

The histor}' of the wool tariff" needs to be elaborated a little. Down to 1824 wool was free 
and cotton was taxed. Then wool was divided into two classes, according to value, and if val- 
ued at less than 10 cents a pound the tax was 15 per cent, otherwise 20, and afterwards 30. In 
1828 the tax on high-grade wool was enormously increased. For eight years it remained at 
four cents a pound and 40 per cent, and then the compromise tariff began to reduce it a little. 
The maximum figures I have given from 1828 to 1842 are the highest that could possibly be 
collected under the complex law, and doubtless far higher than the average actually collected, 
though that was probably 50 per cent. In 1832 low-grade wool was again made free, and has 
never since been heavily taxed. Wool is now (since 1S67) divided into three classes, "cloth- 
ing," "combing" and "carpet," and they paid last year 55 per cent, 43 per cent and 25 per cent 
respectively. 

The first tariff was the lightest. It was graduall}' raised until the war of 1812 broke out, 
and then it was doubled at a stroke. The genuine high protective sy.stem was adopted in lijib, 



THE AMERICAN- MANUAL. 



423 



nncler the influence of Calhoun, who bitterly regretted it. Webster was a free trarTer when the 
tariff was raised in 1824, but faced about and helped to raise it again in 1828. This was called 
the Tariff of Abominations, because tlie freetraders tried to kill it by loading it down with 
abominations, but to their great surprise it passed with all its sins upon it. It almost led to 
war, and did lead to the Compromise Tariff ot 1833, which proposed a gradual horizontal re- 
riuction. In 1S42 the Wl.igs raised the tariff; in 1846 the Democrats reduced it; in 1857 the new 
R ;publican party had got control over the I^ower House and with Democratic help reduced the 
tariff again to the lowest point reached since 1816. Four years later they adopted the Morrill, 
or War Tariff, and graduall}' raised it until 1867; its exlremest features being adopted after the 
war was over. .Tn 1872 they passed a horizontal reduction of 10 per cent, which they repealed 
two years later. In 1882 they appointed a tariff commission, and it recommended a reduction 
which would have left the average rate about 30 per cent on dutiable goods. On the 3d of March 
1883, they passed a law which reduced some duties and raised others, among them, as will be 
seen by the table, those on glass and earthenware, but leaving the general average about the 
same. All subsequent reduction bills have failed to pass the Lower House until Satun'av 
July 21, 18S8, wi.'en the Mills bill, freeing wool, lumber, and some other things, and calculated 
to reduce the average rate on dutiable imports to 40 per cent, was passed by a vote of 162 to 149. 



Tariff act of the year. 



>i 



1789. . . 

1790-91 . , 

1792 ... 
1794-5 • . 

1797-1800 , 

1804-7-s . , 
1812-15 . , 

I8I6-I9 . , 

1824-25 . , 

1828-30. . , 

1832 . . . , 

1842 . . . . 

1S46. . . , 
1857. . . . 



1867, 
1883, 



free 

3C 



free 
free 



free 



free 



The figures marked with a * are the averaj 
others are the rates embodied in the law. 



5», 


?5i 


"1 


§1 
• s 




1- 


li 


03 


5] 

? 3 




K.'^ 



K.S. 


=^^ 


■ o- 


i^s 


s;« 


s a 


s s 


a§ 






• 


• 1 




<5 7" 


8 s 




5 




> 


5, 


free 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


5 


10 


7'/2 


free 


5 , 


5 , 


5 


5 


1% 


5 


5 


I2j^ 


V/2 


free 


iVz 


TA 


free 


I'A 


10 


10 


yV. 


15 


I2J.2 


free 


10 


10 


free 


12]A. 


15 


15 


^W 


20 


15 


free 


12^ 


12^ 


free 


12^ 


15 


15 
17J4 


izVi 


20 


I7H 


free 


15 


15 


free 


15 


ij'A 


15 


22)4 


35 


free 


30 


30 


free 


30 


35 


35 


30 


45 


n.o.p. 




n. o.p. 
















20 


free 


25 


25 


free 


30 


20 


20 


25 


20 


25 


15(^30 


30-33 J^ 


25 


free 


30 


25 


25 


25 




25 


I5@'50 


40@45 


35 


free 


30 


25 


25 


25 




25 


o@8o 


50 


25 


tree 


25 


25 


25 


25 


"■.^S 


24 


o(a):78 


44 


24 


free 


24 


24 


24 


24 


"Su 


23 


0@72 


3S 


23 


free 


23 


23 


23 


23 


^«a 


30 


5@6o 


40 


25 


free 


30 


30 


30 


25 


25 


25 


30 


30 


20 


30 


30 


30 


30 


20 


30 


19 


0@24 


24 
I2C a 


15 


24 


24 


24 


24 


15 


24 


30 


5® 20 


lb and 

25pr ct 
500 & 


•0 


20 


30 


30 


30 


30 


30 


35 


*40 


35prct 
35c & 




20 


35 


35 


45 


40 


40 


35 


*3t> 


35®40 


*7i 


20 


35 


45 


45 


40 


45 



!?i 



10 

15 
15 , 

35 

20 



30 

30 
24 

20® 25 



25@40 

25@6o 



;e rates collected on the next year's imports. All 






r(!i^ 













■;\m^msj^%m^M^.m<«.- 



W \' 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



'03 6 




\\ 



n^ 




